irish marxist review issue 1

8/2/2019 Irish Marxist Review Issue 1

1/55


2/55

O|oph Fa|xopr \nuon}

Nborg|9 Ighc Fgjycn~xNborg|oaj Lga|b9 Fa|con Hgjlg||g}* Pocnab Dnccnby* Bgcaj Fa` Ehna||aomh* Baun GEa||njj* ]ojj Phaccgc[~ljophnb9 Fa|`h =0>52


3/55

O|oph Fa|xopr \nuon}

@gcrncrpNborg|oaj 2

G~| bnfg`|a`y acb rhno|p9 |n n rogcp gc rhn Nmy{roac |nugj~rogcAcc Ajnxacbn| 5

Fa|xopf acb R|abn ^cogcopofIghc Fgjycn~x 1?

]gfnc acb A~prn|oryBno|b|n @|gcoc 0&F fgunfncr poc`n rhn p~ffn|Acby B~|mac acb Ignj Pacp 20

Rhn amn ge nxr|nfnp9 cn} bnunjg{fncrp oc `jofarn `hacmnG}nc F`@g|fa`d 25

Rh|nn [gnfp@gccg| Dnjjy >0


4/55

Nborg|oaj

]nj`gfn rg rhn |pr opp~n ge O|oph Fa|xopr \nuon}* a cn} ig~|caj ge pgòajopr obnap {~ljophnb oc appgòarogc}orh rhn Pgòajopr ]g|dn|p [a|ry# G~| {|ocò{jn aof op rg {|guobn pn|og~p pgòajopr acb Fa|xopr acajypop ge {gjoro aj* n`gcgfo` acb pgòaj bnunjg{fncrp oc O|njacb acb ocrn|carogcajjy# ]n }ojj ajpg ln ocrn|nprnb oc}g|docm `japp acb pgòajopr hoprg|y* oc Fa|xopr rhng|y acb oc farrn|p ge `~jr~|n#

Ocrnjjn`r~ajjy rhop ig~|caj }ojj pracb oc }har àc ln àjjnb rhn Ocrn|carogcaj Pgòajopr r|aborogc* `ha|&a`rn|opnb ly l|gab* l~r cgr ~c`|oroàj* abhn|nc`n rg rhn `jappoàj Fa|xopf ge Fa|x acb Ncmnjp* Jncoc*J~xnfl~|m* R|grpdy acb M|afpò `gflocnb }orh ac nf{hapop gc pgòajopf e|gf lnjg} acb }g|docm `japppnje&nfac o{arogc {ogcnn|nb ly Rgcy @jo # Hg}nun| }n }ojj ajpg ln un|y g{nc rg `gcr|ol~rogcp e|gf grhn|{n|p{n`rounp gc rhn jner acb rg pn|og~p `|oroàj bnlarn#

Rhop opp~n a{{na|p ap rhn fgpr pnun|n `|opop ge }g|jb à{orajopf poc`n rhn M|nar Bn{|nppogc ge rhn 1?0;pncrn|p orp eg~|rh yna| }orh cg pomc ge |npgj~rogc acb }orh O|njacb afgcm orp fgpr pn|og~p àp~ajronp# Rhn`|opop op mjglaj acb pg rgg op |npoprac`n#


5/55

pg* l/ rhar or op bnn{jy lg~cb ~{ }orh rhn bnunjg{fncr acb `|opop ge à{orajopf* acb `/ rhar or fadnp rhncnnb eg| pgòajopf fg|n ~|mncr rhac nun|#

Eocajjy }n {|npncr rh|nn {gnfp ly @gccg| Dnjjy* rhn rajncrnb yg~cm {gnr'f~poòac e|gf Bn||y* }ho`hafgcm grhn| rhocmp radn ~p la`d rg rhn Nmy{roac \nugj~rogc#

2


6/55

G~| bnfg`|a`y acb rhno|p9 |n n`rogcp gc rhn Nmy{roac |nugj~rogc 1

Acc Ajnxacbn|

Rg bnunjg{ bnfg`|a`y rg rhn ~rfgpr* rg cb rhn eg|fp eg| rhop bnunjg{fncr* rg rnpr rhnf

ly {|a`ro`n* acb pg eg|rh&ajj rhop op gcn ge rhn `gf{gcncr rapdp ge rhn pr|~mmjn eg| rhn pgòaj|nugj~rogc# Radnc pn{a|arnjy* cg docb ge bnfg`|a`y }ojj l|ocm pgòajopf# L~r oc a`r~aj joenbnfg`|a`y }ojj cnun| ln radnc pn{a|arnjy4 or }ojj ln radnc rgmnrhn| }orh grhn| rhocmp* or }ojjnxn|r orp oc ~nc`n gc n`gcgfo` joen ap }njj* }ojj prof~jarn orp r|acpeg|farogc4 acb oc orp r~|c or}ojj ln oc ~nc`nb ly n`gcgfo` bnunjg{fncr* acb pg gc# Rhop op rhn boajn`ro`p ge jouocm hoprg|y#Jncoc* Prarn acb \nugj~rogc < #

Fg|n rhac a yna| aern| rhn eajj ge F~la|ad* rhn Nmy{roac |nugj~rogc hap eabnb e|gf rhn e|gcr {amnp acbRU p`|nncp oc N~|g{n# [n|ogbo` ~{p~|mnp ge {|grnpr g| p{n`ra`~ja| nxaf{jnp ge l|~rajory ly rhn pn`~|ory eg|`npfay eg|`n rhn opp~n la`d ocrg gcrg rhn amncba ge faocpr|naf ig~|cajoprp acb {gjoroòacp* l~r rhn `gcpncp~peg| rhn fgpr {a|r op rhar rhn |nugj~rogc & oe rhn|n nun| }ap gcn & op jgcm gun|#

Rhop a|ro`jn op ac arrnf{r* rhn|neg|n* rg l|ocm g~r pgfn ge rhn hobbnc bycafo`p ge rhn |nugj~rogca|y {|g`nppoc Nmy{r* acb nx{jg|n rhnf a jorrjn oc rhn jomhr ge obnap acb {|a`ro`n ge Jncoc acb rhn Lgjphnuod [a|ry oc na|jy


7/55

Rhn caj pn`rogc ge rhn a|ro`jn a|m~np rhar ajrhg~mh rhn e~r~|n `g~|pn ge rhn Nmy{roac |nugj~rogc |nfaocpg{nc* }orh lgrh rhn obnap acb `ncr|aj ocpror~rogcp ge à{orajopr pgònry }g|docm amaocpr radocm bnfg`|a`yrgmnrhn|* Nmy{roac }g|dn|p cnnb a }na{gc ge rhno| g}c }ho`h àc hnj{ rhnf oc rhn pr|~mmjn rg eg|`n gcrhn prarn rhn bnfg`|aro` jnppgcp rhny haun jna|cr oc rhno| g}c }g|d{ja`np (}ho`h fnacp oc rhn ncb l~ojbocma cn} prarn ge rhno| g}c/# Rhop fnacp l~ojbocm a |nugj~rogca|y {a|ry* }ho h l|ocmp rgmnrhn| a focg|ory ge }g|dn|p }hg rhocd jodn a prarn* acb rh~p pnn lnygcb rhn offnboarn larrjnp ge rhn `japp pr|~mmjn rg rhn

{gppolojory ge }occocm rhn }a| amaocpr à{orajopf orpnje Hg}nun|* or op gcjy gc`n }g|dn|p bnunjg{ rhn à{aòry rg a`r ap a `japp* oc grhn| }g|bp rg igoc ~{ rhno|pr|~mmjnp lnr}nnc }g|d{ja`np acb a`|gpp bo n|ncr pn`rg|p ge rhn n`gcgfy* rhar rhny }ojj ln aljn rg rnprrhnfpnjunp oc `gflar }orh rhn prarn#

Ly ~pocm Jncocp obnap O bg cgr fnac rg p~mmnpr rhar norhn| rhn |nugj~rogca|y {|g`npp orpnje g| rhnbnunjg{fncr ge rhn |nugj~rogca|y jner oc Nmy{r rgbay a|n acy}hn|n `jgpn rg rhn por~arogc rhn Lgjphnuodpeg~cb rhnfpnjunp oc ly 1?1=# Rhny a|n cgr* acb rhn|n op cg p{a`n hn|n rg moun a {|g{n| a``g~cr ge rhnlajac n ge eg|`np oc rhn |nugj~rogc rg nx{jaoc }hy# Oc {a|ro`~ja|* |nugj~rogca|y pgòajoprp oc Nmy{r rgbaya|n ea| pfajjn| oc c~fln| rhac rhn |nugj~rogca|y jner }ap oc \~ppoa oc 1?;>* jnr ajgcn oc 1?1=* nunc rhg~mhrhny haun m|g}c b|afaroàjjy oc po n acb oc ~nc`n b~|ocm rhn |pr yna| ge rhn |nugj~rogc > # Bnp{orn rhop* rhnbnlarn alg~r }har docb ge g|macoparogc rgbayp |nugj~rogca|onp phg~jb r|y acb l~ojb op p~bbncjy ac ~|mncrq~nprogc eg| a ea|* ea| }obn| a~bonc n rhac or }ap lneg|n \nugj~rogc oc \~ppoa# Gc rhn |nugj~rogca|y jner oc Nmy{r rgbay* rhn \nugj~rogca|y Pgòajoprp {n|p{n`roun gc }har docb ge g|macoparogc rg l~ojb op `jgpnpr rg rhn obnap pdnr`hnb g~r hn|n# Pnn Nmy{r gc rhn |gab ge |nugj~rogc * \nugj~rogca|y Pgòajoprp*


8/55

cg grhn| }ay ge bgocm rhop & cg fn`hacopfp eg| a {gpraj lajjgr* eg| ac njn`r|gco` `gcp~jrarogc* oc fgpr àpnpcg ~cogc pr|~`r~|np ar ajj }ho`h `g~jb ln ~pnb ly a`rouoprp eg| rhn {~|{gpn ge pr|odn g|macopocm# Rhn nxoprocm~cogcp }n|n bgfocarnb ly rhn |~jocm {a|ry acb a`rounjy }g|dnb rg prg{ pr|odnp#

Rhop bgnp cgr fnac rhar nun|y bnòpogc }g~jb haun rg ln bop`~ppnb ar a fapp fnnrocm* pr|odn g|macoparogcoffnboarnjy bnfacbnb a bouopogc ge jalg~| afgcm rhn pr|odn|p* }ho`h }ap mncn|ajjy pgjunb ly njn`rocm apr|odn `gfforrnn g| por&oc `gfforrnn# Rhn q~nprogc ge }hg phg~jb cnmgroarn gc rhn pr|odn|p lnhaje }ap

oc facy pr|odnp pgfnrhocm rg ln bnòbnb ar rhn fapp fnnrocm* acb rhn|n }ap a mncn|aj nx{n`rarogc rharcnmgroarg|p }g~jb |n{g|r la`d offnboarnjy rg rhn fnnrocm rhn |np~jrp ge rhno| bop`~ppogcp# Oc àpnp }hn|n rhn}g|d{ja`n }ap g``~{onb* rhnpn fnnrocmp à||onb m|nar {grncroaj eg| |o`h acb ua|onb bnfg`|aro` bop`~ppogc* ajjrhn fg|n of{g|racr oc rhn `gcrnxr ge F~la|adp Nmy{r }hn|n e|nnbgf ge p{nn`h acb appgòarogc }ap un|yjofornb* {a|ro`~ja|jy eg| }g|dn|p#

Rhn lapo` {arrn|c ge pr|odn g|macopocm hap |nfaocnb rhn pafn eg| fgpr }g|dn|p b~|ocm rhn |nugj~rogc#P~``nppe~j pr|odnp mncn|ajjy ocugjun ja|mn m|g~{p ge }g|dn|p ncmamnb oc a`roun* bnfg`|aro` bnòpogc&fadocmar fapp fnnrocmp# Rhn |nugj~rogc hap abborogcajjy fabn or {gppoljn rg rnpr rhn àjj eg| pr|odn a`rogc oc g{ncfnnrocmp lneg|nhacb* ap }ap rhn àpn }orh rhn carogcaj bg`rg|p pr|odnp oc Fay


9/55

bopò{jocn rhnf# Or }ap ajpg a {gporoun {|grn`rogc eg| rhn cnmgroarg|p rhnfpnjunp ap rhny }n|n e|nq~ncrjyoc rajdp cgr }orh rhn nf{jgyn|p rhnfpnjunp l~r }orh rhn prarn pn`~|ory a{{a|ar~p oc ò|`~fprac`np |arhn|bo n|ncr e|gf r|abn ~cogc cnmgroarogcp oc N~|g{n# Rajdp rg pnrrjn pr|odnp rhn|n a|n cgr ~p~ajjy `gcb~`rnbly rhn {gjo`n nppncroajjy dobca{{ocm rhn ~cogc l|ac`h pn`|nra|y oc g|bn| rg cnmgroarn a bnaj gc lnhaje ge rhn lgpp# Oc p~`h ò|`~fprac`np rhn cnmgroarg|p {gporogc ap a bo|n`r bnjnmarn ge rhn faig|ory ge rhn pr|odn|plgrh bopò{jocnb acb pr|ncmrhncnb rhnf# Or bopò{jocnb rhnf oc rhn pncpn rhar }harnun| rhny fomhr am|nn

oc {|ouarn }orh Prarn Pn`~|ory }g~jb haun rg ln bop`~ppnb acb am|nnb oc {~ljo` ar rhn fapp fnnrocm# Orpr|ncmrhncnb rhnf oc rhn dcg}jnbmn rhar pof{jy fadocm rhnf bopa{{na| ocrg iaoj }g~jb cgr* e|gf rhn {gocrge uon} ge rhn prarn* cn`nppa|ojy pgjun rhn {|gljnf ge rhn pr|odn* acb }g~jb {grncroajjy |np~jr oc rhn njn`rogcge cn}* fg|n |aboàj jnabn|p#

Lneg|n rhn |nugj~rogc* rhn bnfg`|aro` {|ocò{jnp acb {|a`ro`n ge pr|odn g|macopocm ly acb ja|mn bob cgrmncn|ajjy cb ac nx{|nppogc oc {n|facncr g|macoparogc# Hg}nun|* rhn a`rouoprp }hg l~ojr rhn |pr ocbn{ncbncr~cogc rg nfn|mn oc Nmy{r eg| gun| ery yna|p* rhn [|g{n|ry Rax @gjjn`rg|p ^cogc \NRA^ (\naj Nprarn RaxA~rhg|ory ^cogc/ r|onb rg a{{jy rhnf bo|n`rjy rg rhn pr|~`r~|np ge rhn cn} ~cogc# \NRA^ }ap l~ojr g~r ge fapp fnnrocmp* ly rhn bnfg`|aroàjjy njn`rnb pr|odn `gfforrnnp* acb l|g~mhr rgmnrhn| 2*;;; bnjnmarnp e|gfa`|gpp Nmy{r eg| orp eg~cbocm `gcm|npp# Rhn cn} ~cogcp `gcpror~rogc arrnf{rnb ap ea| ap {gppoljn rg boproj rhnbnfg`|aro` jnppgcp }ho`h }g|dn|p hab jna|cr `gjjn`rounjy e|gf rhn pr|odnp ly appn|rocm rhn pgun|nomcry ge rhn~cogc fnfln|pho{ gun| rhn jnabn|pho{ rh|g~mh rhn bnòpogcp ge bnjnmarnp ar rhn ~cogcp mncn|aj appnfljy# Rhn`gcpror~rogc ge rhn [~ljo` R|acp{g|r A~rhg|ory ]g|dn|p ^cogc* eg|fnb oc Fa|`h


10/55

{|ouaroparogc# Oc lgrh rhnpn àpnp rhn nxn|òpn ge }g|dn|p `gcr|gj hap lnnc `gccn`rnb }orh }g|dn|p appn|rogcge rhno| g}c |omhr rg radn bnòpogcp cg|fajjy |npn|unb eg| facamnfncr acb rg eg|`n rhn prarn rg a``n{r rhn`gcpnq~nc`np# Oc pgfn }g|d{ja`np }g|dn|p haun eg|`nb a b|afaro` `hacmn oc rhn `ha|a`rn| ge facamnfncr*ly eg|òcm rhn prarn rg a``n{r rhn |nfguaj ge fnfln|p ge rhn A|fnb Eg|`np acb rhno| |n{ja`nfncr ly òuojoacgffòajp# Rhn bn&fojora|oparogc ge nunc pfajj {a|rp ge rhn prarn a{{a|ar~p e|gf lnjg} hgjbp offncpn {gjoroàjpomcoàc`n oc rhn `gcrnxr ge m|g}ocm acmn| ar rhn `gcroc~arogc ge fojora|y |~jn ar rhn rg{ ge rhn prarn* oc

rhn eg|f ge rhn P~{|nfn @g~còj ge rhn A|fnb Eg|`np }ho`h rggd {g}n| e|gf F~la|ad#Rhn|n op gcjy p{a`n rg bop`~pp a pfajj hacbe~j ge nxaf{jnp hn|n* acb rhn|n op ap ynr jorrjn oceg|farogcalg~r hg} ea| rhop {|g`npp hap mgcn oc grhn| }g|d{ja`np# Or op `n|raoc hg}nun|* rhar rhn q~nprogc ge nxrncbocm}g|dn|p `gcr|gj hap lnnc |aopnb oc h~cb|nbp ge pr|odnp* ap or op nx{|nppnb oc bnfacbp eg| rhn |nfguaj ge `g||~{rfacamn|p* rhn |nr~|c ge {|ouaropnb `gf{aconp rg rhn {~ljo` pn`rg| acb rhn pa`docm ge gun|{aob `gcp~jracrp#\aboàj ra`ro`p a|n `gffgc9 }g|dn|p ar Rnjn`gf Nmy{r }ho`h |~cp a ja|mn {a|r ge rhn {~ljo` {hgcn cnr}g|d*jg`dnb rhno| @hone Nxn`~roun oc hop gff`n acb un }n|n a||nprnb acb `ha|mnb }orh hop arrnf{rnb f~|bn|#Oc |np{gcpn rhno| `gjjnam~np g|macopnb a carogc}obn pr|odn }ho`h ncbnb }orh rhn |njnapn ge rhn a||nprnb{|grnprn|p acb rhn {ayfncr ge a `gflocnb lgc~p ge >1 fojjogc Nmy{roac {g~cbp (5#2 fojjogc/ rg rhn >;*;;;&pr|gcm }g|deg|`n 10 #

Rhn dny {gocr hn|n op rhn jouocm |njarogcpho{ lnr}nnc }g|dn|p g}c bnfg`|aroàjjy&g|macopnb fapp a`rogcacb }g|dn|p `gcr|gj# Rhn `jna|npr nxaf{jn ge rhop {|g`npp oc a`rogc op rhn npraljophfncr ge rhn ocbn{ncbncr~cogc oc Facphoynr aj&Lad|o Mncn|aj Hgp{oraj oc @ao|g# Oc rhn na|jy bayp ge rhn |nugj~rogc* FghaffnbPhaq* gcn ge rhn bg`rg|p ar rhn hgp{oraj* acb a |nugj~rogca|y pgòajopr a`rouopr* rggd rhn ocoroaroun rg pra|rrhn {|g`npp ge `|narocm ac ocbn{ncbncr ~cogc eg| ajj m|abnp ge hgp{oraj pra 12 # Hn bob rhop ja|mnjy lnà~pn ge {|npp~|n e|gf c~|pnp acb grhn| pra rg igoc oc a pof{jn {nrorogc àf{aomc hn hab pra|rnb bnfacbocm lnrrn|`gcborogcp eg| rhn bg`rg|p# Rhn ~cogc q~o`djy arr|a rnb h~cb|nbp ge pra * acb fgunb ocrg `gce|gcrarogc}orh rhn nxoprocm facamnfncr# Rhn hna|r ge rhn {|g`npp }ap rhn bnfg`|aro` jnunjjocm a`|gpp {|genppogcajlg~cba|onp }orhoc rhn ~cogc* }ho`h pn|unb ap rhn fn`hacopf eg| of{gpocm bnfg`|aro` `gcr|gj e|gf lnjg}gun| rhn |~ccocm ge rhn hgp{oraj orpnje# Oc grhn| }g|bp* lnà~pn rhn faig|ory ge }g|dn|p oc rhn }g|d{ja`n}n|n }gc rg rhn ~cogc* acb lnà~pn rhn ~cogcp g}c ocrn|caj pr|~`r~|np nf{hapo nb rhn nq~ajory ge ajj m|abnpacb {|genppogcp* rhop fnacr oc |najory rhar c~|pnp* {g|rn|p acb abfoc pra p~bbncjy maocnb a bnfg`|aro`pradn oc bnòbocm hg} rhn hgp{oraj }ap |~c# Rhop oc`j~bnb rhn bnfg`|aro` njn`rogc ge a cn} facamn| acb rhnof{gporogc ge rhar `hgo`n gc rhn Focopr|y ge Hnajrh rh|g~mh rhn rh|nar ge a pr|odn# Rhn p{nnb acb bn{rh ge rhop {|g`npp }ap `gcborogcaj gc rhn |nugj~rogca|y por~arogc# Rhn prarn a{{a|ar~p hab lnnc bnajr a h~mn ljg}ly rhn {g{~ja| ~{|opocm amaocpr F~la|ad* rhn pncog| jnunjp oc rhn Focopr|y ge Hnajrh }n|n oc a prarn ge {acoàcb `gce~pogc* acb rhn p~bbnc acb b|afaro` |opn oc rhn `gcbnc`n ge rhn hgp{oraj pra rg pnn rhnfpnjunp aphauocm rhn {g}n| rg `hacmn rhno| jounp ar }g|d }ap bnn{jy `gccn`rnb }orh rhn mncn|aj `hacmn oc Nmy{roac}g|dn|p `gcpòg~pcnpp ap rhny rggd {a|r oc rhn |nugj~rogc#

Ajj rhn pra O fnr ar rhn hgp{oraj oc G`rgln| #

Abnj Alb&aj&Earrah Ajo* bo|n`rg| ge rhn abfocopr|arogc ar rhn hgp{oraj* acb |n{|npncraroun eg| rhn {n|&facncr abfoc pra gc rhn ~cogc `g~còj abbnb*

10 Ah|af Gcjocn (


11/55

Rhn ~cogc op |najjy bnfg`|aro`* acb or hap mounc ~p rhn `hac`n rg nxrncb bnfg`|a`y }orhocrhn hgp{oraj* lnà~pn ajj rhn pra ar nun|y jnunj a|n ocugjunb# Bnfg`|a y hap hnj{nb ~p fadnof{|gunfncrp oc pn|uo np# ]hy7 Ln a~pn nun|ygcn op e|nn rg nx{|npp rhno| g{ocogc* acb pg`gjjn`rounjy }n `gfn rg rhn |omhr bnòpogcp#Bg yg~ rhocd {ng{jn ennj rhar rhny a|n {a|roò{acrp oc rhn abfocopr|arogc ge rhn hgp{oraj7_np* acb rhop op rhn lnpr }ay rg |~c ac abfocopr|arogc# ]n|n rajdocm alg~r bo|n`rocm h~faclnocmp* acb pg rhn faig|ory haun rg am|nn }orh ~p# ]n haun rg |np{n`r rhno| g{ocogcp* g| }n|ncgr mgocm rg mnr acy}hn|n15 #

Nunc rhn bn{~ry bo|n`rg| ge rhn hgp{oraj* B| ^pafa [|ocp am|nnb#G~| nx{n|onc`n hn|n op ~coq~n* ap }n }n|n rhn |pr {ng{jn rg r|y rhop nx{n|ofncr# ]hnc rhn |nugj~rogc

ha{{ncnb* acb {ng{jn }acrnb bnfg`|a`y* acb eg| {gjoroàj joen rg ln g|macopnb* }n hab ac njn`rogc hn|n*rhn |pr njn`rogc* {ng{jn prggb ap àcbobarnp eg| a ~cogc `gfforrnn rg bnencb rhn pra oc rhn hgp{oraj e|gfrhn bg`rg|p rg rhn fac~aj }g|dn|p acb rhn c~|pnp acb oc g|bn| rg maoc g~| |omhrp* }ho`h }n }n|n bnconb{|nuog~pjy# Oc g|bn| rg of{|gun pn|uo`n oc rhn hgp{oraj rhn|n hap rg ln bnfg`|a`y# Oe rhn|n op bnfg`|a`y*or nx{gpnp rhocmp rhar a|n mgocm }|gcm fg|n `jna|jy# Oe rhn|n op bnfg`|a`y* nun|ygcn }ojj p{nad ~{ acb pay}harp }|gcm oc rhn hgp{oraj* acb rhny }gcr ln ae|aob 1= #

@g~còj }g|dn|p oc Ajnxacb|oap ]npr Q~a|rn| oc I~jy I~jy rhn Mgun|cg| ge Ajnxacb|oa r|onbrg r|acpen| rhn njn`rnb pn`|nra|y ge rhn jgàj `g~còj oc rhn òryp ]nprn|c Q~a|rn|* Ea|am Phaalac acb a`gjjnam~n rg cn} iglp* oc a lob rg prg{ rhnf p{nadocm g~r amaocpr {jacp rg |nocprarn fnfln|p ge rhn gjb|~jocm {a|ry# Jgàj mgun|cfncr }g|dn|p oc ]nprn|c Q~a|rn| bn`ja|nb a pr|odn acb jg`dnb rhn hnab ge rhn`g~còj* ac ~cnjn`rnb mncn|aj* g~r rhn l~ojbocm acb `hapnb hof a}ay }hnc hn arrnf{rnb rg l|nad hop }ayoc }orh a macm ge rh~mp# A en} bayp jarn|* }orh h~mn {|grnprp acb g``~{arogcp ggbocm rhn pr|nnrp a`|gppNmy{r* rhn pafn jgàj mgun|cfncr }g|dn|p accg~c`nb acgrhn| pr|odn acb igocnb rhn por&oc oc Ajnxacb|oapPaab Yamhj~j Pq~a|n oc rhno| h~cb|nbp# Oc abborogc rg rhn |npomcarogc ge rhn mgun|cg| ge Ajnxacb|oa* rhnycg} abbnb rhno| ugo`np rg rhn h~cb|nbp ge rhg~pacbp àjjocm eg| rhn bg}ceajj ge rhn mgun|cfncr# Hg}nun|*rhny ajpg rggd acgrhn| prn{* ly bnfg`|aroàjjy njn`rocm Ea|am Phaalac ap a |n{ja`nfncr eg| rhno| gjb lgppap hnab ge rhn `g~còj# A pr|odn oc bnenc`n ge a }hoprjn&ljg}ocm `gjjnam~n p~bbncjy lnàfn pgfnrhocm f~`hlommn|9 a fnacp rg |nfadn a pfajj {a|r ge rhn Nmy{roac prarn e|gf lnjg}# ]n haun rg mnr rhocmp bgcnnx{jaocnb Phaalac oc a uobng ocrn|uon}18 *pg }n bnòbnb rhar rhn hnab ge rhn q~a|rn| phg~jb ln njn`rnb ly

rhn `g~còj }g|dn|p rg jnab a àf{aomc ge |neg|f acb `hacmn oc rhn cnomhlg~|hggb#Rhn pr|~mmjn eg| rhn bn&fojora|oparogc ge facamnfncr e|gf lnjg} àc ajpg ln pnnc ar }g|d oc rhn @ouojAuoarogc pn`rg|# Gun|comhr gc


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}g|dn|p a`|gpp un l|ac`hnp# ]g|dn|p a`rogc }ap {|gf{rnb ly ena|p rhar rhn `gf{acy }ap lnocm |~c bg}coc {|n{a|arogc eg| lnocm pgjb g rg a {|ouarn ocunprg|* acb rhno| `ncr|aj bnfacb }ap rhar rhn `gf{acy phg~jbln |nr~|cnb rg rhn {~ljo` pn`rg|# Gc 1> Bn`nfln| rhg~pacbp ge }g|dn|p g``~{onb rhn Pacb~l acb Yaqa oql|ac`hnp ge rhn `gf{acy acb praynb oc g``~{arogc eg|


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`a{orajopr |~jocm `japp rg faocraoc rhn nx{jgorarogc ge }g|dn|p ap a `japp* or cnnbp a `ncr|ajo nb g|maco arogcge eg|`n* ac g|maco arogc ge uogjnc`n


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amaocpr |nugj~rogca|y a`rouoprp haun a`r~ajjy à~pnb pnun|n {|gljnfp eg| rhn Opjafoprp ap rhny haun r|ommn|nbja|mn {g{~ja| `g~crn|&fglojoparogcp }ho`h haun gernc rh|narncnb rg p{o|aj ocrg g~r&ge&`gcr|gj `gce|gcrarogcp}orh rhn a|fy acb {gjo`n# Rhn rho|b op rhn homh bnm|nn ge }g|dn|p pnje&`gcbnc`n acb pnje&g|macoparogc}orhoc rhn }g|d{ja`np#

Cnun|rhnjnpp* gun| rofn* rhn gjb {arrn|cp ge joen }ojj |nappn|r rhnfpnjunp* ~cjnpp }g|dn|p lnmoc rg fadna q~ajoraroun phoer rg}a|bp `gcpòg~pjy ~pocm rhno| `gjjn`roun pgòaj {g}n| lnygcb rhn }g|d{ja np# Oc grhn|

}g|bp* rhny cnnb rg jna|c rg a`r ap a `japp# A`rocm ap a `japp fnacp hn|n mgocm lnygcb |aopocm bnfacbp}ho`h fnnr rhn cnnbp ge }g|dn|p oc ac ocbouob~aj }g|d{ja`n g| ocb~pr|y rg mhrocm eg| rhocmp }ho`h lncnrajj }g|dn|p


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acb {napacrp bn{~ronp* a ea| bnn{n| docb ge bnfg`|a`y rhac rhar {|gfopnb rg rhnf ly acy {a|joafncr#Rhop bnfg`|a`y }ap lapnb gc gun|`gfocm pnun|aj bo n|ncr docbp ge pn{a|arogc9 lnr}nnc jnmopjarg|p acbnjn`rg|p* ly ocpoprocm gc fadocm bnjnmarnp p~lin`r rg |nàjj e|gf lnjg}4 lnr}nnc jnmopjar~|n acb nxn`~roun lyalgjophocm rhn bouopogc lnr}nnc rhgpn }hg fabn bnòpogcp acb rhgpn }hg à||onb rhnf g~r4 acb ~jrofarnjylnr}nnc {gjoroàj acb n`gcgfo` bnfg`|a`y* ly of{jnfncrocm }g|dn|p bnfg`|aro` `gcr|gj gun| rhn {|g`npp ge {|gb~`rogc acb rhn prarn 01 #

@ac rhocdocm jodn a prarn hnj{ Nmy{roac }g|dn|p abuac`n rhno| pr|~mmjnp rgbay7 O lnjonun rhn|n a|n mggb|napgcp rg rhocd pg# Rhn }g|dn|p fgunfncr op pr|gcmn| oc rhn }g|d{ja`np rhac acy}hn|n njpn# Rhop a|ro`jnhap r|onb rg phg} hg} rhar pr|ncmrh |nprp oc ja|mn {a|r gc rhn {g}n| ge bnfg`|a`y radnc rgmnrhn| }orh rhnpr|~mmjn oc rhn }g|d{ja`np# Rhocdocm jodn a prarn oc |njarogc rg rhn docb ge }g|d{ja`n g|macoparogc }ho`h hapbnunjg{nb oc Nmy{r gun| rhn {apr pox yna|p }g~jb fnac pnnocm }har or `g~jb ln`gfn acb rhn|neg|n mhrocmrg r|acpeg|f or# Or }g~jb fnac }g|docm rg mncn|ajopn orp bnfg`|aro` {|ocò{jnp* acb mhrocm rg {|npn|un acb`gcpgjobarn rhnf lnygcb rhn fgfncr ge pr|odn g|macoparogc# Or }g~jb fnac r|yocm rg ~pn rhn h~mn jna{p}g|dn|p haun fabn oc pnje&`gcbnc`n acb pnje&g|macoparogc oc rhn }g|d{ja`n rg l~ojb g|macoparogc lnygcb rhn}g|d{ja`np }ho`h àc à||y rhn |nugj~rogca|y* bnfg`|aro` ncn|my ge rhn fapp pr|odnp g~r}a|bp acb ~{}a|bprg }oc uo`rg|onp eg| rhn }g|docm `japp ap a }hgjn0< #

Rhop fomhr àjj eg| l~ojbocm ~{ g|macoparogcp ge }g|d{ja`n bnjnmarnp ar rhn lapn ge nxoprocm ~cogcp* orfomhr fnac r|yocm rg l|ocm rhnf rgmnrhn| a`|gpp a jgàj a|na rg {jac igocr a`rogc* or fomhr ocugjun pnrrocm~{ cn} ~cogcp e|gf p`|ar`h* l~r mhrocm ap ea| ap {gppoljn rg {|npn|un `gcr|gj e|gf lnjg} gun| rhno| njn`rnbgffòajp ly bnunjg{ocm pr|arnmonp eg| a`rogc }ho`h |noceg|`n rhn pnje&a`rouory ge rhn fnfln|pho{#

Oc a pncpn* rhop `g~jb ln pnnc ap rhocdocm jodn a }g|dn|p prarn# Or op gcn }ay oc }ho`h rhn |nugj~rogca|yfocg|ory }g|dp `gcpracrjy rg gun|`gfn rhn pn{a|arogc lnr}nnc n`gcgfo` acb {gjoroàj pr|~mmjnp# Hg}nun|*radocm rhn jna{ ge ofamocarogc e|gf }g|d{ja`n g|macoparogc rg a }g|dn|p prarn op cgr oc orpnje ncg~mh# Rhn|nugj~rogca|y focg|ory ajpg cnnbp rg rhocd amaocpr rhn prarn or op r|yocm rg bnenar* acb mhr rg gun|`gfn rhnpn{a|arogc lnr}nnc rhn {gjoroàj acb rhn n`gcgfo` e|gf rhn grhn| bo|n rogc# Rhop fnacp ~cbn|pracbocm rhnjoforp ge }har àc ln a`honunb oc rhn }g|d{ja`np* acb pnrrocm orp pomhrp gc }occocm rhn faig|ory ge }g|dn|prg pha|ocm orp acajypop rhar rhno| hg{np ge pgòaj i~pro`n àc gcjy ln |najopnb ly of{gpocm rhno| `gjjn`roun{gjoro aj }ojj gc rhn |~jocm `japp# Or fnacp |aopocm bo|n`rjy {gjoroàj opp~np }orhoc rhn pafn fapp bnfg`|aroèg|~fp }hn|n }amn bnfacbp a|n am|nnb# Gernc rhop }ojj fnac {~rrocm ~c`gfeg|raljn g| ~c{g{~ja| {gocrp9oc bnenc`n ge |njomog~p focg|oronp }hnc rhn prarn fnboa op }ho{{ocm ~{ har|nb amaocpr rhnf eg| nxaf{jn#

Bgocm rhop op cgr i~pr alg~r }occocm rhn larrjn amaocpr bouopogcp }orhoc rhn }g|docm `japp lnà~pn rhnpn}nadnc }g|dn|p alojory rg mhr n n`rounjy rgbay (ajrhg~mh rhop op of{g|racr/* or op ajpg alg~r {|n{a|ocm rhnm|g~cb eg| }occocm }g|dn|p rg rhn obna rhar rhny a|n mhrocm cgr gcjy gc eg| rhnfpnjunp* l~r eg| ajj rhn {gg|acb g{{|nppnb# \nugj~rogca|y pgòajoprp phg~jb ln r|ol~cnp ge rhn {ng{jn* Jncoc a|m~nb oc ]har op rg lnbgcn7 00 # L~r rhop op gcjy a {|nfgcorogc ge hop uopogc ge rhn }g|docm `japp ap |nugj~rogca|y jnabn|p ge rhn{ng{jn amaocpr rhn lg~|mngopon ocPrarn acb \nugj~rogcJncoc* 1?=;* {01 #

]occocm }g|dn|p a}ay e|gf |neg|fopf jodn}opn ocugjunp rhocdocm amaocpr rhn nxoprocm prarn# Or ocugjunp`gcuocòcm rhnf rhar bnp{orn nun|yrhocm {gjoroòacp acb r|abn ~cogc jnabn|p pay* rhn prarn ap or op }ojj cnun|

01 A ja|mn {a|r ge Prarn acb \nugj~rogc bnajp }orh rhn `gcpnq~nc`np ge acgrhn| pn{a|arogc9 lnr}nnc rhn {ng{jn acb a pracbocma|fy# Nuobncrjy* mounc rhn |gjn ge rhn Nmy{roac fojora|y oc rhn `~||ncr |nugj~rogc rhn|n a|n facy of{g|racr obnap oc Prarn acb \nugj~rogc }ho`h `g~jb ln bop`~ppnb oc |njarogc rg Nmy{r* hg}nun|* ap rhn q~nprogc ge g|boca|y {ng{jn radocm ~{ a|fp rhnfpnjunphab cgr* ar rhn rofn ge }|orocm* lnnc bnlarnb }obnjy }orhoc rhn }g|dn|p fgunfncr* rhop bop`~ppogc }g~jb cn`nppa|ojy ln |arhn|alpr|a`r#

0< Gcn ge rhn pg~|`np ge ocp{o|arogc eg| rhop a|ro`jn op M|afpòp }|orocmp gc rhn ea`rg|y `g~còjp oc R~|oc* p~`h ap hop a|ro`jn]g|dn|p Bnfg`|a`y }ho`h a{{na|nb oc JG|bocn C~gug oc I~cn 1?1? (M|afpò* 1?1?/# Ea`nb }orh a fappoun ~{p~|mn oc}g|dn|p pr|~mmjnp oc Orajy acb hauocm pnnc rhn nxaf{jn ge rhn \~ppoac \nugj~rogc r}g yna|p lneg|n* M|afpò jggdnb ar rhn eg|fpge g|macoparogc rhar }g|dn|p }n|n l~ojbocm oc rhn `g~|pn ge rhnpn larrjnp acb pa} hg} rhny `g~jb ln r|acpeg|fnb ocrg rhn lapopeg| a }g|dn|p prarn# ]har O haun radnc e|gf M|afpò op {|ocò{ajjy rhn obna rhar |njarocm |nugj~rogca|y pgòajopr obnap rg a cn}|nugj~rogca|y `gcrnxr bgnp cgr fnac rhn `gjb a{{joàrogc ge ac ocrnjjn`r~aj p`hnfa l~r }occocm }g|dn|p rg rhn {n|p{n`rounrhar |nugj~rogca|y pgòajopf op ac ocrn|{|nrarogc ge rhno| g}c enjr cnnbp# (q~grnb oc Fgjycn~x* 1?=8* {125/* acb rhar rhnyàc* rh|g~mh rhn pr|~mmjnp rhny a|n aj|naby ncmamnb oc* pra|r }g|docm ~pne~jjy rg `|narn acb acroò{arn rhn e~r~|n (M|afp o*1?1?/# ]har M|afpò payp alg~r rhn |nugj~rogca|y {a|ry oc ]g|dn|p Bnfg`|a`y op un|y bo n|ncr rg rhn a|m~fncrp {|npncrnbhn|n* hg}nun|* ap ar rhn rofn hn }|grn rhn a|ro`jn* hn hab cgr ynr pnnc rhn cnnb rg l|nad }orh rhn Pgòajopr [a|ry#

00 Jncoc* 1?;


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ln rhno|p* acb rhar rhny haun rhn à{aòry rg l~ojb a cn} gcn# Rhocdocm amaocpr rhn nxoprocm prarn bgnp cgrfnac |nin`rocm ~pocm {a|joafncr g| grhn| |neg|fopr ocpror~rogcp ap a {jareg|f eg| |nugj~rogca|y obnap ap afarrn| ge {|ocò{jn* hg}nun|#

Eocajjy* rg a `n|raoc nxrncr rhn |nugj~rogca|y focg|ory hap rg rhocd jodn rhn prarn or }acrp rg bnenar# Or haprg `ncr|ajopn orp pfajj eg|`np* bn{jgy orp |npg~|`np à|ne~jjy* mncn|ajopn jnppgcp jna|cr a`|gpp p{a`n acb rofn#Or hap rg `gcpobn| hg} rg ~pn rhn lajac`n ge `japp eg|`np rg orp abuacramn* fadn acb l|nad ra`roàj ajjoac`np

lnygcb rhn |acdp ge rhn }g|docm `japp# Algun ajj or fnacp l~ojbocm g|macoparogc }ho`h dcorp rgmnrhn| {ng{jn}hg a|n aljn rg fadn rhn |omhr a|m~fncrp oc ncg~mh {ja`np rg phoer rhn lajac`n ge eg|`np oc rhn }obn| `japppr|~mmjn#

]hojn or op Nmy{roac }g|dn|p rhnfpnjunp }hg }ojj bnòbn oc }ho`h bo|n`rogc rhno| fgunfncr bnunjg{p gun|rhn `gfocm {hapn ge rhn |nugj~rogc* rhn|n a|n pnun|aj |napgcp }hy rhocdocm rh|g~mh }har radocm bnfg`|a`yrgmnrhn| }orh rhn pgòaj pr|~mmjn fomhr fnac eg| a }obn| a~bonc`n fay ln of{g|racr#

Rhn |pr ge rhnpn op rg bnfgcpr|arn rhar i~pr ap rhn pr|~mmjn eg| rhn nxrncpogc ge {gjoroàj bnfg`|a`y ocNmy{r hap a ja|mn pgòaj pg~j* pg rhn pr|~mmjn eg| pgòaj i~pro`n hap a bnfg`|aro` pg~j02 # Rhop op {a|ro`~ja|jyof{g|racr oc rhn ea`n ge rhn bgfocacr ca||arounp oc rhn ]nprn|c fnboa alg~r rhn Nmy{roac |nugj~rogc#\n`ncrjy rhn `njnl|arg|y rgcn ge fnboa `gun|amn ge Rah|o| Pq~a|n hap mounc }ay rg `gf{jaocrp alg~r rhnOpjafopr uo`rg|y oc rhn {a|joafncra|y njn`rogcp# F~`h ge rhop `gun|amn app~fnp rhar lnà~pn fgpr Nmy{roacpa|n F~pjofp* rhar Opjafopr {a|ronp haun pgfn famoàj hgjb gun| rhno| focbp* acb rhar ar nun|y g{{g|r~coryrhno| glp`~|acropr* la`d}a|b acb acro&bnfg`|aro` rncbncònp }ojj |n&appn|r rhnfpnjunp# Gcn ge rhn |napgcpeg| }|orocm rhop a|ro`jn hap lnnc rg r|y acb l|nad bg}c obnap jodn rhop# Or op ac arrnf{r rg p{njj g~r rharrhn {|geg~cbjy bnfg`|aro` `ha|a`rn| ge rhn |nuouaj ge rhn Nmy{roac }g|docm `japp fnacp rhar {grncroaj eg|l~ojbocm |nugj~rogca|y pgòajopr g|macoparogc oc Nmy{r op m|narn| rhac or hap lnnc eg| bnàbnp#

A pn`gcb |napgc eg| }|orocm op rg appn|r rhn `gffgc m|g~cb lnr}nnc rhn pr|~mmjnp ge Nmy{roac }g|dn|pacb rhn mjglaj hoprg|y ge }g|dn|p bop`gun|onp ge rhn {g}n| ge bnfg`|a`y radnc rgmnrhn|# Por~arocm Nmy{rpfapp pr|odnp acb |nugj~rogc oc rhop hoprg|y op {|geg~cbjy bopr~|locm rg rhgpn }hg }acr rg {|gfgrn fyrhp ge A|al g| F~pjof nx`n{rogcajopf#

Rhn caj fgrouarogc eg| pha|ocm rhnpn |n n`rogcp op rg nxrncb ac ocuorarogc rg `gcroc~n acb bnn{nc bnlarnalg~r rhn rhng|y acb g|macoparogc }n cnnb eg| rhn r~|l~jncr yna|p rg `gfn# Oe }n ~cbn|pracb Fa|xopf apa rhng|y ge }g|docm `japp pnje &nfacò{arogc* or op `jna|jy cgr ncg~mh rg pof{jy |n{nar Fa|xopr rhng|y oc rhna{{|g{|oarn boajn`r# \arhn|* rhn `hajjncmn op rg }oc }g|dn|p oc nun|y `g~cr|y rg pnn Fa|xopr obnap ap rhnrhng|y ge rhno| g}c `japp pr|~mmjnp acb a`r gc rhnf a``g|bocmjy# A cn} n|a ge |nugj~rogca|y `|opop àjjp eg|{|guocm acn} lgrh rhn {gppolojory acb cn`nppory ge |nugj~rogca|y pgòajopr g|macoparogc e|gf rhn pr|~mmjn apor ~cegjbp#

\nen|nc`np

Ah|af Gcjocn* (


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Aj&R~hafo* F~haffab (


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20/55

Rhn |pr ~pn ge rhn rn|f pr|odn rg bncgrn ac g|macopnb }g|d prg{{amn `gfnp e|gf 1=58 }hnc paojg|p* ocp~{{g|r ge bnfgcpr|arogcp oc Jgcbgc eg| ]ojdnp acb Joln|ry pr|~`d g| |nfgunb rhn paojp ge fn|`hacrpho{p oc rhn {g|r rh~p |ncbn|ocm rhnf ~caljn rg paoj# TRhn|n }n|n facy p~`h pr|odnp g| f~roconp lypaojg|p ar rhop rofn#V05 # Hg}nun| r|abn ~cogcopf ap }n ~cbn|pracb or rgbay |najjy lnmocp rg bnunjg{ }orh rhnocb~pr|oaj |nugj~rogc oc L|oraoc acb rhn m|g}rh ge rhn ocb~pr|oaj }g|docm `japp ar rhn ncb ge rhn nomhrnncrhacb lnmoccocm ge rhn cocnrnncrh `ncr~|y# Ar rhop rofn or }ap ojjnmaj ~cbn| ua|og~p @gflocarogc A`rp# Oc

1802 rhn ~rg{oac pgòajopr* \gln|r G}nc* ocoroarnb rhn M|acb Carogcaj @gcpgjobarnb R|abnp ^cogc* l~r orbop`g~|amnb pr|odnp oc eaug~| ge eg|focm `gg{n|arounp acb cnun| |najjy rggd g # Ajpg oc 1802 àfn rhn eafg~pàpn ge rhn Rgj{~bbjn Fa|ry|p* am|o`~jr~|aj jalg~|n|p* }hg }n|n pncrnc`nb rg r|acp{g|rarogc eg| rhn `|ofn ge eg|focm a ~cogc#

]hnc Fa|x acb Ncmnjp a||ounb gc rhn p`ncn ap `gff~coprp oc rhn 182;p rhny eg~cb rhny eg~cb rharfgpr |aboàjp* pgòajoprp acb }g~jb ln |nugj~rogca|onp }n|n a`r~ajjy g{{gpnb rg r|abn ~cogcopf# Jggdocmla`d oc 185?* Fa|x cgrnb* oc 182= }hnc ajj rhn {gjoroàj n`gcgfoprp acb ajj rhn pgòajoprp `gc`~||nb gc gcnpocmjn {gocr & rhn `gcbnfcarogc ge r|abn ~cogcp & O bnfgcpr|arnb rhno| cn`nppory0= acb Ncmnjp `gc`~||nbFa|xp appn|rogc op r|~n ge ajj pgòajoprp* }orh rhn nx`n{rogc ge ~p r}g08 ( Oc {gocr ge ea`r or }ap Ncmnjp ocRhn @gcborogc ge rhn Ncmjoph ]g|docm @japp oc 1822}hg |pr rggd |pr rggd ~{ rhn `~bmnjp gc lnhaje ge ~cogcp àjjocm rhnf* rhn fojora|y p`hggj ge rhn }g|docm&fnc oc }ho`h rhny {|n{a|n rhnfpnjunp eg| rhn m|narpr|~mmjn }ho`h àccgr ln augobnb###Acb ap p`hggjp ge }a| rhn ^cogcp a|n ~cnx`njjnb 0? Fa|x egjjg}nb p~or*fadocm rhn q~nprogc ge pr|odnp acb `gflocarogcp a faig| opp~n oc Rhn [gun|ry ge [hojgpg{hy (182=/* hop{gjnfo` amaocpr [|g~bhgc (rhnc rhn jnabocm E|nc`h pgòajopr }hg }ap acro&~cogc/9

Oc Ncmjacb* rhny haun cgr prg{{nb ar {a|roaj `gflocarogcp }ho`h haun cg grhn| glin`roun rhac a{appocm pr|odn* acb }ho`h bopa{{na| }orh or# [n|facncr `gflocarogcp haun lnnc eg|fnb* r|abnp~cogcp* }ho`h pn|un ap |af{a|rp eg| rhn }g|dn|p oc rhno| pr|~mmjnp }orh rhn nf{jgyn|p# Rhn |prarrnf{r ge }g|dn|p rg appgòarn afgcm rhnfpnjunp aj}ayp radnp {ja`n oc rhn eg|f ge `gfloca&rogcp###Ja|mn&pàjn ocb~pr|y `gc`ncr|arnp oc gcn {ja`n a `|g}b ge {ng{jn ~cdcg}c rg gcn acgrhn|# @gf&{nrorogc bouobnp rhno| ocrn|nprp# L~r rhn faocrncac`n ge }amnp* rhop `gffgc ocrn|npr }ho`h rhnyhaun amaocpr rhno| lgpp* ~cornp rhnf oc a `gffgc rhg~mhr ge |npoprac n & `gflocarogc# Rh~p`gflocarogc aj}ayp hap a bg~ljn aof* rhar ge prg{{ocm `gf{nrorogc afgcm rhn }g|dn|p* pg rharrhny àc à||y gc mncn|aj `gf{nrorogc }orh rhn à{orajopr#### Oc rhop pr|~mmjn & a un|oraljn òuoj}a| & ajj rhn njnfncrp cn`nppa|y eg| a `gfocm larrjn ~corn acb bnunjg{ #2;

Aern| 18>; acb rhn gcpnr ge a {n|ogb ge |na`rogc Fa|x ja|mnjy }orhb|n} e|gf a`roun {gjoro`p oc g|bn| rg}|orn @a{oraj oc rhn jol|a|y ge rhn L|oroph F~pn~f l~r oc 1852 hn arrncbnb rhn eg~cbocm fnnrocm ge rhnOcrn|carogcaj ]g|docm Fncp Appgòarogc oc Jgcbgc# O dcn}* hn }|grn* rhar rhop rofn |naj {g}n|p }n|nocugjunb lgrh gc rhn Jgcbgc acb [a|op pobnp acb rhn|neg|n bnòbnb rg }aoun fy ~p~aj pracbocm |~jn rg bn`jocnacy p~`h ocuorarogcp#21 # Rhn |naj {g}n|p }n|n rhn E|nc`h acb L|oroph r|abn ~cogcp#

Oc rhn `g~|pn ge hop }g|d }orh rhn Ocrn|carogcaj Fa|x e|nq~ncrjy bnencbnb rhn `|~òaj of{g|rac`n ge rhnr|abn ~cogc pr|~mmjn# Eg| nxaf{jn* oc 1855* }|orocm gc R|abnp ~cogcp# Rhno| {apr* {|npncr acb e~r~|n hna|m~nb9

R|abnp ^cogcp g|omocajjy p{|acm ~{ e|gf rhn p{gcracng~p arrnf{rp ge }g|dfnc ar |nfguocm g|ar jnapr `hn`docm rhar `gf{nrorogc* oc g|bn| rg `gcq~n| p~`h rn|fp ge `gcr|a`r ap fomhr |aopnrhnf ar jnapr algun rhn `gcborogc ge fn|n pjaunp# Rhn offnboarn gl in`r ge R|abnp ^cogcp }ap

rhn|neg|n `gccnb rg nun|ybay cn`npporonp* rg nx{nbonc`np eg| rhn glpr|~`rogc ge rhn oc`nppacrnc`|ga`hfncrp ge à{oraj* oc gcn }g|b* rg q~nprogcp ge }amnp acb rofn ge jalg~|# Rhop a`rouory

05 Pnn Igcarhac Cnajn* Rhn @~rjapp acb rhn Japh * Jgcbgc 1?8>0= Fa|x'Ncmnjp* Pnjn`rnb @g||np{gcbnc`n * Fgp`g} 1?5>* {#>>08 ap algun {#0;;0? E# Ncmnjp*Rhn @gcborogc ge rhn Ncmjoph ]g|docm @japp oc 1822 * Jgcbgc*1?58* {#21 Fa|x'Ncmnjp* Pnjn`rnb @g||np{gcbnc`n * Fgp`g}* 1?5>* {#125

1?


21/55

ge rhn R|abnp ^cogcp op cgr gcjy jnmorofarn* or op cn`nppa|y#Or àccgr ln bop{ncpnb }orh pgjgcm ap rhn {|npncr pyprnf ge {|gb~`rogc japrp# TFy nf{hapop& IFV

Hg}nun|* hn ajpg ocin`rnb a cgrn ge à~rogc* }a|cocm rhn }g|docm `japp amaocpr |njyocm gc r|abn ~cogcopfajgcn acb }a|cocm rhn ~cogcp amaocpr eg`~ppocm gcjy gc rhn offnboarn n`gcgfo` pr|~mmjn#

Ar rhn pafn rofn* acb q~orn a{a|r e|gf rhn mncn|aj pn|uor~bn ocugjunb oc rhn }amnp pyprnf*

rhn }g|docm `japp g~mhr cgr rg nxammn|arn rg rhnfpnjunp rhn ~jrofarn }g|docm ge rhnpn nun|ybaypr|~mmjnp# Rhny g~mhr cgr rg eg|mnr rhar rhny a|n mhrocm }orh n n`rp* l~r cgr }orh rhn à~pnpge rhgpn n n`rp4 rhar rhny a|n |nra|bocm rhn bg}c}a|b fgunfncr* l~r cgr `hacmocm orp bo|n`rogc4rhar rhny a|n a{{jyocm {ajjoarounp* cgr `~|ocm rhn fajaby# 2/

R|abnp ^cogcp }g|d }njj ap `ncrn|p ge |npoprac`n amaocpr rhn nc`|ga`hfncrp ge à{oraj# Rhny eaoj{a|roajjy e|gf ac oci~boòg~p ~pn ge rhno| {g}n|# Rhny eaoj mncn|ajjy e|gf joforocm rhnfpnjunp rg am~n|ojja }a| amaocpr rhn n n`rp ge rhn nxoprocm pyprnf* ocprnab ge pof~jracng~pjy r|yocm rg `hacmnor* ocprnab ge ~pocm rhno| g|maco nb eg|`np ap a jnun| eg| rhn caj nfacò{arogc ge rhn }g|docm`japp rhar op rg pay rhn ~jrofarn algjorogc ge rhn }amnp pyprnf#20

Oc 18=> lgrh Fa|x acb Ncmnjp pha|{jy `|oroòpnb rhn Mn|fac Pgòaj Bnfg`|arp eg| eaojocm rg bnaj }orh

rhn |gjn ge ~cogcp oc rhno| {gjoroàj {|gm|affn (rhn pg& àjjnb Mgrha [|gm|affn /###rhn|n op alpgj~rnjy cg fncrogc ge rhn g|macoparogc ge rhn }g|docm `japp ap a `japp rh|g~mh rhnfnbo~f ge r|abn ~cogcp# Acb rhar op a {gocr ge rhn ~rfgpr of{g|rac`n* rhop lnocm rhn {|gjnra|oarpr|~n `japp g|macoparogc oc }ho`h or mhrp orp baojy larrjnp }orh à{oraj* oc }ho`h or r|aocp orpnje acb}ho`h cg}abayp àc cg jgcmn| pof{jy ln pfaphnb* nunc }orh |na`rogc ar orp }g|pr (ap {|npncrjyoc [a|op/ 22

Ap rhn cocnrnncrh `ncr~|y }g|n gc rhn L|oroph }g|docm `japp fgunfncr* gc orp ig~|cny e|gf @ha|ropf rgJalg~|opf* lnàfn fg|n acb fg|n |neg|fopr acb |np{n`raljn acb rhop jnb Fa|x acb Ncmnjp rg m|g} fg|n`|oroàj ge

`g||~{r r|abn ~cogc jnabn|p T}hgV cnun| |aopnb a cmn| eg| rhno| g}c l|grhn|p oc Pg~rh ]ajnp*`gcbnfcnb rg bon ge pra|uarogc ly rhn focng}cn|p# ]|nr`hnp!### rhn gcjy }g|dn|p |n{|npncrarounpoc rhn Hg~pn ge @gffgcp acb fg|ngun|* hg||olojn bo`r~ Thg||oljn rg |njarnV bo|n`r |n{|npncrarounpge rhn focn|p* acb rhnfpnjunp g|omocajjy focn|p & L~|r acb rhn fopn|aljn Fa`bgcajb & T}hgV ugrnb}orh rhn |~f{ ge rhn m|nar Joln|aj [a|ry* 2>

Cna| rhn ncb ge hop joen Ncmnjp }ap m|narjy `hnn|nb ly rhn pr|odn }aun acb |opn ge Cn} ^cogcopf (|n{|n&pncrocm ~cpdojjnb }g|dn|p / oc rhn Napr Ncb ge Jgcbgc* oc }ho`h Njnacg| Fa|x acb grhn| aug}nb pgòajoprp{jaynb ac of{g|racr |gjn# L~r nunc hn|n hn }ap eg|`nb rg cgrn gfocg~p pomcp ge rhn cn} ~cogc jnabn|p jodnIghc L~|cp ln`gfocm oc`g|{g|arnb ly rhn lg~|mngopon#

O af cgr ar ajj p~|n* eg| ocprac`n* rhar Ighc L~|cp op cgr pn`|nrjy {|g~bn| ge hop {g{~ja|ory }orh@a|bocaj Faccocm* rhn Jg|b Fayg| acb rhn lg~|mngopon oc mncn|aj rhac ge hop {g{~ja|ory }orhhop g}c `japp#25

Rh~p* ajrhg~mh rhn nf{hapop phoerp bn{ncbocm gc rhn `hacmocm por~arogc* }n cb rhar e|gf 1822 rg rhnncb ge rhno| jounp* Fa|x acb Ncmnjp aj}ayp bnencbnb r|abn ~cogcp ap ac alpgj~rnjy cn`nppa|y njnfncr oc rhn`japp pr|~mmjn l~r ar rhn pafn rofn cnun| maun rhnf ~c`|oroàj p~{{g|r g| |nma|bnb rhnf ap p~ffòncr ocrhnfpnjunp#

2< D# Fa|x* Rhn Ocrn|carogcaj ]g|docmfncp Appgòarogc* Ocpr|~`rogcp eg| rhn Bnjnmarnp ge rhn [|guopogcaj Mncn|aj @g~còj*1855

20 Fa|x acb Ncmnjp* Pnjn`rnb ]g|dp * Fgp`g} 1?==* {#=>22 E# Ncmnjp rg A~m~pr Lnlnj* 18=>2> D#Fa|x rg ]# Jonldcn`hr* 11 Enl|~a|y* 18=825 E# Ncmnjp rg E#A# Pg|mn * = Bn`nfln|* 188?


22/55

Jncoc* R|grpdy acb rhn @gfocrn|c

Rpa|opr |n{|nppogc fabn rhn cg|faj bnunjg{fncr ge r|abn ~cogcopf oc \~ppoa of{gppoljn acb rhn|n }n|n cg|naj r|abn ~cogcp lneg|n rhn 1?;> \nugj~rogc# Rhn|n }ap hg}nun| rhn pr|acmn l~r ocpr|~`roun n{opgbn ge rhnY~largu ~cogcp# Pn|mno Y~largu }ap a rnncamn |nugj~rogca|y }hg lnàfn |pr ac oceg|fn| acb rhnc jarn|a Bo|n`rg| ge rhn Gdh|aca (rhn Rpa|opr pn`|nr {gjo`n/# Oc rhar à{aòry* oc rhn {n|ogb 1?;;&0* hn pnr alg~rg|macopocm }g|dn|p ~cogcp oc g|bn| rg prnaj rhn rh~cbn| ge rhn |nugj~rogca|onp acb dnn{ rhn }g|dn|p oc jocn#]har op ocrn|nprocm op rhar* ocprnab ge lgy`grrocm rhnf ap fomhr haun lnnc nx{n`rnb* Jncoc g|macopnb hopp~{{g|rn|p (rhny }n|n cgr ynr Lgjphnuodp/ rg bg {gjoroàj }g|d oc rhnpn {gjo`n ~cogcp 2= acb* oc ajfgpr nun|yàpn* ap rhn }g|dn|p pr|~mmjn |gpn* rhnpn ~cogcp mgr g~r ge `gcr|gj ge rhno| faprn|p# Aern| a pn|onp ge pr|odnpoc 1?;0* Y~largu }ap bopfoppnb e|gf hop {gpr# Pofoja|jy* Earhn| Ma{gc* }hg }ap lgrh a \~ppoac G|rhgbgx{|onpr acb a {gjo`n amncr* g|maco nb rhn Appnfljy ge \~ppoac Ea`rg|y acb Fojj ]g|dn|p ge Pr# [nrn|pl~|m* }ho`h jnb rhn fapp bnfgcpr|arogc rg rhn ]ocrn| [aja`n rhar `~jfocarnb oc Ljggby P~cbay acb ja~c`hnbrhn 1?;> \nugj~rogc# Oc lgrh rhnpn àpnp* rhn|neg|n* rhn e~cbafncraj `japp lapop ge rhnpn g|macoparogcp* oc`gcborogcp ge fapp pr|~mmjn* ar jnapr {a|roajjy gun|àfn rhn }g|pr {gppoljn jnabn|pho{#

Rhop jnppgc }ap cgr jgpr gc Jncoc g| rhn Lgjphnuodp }hnc or àfn rg g|macopocm rhn @gfocrn|c (rhn@gff~copr g| Rho|b Ocrn|carogcaj* eg~cbnb oc 1?1? ap a }g|jb {a|ry ge |nugj~rogc/# Rhn l~ojbocm ge rhn@gfocrn|c oc orp na|jy yna|p ocugjunb {gjoroàj larrjnp gc r}g e|gcrp9 oc rhn |pr {ja`n amaocpr |neg|fopf acb`ncr|opf (`ncr|opf |nen||nb rg rhn Da~rpdyorn `ncr|n ge Mn|fac pgòaj bnfg`|a`y acb rhn ocrn|carogcaj

`g&rhocdn|p* eg|fajjy Fa|xopr l~r oc {|a`ro`n |neg|fopr/4 oc rhn pn`gcb {ja`n amaocpr offar~|n ~jr|a&jneropf*}ho`h lnàfn a pomcoàcr eg|`n oc facy N~|g{nac `g~cr|onp b~|ocm rhn |nugj~rogca|y }aun rhar egjjg}nb rhnEo|pr ]g|jb ]a|# Gc lgrh e|gcrp rhn q~nprogc ge rhn r|abn ~cogcp {jaynb ac of{g|racr |gjn# Oc rhn pr|~mmjnamaocpr `ncr|opf rhn @gfocrn|c lorrn|jy bncg~c`nb rhn jnabn|p ge rhn pg&àjjnb Afprn|baf R|abn ^cogcOcrn|carogcaj (p~`h ap @a|j Jnmonc* A|rh~| Hncbn|pgc acb Jngc Ig~ha~x/ acb pg~mhr rg {n|p~abn ~cogcprg affjoarn ocprnab rg rhn \nb Ocrn|carogcaj ge Jalg~| ^cogcp lapnb oc Fgp`g}# Jncoc nx{joòrjy `gf{a|nbrhnf rg Y~largu4 Rhn Mgf{n|pnp* Hncbn|pgcp* Ig~ha~x acb Jnmoncp a|n cgrhocm l~r Y~largup* bo n|ocme|gf g~| Y~largu gcjy oc rhno| N~|g{nac b|npp* {gjoph nr` 28 # Ar rhn pafn rofn R|grpdy }ap bnlarocmacb bop`~ppocm f~`h fg|n e|arn|cajjy }orh ua|og~p pycboàjoprp e|gf Afn|oà* E|ac`n acb P{aoc (Fgcarrn*\gpfn|* [npraca nr`/ }hg cgr gcjy }oph rg mhr amaocpr rhn lg~|mngopon l~r }hg### |najjy }acr rg rna| orphnab g #2? *pnndocm rg {n|p~abn rhnf ge rhn cnnb eg| a |nugj~rogca|y {a|ry ajgcmpobn ge |nugj~rogca|y r|abn~cogcopf#

Oc rhn pr|~mmjn amaocpr ~jr|a& jneropf* }ho`h lnàfn {a|ro`~ja|jy ~|mncr oc 1?* {#2=28 ap algun {#2=2? J#R|grpdy* Rhn Eo|pr Eoun _na|p ge rhn @gff~copr Ocrn|carogcaj * Ugj#1* Cn} _g|d* {#?8


23/55

acb `g~jb cgr* {|g`nnb acy}hn|n oc rhn }g|jb grhn|}opn rhac rh|g~mh rhn r|abn ~cogcp* rh|g~mh|nò{|gàj a`rogc lnr}nnc rhnf acb rhn {a|ry ge rhn }g|docm `japp#]n a|n }amocm a pr|~mmjn amaocpr rhn jalg~| a|oprg`|a`y oc rhn cafn ge rhn fappnp ge rhn }g|dn|pacb oc g|bn| rg }oc rhnf gun| rg g~| pobn4 }n a|n }amocm rhn pr|~mmjn amaocpr rhn g{{g|r~copracb pgòaj& ha~uocopr jnabn|p oc g|bn| rg }oc rhn }g|docm `japp gun| rg g~| pobn# Or }g~jb lnalp~|b rg eg|mnr rhop fgpr njnfncra|y acb fgpr pnje&nuobncr r|~rh# _nr or op rhop un|y alp~|boryrhar rhn Mn|fac Jner @gff~coprp {n|{nr|arn }hnc* lnà~pn ge rhn |na`rogca|y acb `g~crn|&|nugj~rogca|y `ha|a`rn| ge rhn r|abn ~cogc rg{ jnabn|pho{* rhny i~f{ rg rhn `gc`j~pogc rhar ###}n f~pr }orhb|a} e|gf rhn r|abn ~cogcp* |ne~pn rg }g|d oc rhnf* acb `|narn cn} acb a|roòaj eg|fp ge jalg~| g|macoparogc! Rhop op pg ~c{a|bgcaljn a lj~cbn| rhar or op racrafg~cr rg rhnm|narnpr pn|uo`n @gff~coprp `g~jb |ncbn| rhn lg~|mngopon#### Rg |ne~pn rg }g|d oc rhn |na`rogca|yr|abn ~cogcp fnacp jnauocm rhn ocp~ffòncrjy bnunjg{nb g| la`d}a|b fappnp ge }g|dn|p ~cbn| rhnoc ~nc`n ge rhn |na`rogca|y jnabn|p* rhn amncrp ge rhn lg~|mngopon* rhn jalg~| a|oprg`|arp#>;

Jncocp {gjnfo` }ap un|y {g}n|e~j & rhn|n op f~`h fg|n oc rhn pafn unoc ap rhn algun & l~r rhn lapoòbna op un|y pof{jn9 rhn|n a|n fojjogcp ge }g|dn|p oc r|abn ~cogcp acb* |nma|bjnpp ge rhno| jnabn|pho{* rhny a|nrhn e~cbafncraj fapp g|macoparogcp ge rhn }g|docm `japp4 |nugj~rogca|onp* rhn|neg|n* a|n alpgj~rnjy gljomnbrg }g|d oc rhnpn ~cogcp pg ap rg |na`h* oc ~nc`n acb jnab rhn fapp ge rhn }g|docm `japp# Jncocp {gporogcà||onb rhn bay oc rhn @gff~copr Ocrn|carogcaj acb p~lpnq~ncrjy hap lnnc rhn pra|rocm {gocr oc |njarogc rgr|abn ~cogcopf eg| ajj pn|og~p pgòajoprp on pgòajoprp }hg lapn rhnfpnjunp gc rhn }g|docm `japp#

Hg}nun| rhn|n }ap gcn }nadcnpp oc Jncocp a|m~fncr ar rhop rofn# Oc arrnf{rocm rg nx{jaoc rhn bnmnc&n|arogc ge rhn Pn`gcb Ocrn|carogcaj ocrg |neg|fopf acb pgòaj `ha~uocopf (p~{{g|r eg| of{n|oajopf acb rhnEo|pr ]g|jb ]a|/ acb rhn ea`r rhar rhn Pgòaj Bnfg`|arp |nraocnb pomcoàcr p~{{g|r oc rhn }g|docm `jappacb oc rhn ~cogcp* Jncoc ~pnb rhn `gc`n{r ge rhn jalg~| a|oprg`|a`y (radnc e|gf pgfn ge Ncmnjp jnrrn|p rgFa|x/ }ho`h hn g~rjocnb oc hop 1?15 lggdjnr* Of{n|oajopf acb rhn P{jor oc Pgòajopf #

glin`rounjy rhn g{{g|r~coprp a|n a pn`rogc ge rhn {nrry lg~|mngopon acb ge a `n|raoc pr|ara ge rhn}g|docm `japp }hg haun lnnc l|olnb g~r ge of{n|oajopr p~{n|{|grp acb `gcun|rnb rg }ar`hbgmp ge à{orajopf acb `g||~{rg|p ge rhn jalg~| fgunfncr###A {|ouojnmnb ~{{n| pr|ar~f ge rhn {|gjnra|oar oc rhn of{n|oajopr `g~cr|onp jounp {a|rjy ar rhnnx{ncpn ge h~cb|nbp ge fojjogcp oc rhn ~còuojopnb carogcp#>1

Ap Rgcy @jo phg}nb oc N`gcgfo` \ggrp ge \neg|fopf (1?>=/ rhn obna rhar of{n|oajopf l|olnb a un|ypfajj ~{{n| pr|ar~f ge rhn }g|docm `japp op a}nb lnà~pn cgcn ge rhn fn`hacopfp eg| rhop l|oln|y (|nb~`nb~cnf{jgyfncr* homhn| }amnp* jalg~| ja} |neg|fp* }njea|n nr`/ }n|n* g| `g~jb ln* `gccnb rg ac ~{{n| pr|ar~fl~r* ocprnab* |aopnb rhn mncn|aj jouocm pracba|bp ge rhn }g|docm `japp ap a }hgjn oc rhn abuac`nb à{orajopr`g~cr|onp#

Ac ocnuoraljn `gc`j~pogc egjjg}ocm ~{gc Jncocp acajypop ge \neg|fopf op rhar a pfajj rhoc `|~prge `gcpn|uaropf hobnp rhn |nugj~rogca|y ~|mnp ge rhn fapp ge rhn }g|dn|p# Acy l|nad rh|g~mhrhop `|~pr }g~jb |nunaj a p~|mocm |nugj~rogca|y jaua### Rhop `gc`j~pogc* hg}nun|* op cgr `gc|fnbly rhn hoprg|y ge \neg|fopf oc L|oraoc* rhn ^cornb Prarnp acb njpn}hn|n gun| rhn {apr haje `ncr~|y9 orp pgjobory* orp p{|nabrh|g~mhg~r rhn }g|docm `japp* e|~pr|arocm acb ja|mnjy opgjarocm ajj|nugj~rogca|y focg|oronp* fadnp or al~cbacrjy `jna| rhar rhn n`gcgfo`* pgòaj |ggrp ge \neg|fopfa|n cgr oc ac occornpofaj focg|ory ge rhn {|gjnra|oar acb rhn }g|docm fappnp ap Jncoc a|m~nb #>; ap algun* {{05&22>1 U# O# Jncoc*Of{n|oajopf acb rhn P{jor oc Pgòajopf *1?15>< Rgcy @jo *N`gcgfo` \ggrp ge \neg|fopf* Cnorhn| ]aphocmrgc Cg| Fgp`g} * Jgcbgc 1?8


24/55

Ap rhn Prajocopr |na`rogc rggd hgjb oc \~ppoa* e|gf alg~r 1?2 acb Rhnpn jner e|oncbp* oc apn|og~p rnpr* phafne~jjy lnr|aynb rhn {|gjnra|oar# Rhn |nugj~rogca|y }g|dn|p }n|n rh|g}c ocrg `gce~pogc*pacd ocrg a{arhy acb car~|ajjy nxrncbnb rhno| bopa{{gocrfncr rg rhn @gff~copr [a|ry orpnje* }ho`h habgcjy lnnc a {appoun {a|r ge rhop }hgjn fn`hacopf ge lnr|ayaj >> # Oc phg|r rhn jner r|abn ~cogc jnabn|p* apf~`h ap rhn |omhr* }n|n cgr rg ln r|~prnb oc a pn|og~p `gce|gcrarogc }orh rhn prarn acb or }ap rhn b~ry ge Fa|xoprp rg fadn rhop `jna| rg rhn }g|dn|p#

Oc 1?>2 Jngc R|grpdy gc L|oraoc * Cn} _g|d* 1?=0* {#150>> Jngc R|grpdy* ]|orocmp gc L|oraoc * Ugj 5 \npgj~rogc ge rhn @gfocrn|c Nxn`~roun* I~jy 1?


25/55

Rh~p oc rhn p{a`n ge rh|nn yna|p @gfocrn|c r|abn ~cogc {gjo`y hab p}or`hnb e|gf ~c`|oroàj p~{{g|r eg|rhn jner r|abn ~cogc jnabn|p rg àjjocm rhnf eapòprp# Rhn jgmo` ge rhop jnb rg p{jorrocm rhn ~cogcp acb rhnnc`g~|amnfncr ge l|nada}ay r|abn ~cogcp# Rhop }ap bo|n`rjy `gcr|a|y rg rhn {gjo`y rhar hab lnnc abugàrnbly Jncoc# ]n àccgr l~r |nma|b ap nq~ajjy |obo`~jg~p acb `hojboph cgcpncpn ###bopq~oporogcp ge rhn Mn|facJnerp ###rhar or op cn`nppa|y rg }orhb|a} e|gf rhn r|abn ~cogcp acb `|narn a l|acb&cn} acb offa`~jarn]g|dn|p ^cogc(ap q~grnb algun/# Ajfgpr nun|y}hn|n rhop }ap r|onb rhn n n`rp }n|n homhjy bafamocm

lnà~pn oe rhn pgòajoprp acb fojoracrp hab rhn p~{{g|r ge rhn faig|ory ge }g|dn|p oc a mounc ~cogc rhny}g~jb ln aljn rg r|acpeg|f or# L~r oe* ap }ap mncn|ajjy rhn àpn* rhny }n|n gcjy a focg|ory rhnc eg|focm al|nada}ay cn} ~cogc hab rhn n n`r ge a|roòajjy opgjarocm rhn fojoracrp e|gf rhn jnpp abuac`nb }g|dn|p acbjnauocm rhn jarrn| oc rhn hacbp ge rhn |neg|fopr l~|na~`|arp acb pnjj g~r fn|`hacrp# Oc grhn| }g|bp or a`r~ajjybouobnb rhn }g|docm `japp acb appoprnb lgrh rhn l~|na~`|arp acb rhn nf{jgyn|p# Arrnf{rocm rg a{{jy rhopjocn rhn fnfln|pho{ ge rhn E|nc`h @[ bn`jocnb e|gf >;; oc 1?;; oc Fa|`h 1?; ge rhn Ocrn|carogcaj Pgòajopr rncbnc`y ly Rgcy @jo (oc rhn pha{n ge rhn rocyPgòajopr \nuon} m|g~{ oc L|oraoc/ àfn oc rhn na|jy pramnp ge rhn jgcm {gpr&}a| lggf# Rhn lggf {|gb~`nbalg~r r}ncry un yna|p ge |opocm jouocm pracba|bp acb fg|n g| jnpp e~jj nf{jgyfncr a``gf{aconb ly pjg}l~r prnaby pr|ncmrhncocm ge |arhn| ~c{gjoroàj r|abn ~cogcopf# Ocb~pr|oaj bop{~rnp }n|n c~fn|g~p* mncn|ajjypfajj pàjn fgprjy q~o djy p~``nppe~j# Oc `gcborogcp ge or }ap ~p~ajjy }g|rh nf{jgyn|p }hojn rg `gc`nbn}g|dn|p bnfacbp oc g|bn| rg mnr {|gb~`rogc mgocm amaoc# Gc rhn lapop ge rhop }g|d{ja`n g|macoparogc rh|ounbacb rhn phg{ prn}a|b lnàfn a m~|n ge carogcaj of{g|rac`n & bnfgcopnb ly rhn |omhr acb jogcopnb ly rhnjner#

Ap rhn lggf {nrn|nb g~r ar rhn ncb ge rhn poxronp acb r~|cnb ocrg `|opop oc rhn pnuncronp pg rhn L|oroph|~jocm `japp ja~c`hnb ac g ncpoun amaocpr rhn ~cogcp# Rhop mncn|arnb a pn|onp ge f~ h ja|mn|* acb fg|n{gjoroàj* pnr {on`n `gce|gcrarogcp* p~`h ap rhn Focn|p Pr|odnp ge 1?=< acb 1?=2 (}ho`h jnb rg rhn 0&bay }nndacb rhn eajj ge Nb}a|b Hnarhp Rg|y Mgun|cfncr/ acb rhn [nrgcuojjn Eoun Bg`dp bop{~rn ge 1?=< }ho`hcna|jy r~|cnb ocrg a mncn|aj pr|odn (rhn mgun|cfncr à{or~jarnb i~pr oc rofn/# Ar |pr rhn }g|dn|p mncn|ajjy}gc rhnpn pr|~mmjnp l~r ~cogc g|macoparogc }ap ~cbn|focnb ly pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{ (dcg}c ap rhn Pgòaj@gcr|a`r/ }orh rhn Jalg~| Mgun|cfncr ge 1?=2&=?# Rhnc àfn Rhar`hn| acb a p~praocnb appa~jr gc ~cogc{g}n| `~jfocarocm oc rhn faig| `japp bnenar ge rhn Focn|p Pr|odn oc 1?82&>#

Rh|g~mhg~r rhop {n|ogb rhn r|abn ~cogc pr|~mmjn }ap ar rhn `ncr|n ge L|oroph {gjoroàj joen acb @jo acbhop `gf|abnp {|gb~`nb a p~praocnb acb* rg pgfn nxrncr* {arh l|nadocm acajypop ge r|abn ~cogcopf# Ar jgr ge m|g~cb }ap `gun|nb & rhn phoerocm jg`~p ge |neg|fopf e|gf {a|joafncr rg rhn phg{ gg|* rhn |gjn ge oc`gfnp{gjo`y acb acro&~cogc jnmopjarogc>= * rhn arrnf{r rg }nadnc ~cogcp rh|g~mh {|gb~`rouory bnajp >8 * rhn n n`rp

>= Rgcy @jo acb @gjoc La|dn|* Oc`gfnp [gjo`y* Jnmopjarogc acb Phg{ Prn}a|bp * Jgcbgc 1?55>8 Rgcy @jo *Rhn Nf{jgyn|p G ncpoun9 {|gb~`rouory bnajp acb hg} rg mhr rhnf * Jgcbgc 1?=;


26/55

ge rhn pgòaj `gcr|a`r acb rhn bg}c r~|c oc pr|~mmjn oc rhn jarn pnuncronp acb na|jy nomhronp#>? Ar rhn hna|rge rhop acajypop prggb rhn q~nprogc ge rhn r|abn ~cogc l~|na~`|a`y#

Ap }n haun pnnc rhn rncbnc`y ge r|abn ~cogc jnabn|p rg pnjj g~r rhn fnfln|p }ap cgrhocm cn} acb }apglpn|unb ly Fa|x* Ncmnjp* Jncoc acb R|grpdy acb facy grhn|p p~`h ap \gpa J~xnfl~|m acb Baconj BnJngc# Hg}nun| rhop }ap ua|og~pjy nx{jaocnb ly a/ {n|pgcaj aflorogc acb l|oln|y4 l/ rhno| |n{|npncrocm homh{aob jalg~| a|oprg`|arp4 `/ rhno| |neg|fopr obngjgmy# Ocprnab @jo uon}nb rhn r|abn ~cogc l~|na~`|a`y cgr

ap a pn|onp ge ocbouob~ajp l~r ap a boproc`r pgòaj jayn|* `gcpoprocm ge jgàj acb |nmogcaj gffòajp* ap }njj apcarogcaj jnabn|p* pracbocm lnr}nnc acb* ly uo|r~n ge rhno| pgòaj |gjn* fnboarocm lnr}nnc rhn }g|docm `jappacb rhn nf{jgyn|p#

Rhop jayn| }ap `ha|a`rn|opnb ly 1/ homhn| {ay (oc rhn àpn ge rg{ jnabn|p* f~`h homhn|/ acb lnrrn|`gcborogcp rhac rhn }g|dn|p rhny |n{|npncrnb4


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rhn |acd&acb&jn pr|~mmjn }ho`h ajgcn àc bnjoun| |neg|fp# Rhn ~cogc l~|na~`|arp a|n ae|aob ge jgpocm }har {g{~ja| p~{{g|r rhny projj faocraoc l~r a|n fg|n ae|aob ge jgpocm rhno| g}c {|ouojnmnpuop&&uop rhn |acd acb jn# Rhno| ena| ge rhn fapp pr|~mmjn op f~ h m|narn| rhac rhno| alhg||nc`nge prarn `gcr|gj ge rhn ~cogcp# Ar ajj bnòpoun fgfncrp rhn ~cogc l~|na~`|a`y op lg~cb rg pobn}orh rhn prarn* l~r oc rhn fnacrofn or uaòjjarnp# Or op of{g|racr rg pnn rhar rhop arror~bn a`r~ajjyocr|gb~`np `gce~pogc acb bopg|macoparogc ocrg mgun|cfncraj {gjoònp rhnfpnjunp#

Or op }|gcm rg `gce~pn rhn nf{jgyn|p acb rhn prarn }orh rhn aflouajncr ~cogc l~|na~`|a`y* acb rgomcg|n rhn `gc o`rp lnr}nnc rhnf g| rg l|~ph rhnf apobn# Lnà~pn ge orp l~|na~`|aro` {gporogc* rhn~cogc gffòajbgf op oc `gc o`r }orh rhn }g|dn|p* l~r lnà~pn ge orp bn{ncbnc`n gc orp fnfln|p or oplg~cb rg |n n`r }g|dn|p {|npp~|np rg pgfn nxrncr# Orp {gjo`y op cgr `gcpoprncr# Nunc rhn {arrn|cge orp |nr|narp oc rhn ea`n ge rh|narp e|gf nf{jgyn|p g| rhn prarn op cgr `gf{jnrnjy {|nbo`raljn# 5;

Rhop acajypop ge rhn l~|na~`|a`y jnb a pr|arnmy eg| r|abn ~cogc }g|d dcg}c ap |acd&acb&jopf# Rhn@gff~copr [a|ry* {|nuog~pjy rhn bgfocacr eg|`n gc rhn jner ge rhn L|oroph r|abn ~cogc fgunfncr* acb rhnJalg~| jnerp }g|dnb rh|g~mh }har }n|n dcg}c ap L|gab Jnerp& m|g~{p ge a`rouoprp }hgpn {|ofa|y e~c`rogc}ap rg p~{{g|r acb pn`~|n rhn njn`rogc ge jner gffòajp & rhn jodnp ge H~mh Pàcjgc oc rhn Ncmocnn|ocm ^cogcacb Ia`d Igcnp oc rhn R|acp{g|r acb Mncn|aj ]g|dn|p ^cogc# Oc `gcr|apr rhn faoc {~|{gpn ge rhn \acd&acb& jn m|g~{p }ap rg l|ocm rgmnrhn| }g|d{ja`n fojoracrp pg ap rg ncaljn rhnf rg a`r ocbn{ncbncrjy ge rhngffòajp }hn|n cn`nppa|y# Rhop bob cgr fnac alpraococm gc ~cogc njn rogcp & rhn |acd&acb&jn m|g~{p }g~jbp~{{g|r jner amaocpr |omhr acb pgfnrofnp {~r ~{ àcbobarnp rhnfpnjunp & l~r rhop }ap pnnc ap pn`gcba|y rgbnunjg{ocm cnr}g|dp acb a`rogc ar rhn lapn# A dny njnfncr oc rhop pr|arnmy }ap rhn mhr eg| ~cogc bnfg`|a`yon oc`|napocm rhn jnunj ge `gcr|gj ge gffòajp ly rhn |ac&acb&jn# Ap @jo {~r or 9

A{arhy rg}a|b rhn r|abn ~cogcp }ojj ln`gfn fg|n acb fg|n ac ~c{nbofncr nunc rg rhn offnboarnn`gcgfo` pr|~mmjn eg| rhn bnenc`n ge jalg~| `gcborogcp# Rhn bnfacb eg| }g|dn|p `gcr|gj ge rhnr|abn ~cogcp }ojj ln`gfn fg|n acb fg|n uoraj# Rhop bnfacb àc radn rhn a~rhncro` eg|f ge abnfacb eg| |aboàj `hacmnp oc rhn pr|~`r~|n ge rhn ~cogcp* & njn`rogc ge ajj ~cogc gffòajp* |omhrge |nàjj* {ayocm rhnf }amnp cg homhn| rhac rhgpn ge rhn fnfln|p rhny |n{|npncr & g| rhn {~|njy|neg|fopr* g{{g|r~copr eg|f ge rhn @[ acb jner jalg~| & Ugrn eg| X #51

Ar rhn hnomhr ge rhn fgunfncr (oc rhn na|jy rg fob pnuncronp/ rhn OP'P][ p~``nnbnb oc l~ojbocm a c~fln|ge |acd&acb&jn g|macoparogcp }orh pomcoàcr p~{{g|r acb p~lpracroaj pajnp ge rhno| |np{n`roun {a{n|p p~`h ap

\acd&acb&Eojn Rna`hn|* Bg`d ]g|dn|* @a| ]g|dn|* Hgp{oraj ]g|dn| acb pg gc# Acb }hnc rhn pnun|n bg}cr~|c oc ocb~pr|oaj pr|~mmjn ge rhn na|jy nomhronp eg`nb rhn P][ rg b|a} oc orp hg|cp acb boplacb rhn eaojocm|acd&acb&jn m|g~{p* or cnun|rhnjnpp faocraocnb rhn {|ocò{jn ge bopr|~pr ge ~cogc gffòajbgf acb eg`~p gcrhn |acd&acb&jn#

Oc |n`ncr yna|p }hnc a `n|raoc {gjoroàj |aboàjoparogc (np{nòajjy oc rhn pha{n ge rhn acro&}a| fgunfncr/hap mgcn ajgcmpobn un|y jg} jnunjp ge ocb~pr|oaj pr|~mmjn rhn P][ hap eg|nm|g~cbnb rhn `gc`n{r ge {gjoroàjr|abn ~cogcopf# Rhop pr|nppnb rhn cnnb ge {a|ry fnfln|p rg |aopn oc rhno| ~cogc l|ac hnp {gjoroàj opp~np*p~`h ap rhn O|aq ]a|* |aòpf acb [ajnprocn * ap }njj ap lapo` n`gcgfo` opp~np#

Rhn r|aborogc p~ffnb ~{

Rhn faoc `gc`j~pogcp rhar egjjg} e|gf rhnpn 1=; yna|p ge Fa|xopr ncmamnfncr }orh r|abn ~cogcopf àc lnpr|aomhreg|}a|bjy p~ffa|opnb#

1# R|abn ~cogcp a|n rhn lapo` fapp g|macoparogcp ge rhn }g|docm `japp acb pgòajoprp p~{{g|r rhnf* }g|doc rhnf acb l~ojb rhno| pr|~mmjn oc uo|r~ajjy ajj ò|`~fprac`np#


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0# R|abn ~cogcp cnnb rg ln* ap ea| ap {gppoljn* ajj nc`gf{appocm g|macoparogcp ge rhn }g|docm `japp#Pgòajoprp* rhn|neg|n* }g|d ap ea| ap {gppoljn rg faocraoc r|abn ~cogc ~cory# Oc mncn|aj rhny g{{gpn l|nada}ay~cogcp }ho`h rncb rg opgjarn rhn fojoracrp e|gf rhn fg|n {appoun faig|ory acb fadn or napon| eg| rhn |neg|fopr~cogc jnabn|p rg |nraoc `gcr|gj#

2# R|abn ~cogcp* ajfgpr ~coun|pajjy* haun bnunjg{nb l~|na~`|aro` jnabn|pho{p }ho`h uaòjjarn lnr}nnc rhnnf{jgyn|p acb rhn }g|dn|p# Pgòajoprp* }hojn p~{{g|rocm jner jnabn|p un|p~p |omhr oc rhn ~cogcp* nc`g~|amn

}g|dn|p ar rhn lapn cgr rg r|~pr g| |njy gc ~cogc gffòajp acb rg g|macopn ocbn{ncbncrjy ge rhnf }orhoc rhn~cogcp#># Pgòajoprp mhr rg oc`|napn bnfg`|a y oc rhn ~cogcp9 eg| rhn njn`rogc acb |nàjjalojory ge ajj ~cogc

gffòajp* eg| gffòajp rg |n`noun rhn aun|amn }amn ge rhn fnfln|p* eg| bnfg`|aro` `gcen|nc`np acb pg gc#

A|n O|oph ^cogcp Bo n|ncr7

Op rhn|n acyrhocm pg bo n|ncr alg~r rhn O|oph r|abn ~cogc fgunfncr ap rg fadn rhn Fa|xopr r|aborogc gcr|abn ~cogcp oca{{joàljn hn|n g| oc cnnb ge faig| |nuopogc7 O }g~jb a|m~n rhar bnp{orn rhno| un|y {gg| |n`g|boc |n`ncr yna|p rhn|n op cgr#

Or op `n|raocjy r|~n rhar r}ncry un yna|p ge pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{ hap lnnc ac nx`n{rogcajjy jgcm {n|ogb ge `gjjalg|arogc }orh rhn lgppnp acb rhn prarn* acb rhar p~`h `gjjalg|arogc cgr gcjy |np~jrnb oc rhn }g|docm`jappp pha|n ge rhn carogcaj {|gb~`r bn`|napocm & rhn pha|n ge }amnp* {ncpogcp acb pgòaj pn`~|ory oc rhn

carogcaj oc`gfn enjj ly 1; {n| `ncr oc rhn |pr bnàbn ge pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{5 alg~r 2;;*;;; acb oc1?88 (aern| pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{ oc 1?8=/ ~cbn| ;*;;; oc 1?8? 50 # Fg|ngun| rhop eajjoc pr|odn a`rouory ~cbn|focnb rhn |gjn ge rhn phg{ prn}a|b acb }nadncnb ~cogc g|macoparogc oc rhn }g|d{ja`np# ]orh }amnp pnrrjnb ar a carogcaj jnunj* rhn|n }ap jorrjn eg| m|app a`rouoprp rg bg# Rhop op ojj~pr|arnb lyrhn ea`r rhar ~cgffòaj pr|odnp bn`jocnb nunc fg|n rhac gffòaj gcnp# ]hn|nap oc rhn pnuncronp rhn c~fln|ge ~cgffòaj pr|odnp p~lpracroajjy nx`nnbnb rhn gffòaj pr|odnp* oc rhn cocnronp ~cbn| pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{ rhnyajfgpr bopa{{na|nb 52 #Acb poc`n


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\aoj ^cogc Carogcaj Nxn`~roun uo`rofopnb eg| ~cogc a`rouory ly B~ljoc L~p }hg hab rg }amn a larrjn ajgcm}orh |acd acb jn l~p b|oun|p (acb }orh rhn p~{{g|r ge pg`oajopr `gf|abnp acb RBp l~r }orhg~r p~{{g|re|gf hop ~cogc/ rg mnr uocbo arogc oc rhn `g~|rp# Acb* ge `g~|pn* or op rhn `gflocarogc ge ajj rhnpn ea`rg|prhar* ajgcm }orh rhn mncn|aj eaoj~|n rg |npopr a~prn|ory* hap enb rhn }obnp{|nab fggb ge bopojj~pogcfncr acb|nin`rogc ge O|oph r|abn ~cogcp rhar `gcpror~rnb rhop a|ro`jnp {gocr ge bn{a|r~|n#

Cnun|rhnjnpp cgcn ge rhnpn r|~jy a{{ajjocm acb fopn|aljn {hncgfnca `hacmn `n|raoc lapo` |najoronp# ]orh

>=?*>=8 fnfln|p oc


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bgnp fnac rhar pgòajoprp alpgj~rnjy haun rg ln {|npncr acb a`rounjy ncmamnb oc rhn ~cogcp# Or fnacp rhar ocrhno| ~cogc }g|d rhny cnnb rg bnunjg{ |acd&acb&jn cnr}g|dp p~`h ap PO[R^ eg| @hacmn g| rhn L~p ]g|dn|p\acd&acb&Eojn }ho`h àc ncaljn rhnf rg {|npp~|o n rhn gffòajp acb* oe cn`nppa|y* a`r ocbn{ncbncrjy ge rhnfacb }ho`h mhr eg| f~`h oc`|napnb bnfg`|a`y oc rhn ~cogcp# Or ajpg fnacp* acb rhop àc gcjy `gfn rh|g~mh{|a`roàj nx{n|onc`n* rhny haun rg jna|c hg} rg bnaj }orh rhn ncbjnpp uaòjjarogcp ge rhn l~|na~`|arp* |npoprocmnun|y fgun rg rhn |omhr acb radocm abuacramn ge nun|y fgun* ja|mn g| pfajj* rg rhn jner#

\nen|nc`np

Don|ac Ajjnc* Rhn @njro` Romn|9 rhn fyrh ge pgòaj {a|rcn|pho{ oc O|njacb * Fac`hnprn| #

Igcarhac Cnajn* Rhn @~rjapp acb rhn Japh * Jgcbgc 1?8>#

Fo`hanj GL|onc J~x~|og~p ajj nx{ncpnp {aob r|o{p PO[R^'HPN r|aococm e~cb pàcbaj * Rhn Pgòajopr* I~jy


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E#Ncmnjp rg A~m~pr Lnlnj* Fa|`h 18=>#hrr{9''}}} fa|xoprp g|m'a| houn'fa|x'}g|dp'18=>'jnrrn|p'=>W;0W18 hrf

D#Fa|x rg ]# Jonldcn`hr* 11 Enl|~a|y* 18=8# hrr{9''}}} fa|xoprp g|m'a|`houn'fa|x'}g|dp'18=8'jnrrn|p'=8W;


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]gfnc acb A~prn|oryBno|b|n @|gcoc

Rhn {gporogc ge }gfnc oc O|oph pg`onry oc =. ge ajj rho|b jnunj m|ab~arnp oc O|njacb a|n cg} }gfnc# Rhnnf{jgyfncr |arn eg| }gfnc oc rhn 18 rg 22 amn m|g~{ op gun| 5;.# Rhn homhnpr gff`n oc rhn jacb* rhn[|npobncr* }ap hnjb ly }gfnc eg| rhn japr


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A~prn|ory acb rhn arra`d gc }g|docm `japp }gfnc

A~prn|ory hap bnuaprarnb jounp a`|gpp rhn lga|b* l~r facy ge rhn fgpr uoòg~p `~rp haun lnnc rg pn|uo`np acblncnrp rhar }gfnc bop{|g{g|rogcarnjy |njy gc* rh~p ncp~|ocm rhar rhny lna| rhn l|~cr ge rhn |n`nppogc#

]gfnc haun ln`gfn rhn faoc ra|mnrp ge rhn }a| gc }njea|n ocpromarnb ly rhn Jalg~| [a|ry Focoprn| eg|Pgòaj [|grn`rogc* Igac L~|rgc* oc a bopm|a`ne~j arrnf{r rg bn n`r ljafn a}ay e|gf rhgpn |najjy |np{gcpoljn& rhn lacdp* rhn bnunjg{n|p* rhn à{orajopr `japp acb pyprnf ap a }hgjn & acb eg`~p {ng{jnp focbp gc rhncn`nppory ge pjaphocm {~ljo` p{ncbocm# Rhn fnboa hap lnnc e~jj ge |nen|nc`np rg rhn nx`nppnp ge pgòaj }njea|ne|a~b acb bg~ljn {ayfncrp# A mncn|aj arfgp{hn|n ge pà{nmgarocm acb p~lrjn ajjnmarogc hap `|narnb a `jofarn}hn|n a {o`r~|n ge a m|nnby `gccouocm bgjn `hnar |adocm oc h~cb|nbp ge rhg~pacbp rg e~cb hn| }njea|n q~nncnxoprnc`n op enb rg rhn {~ljo`#

Rhop arra`d gc }g|docm `japp }gfnc |nunajp rhn bnm|nn rg }ho`h rhn `japp bouobn op ajoun acb }njj oc O|njacb*o|gcoàjjy l|g~mhr rg rhn eg|n ly rhn Jalg~| [a|ry acb rhno| naj rg la`d ~{ rhn a~prn|ory {|gm|affn#

Ge `g~|pn* rhn |najory ge joen ap a jgcn {a|ncr* ?0. ge }hgf a|n }gfnc `g~jb cgr ln e~|rhn| e|gf rhop{o`r~|n# 5>. ge rhn `g~cr|yp {gg|npr `hojb|nc joun oc gcn {a|ncr eafojonp# 0>#>. ge {ng{jn jouocm oc jgcn{a|ncr eafojonp a|n ar |opd ge {gun|ry }hojn 1=. ge {ng{jn }n|n oc `gcpoprncr {gun|ry oc . ge rhno| acc~aj oc`gfn# Rhop yna|p L~bmnr hap fabn rhocmp nunc}g|pn# Rhn `~rp oc e~nj ajjg}ac`n* La`d rg P`hggj @jgrhocm acb Eggr}na| ajjg}ac`n* rhn abborogcaj {ayfncrrg}a|bp |ncr p~{{jnfncr acb rhn oc`|napn oc UAR* p`hggj r|acp{g|r acb e~nj `gprp }ojj {~ph rhnpn eafojonpbnn{n| ocrg {gun|ry#

Oc abborogc a c~fln| ge un|y ra|mnrnb fnap~|np }ojj e~|rhn| |npr|o`r }gfncp aj|naby jofornb `hac`np rgncrn| }g|d acb'g| r|aococm## @gff~cory Nf{jgyfncr p`hnfnp* |pr ocr|gb~`nb oc 1??=* {|guobnb a {arh}ayeg| facy }gfnc* acb {a|ro`~ja|jy jgcn {a|ncrp* rg ncmamn oc r|aococm acb rhn }g|deg|`n# Rhop L~bmnr happnnc a fgun rg `~r rhn {ay ge }g|dn|p gc rhnpn p`hnfnp& ajj {a|roò{acrp }ojj jgpn n


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b~n rg rhn ea`r rhar facy haun cg g``~{arogcaj {ncpogc acb afgcm rhgpn }hg bg* facy haun jg}n| {ncpogcprhac rhno| fajn `g~crn|{a|rp =0 #

]gfnc jjocm oc eg| pgònry

Rhn `~rp rg {~ljo` pn|uo`np acb p{ncbocm gun| rhn japr eg~| yna|p haun hab a bop{|g{g|rogcarn n n`r gc

}gfnc# Rhop |njarnp rg rhno| |gjn ap pgònryp à|n|p# ]gfnc a|n nx{n`rnb rg {o`d ~{ rhn {on`np }hnc rhnprarn bnòbnp rg alboàrn |np{gcpolojory eg| pn|uo`np eg| `hojb|nc* rhn po`d* rhn njbn|jy acb rhgpn }orh p{nòajcnnbp#

^c{aob }gfncp }g|d ln`gfnp `ncr|aj# ]gfnc jggd aern| njbn|jy {a|ncrp pauocm rhn prarn rhn `gpr ge c~|pocm hgfn à|n* acb m|acbfgrhn|p a|n nc|gjjnb eg| `hojb focbocm b~ronp# ]orhoc rhn hnajrh pn|uo`np*lnb `jgp~|np acb h~mn |nb~`rogcp oc e|gcr jocn pra haun lnnc a``gf{aconb ly a phoer rg}a|bp à|n oc rhn`gff~cory# ]orh {~ljo` hnajrh c~|pnp cgr lnocm |n{ja`nb acb hgfn hnj{ hg~|p lnocm `~r eg| {aroncrp*eafojy fnfln|p oc rhn hgfn* {a|ro`~ja|jy }gfnc* {o`d ~{ rhn {on`np#

@~rp oc e~cbocm rg g|macoparogcp rhar {|guobn pn|uo`np rg }gfnc }hg haun nx{n|onc`nb |a{n* pnx~ajappa~jr acb bgfnpro` al~pn ap }njj ap rhn `~rp rg farn|cory pn|uo`np a|n ajj {~rrocm }gfncp {hypoàj acbfncraj hnajrh oc bacmn|# Rhn `~r rg rhn Carogcaj ]gfncp @g~còjp e~cbocm }ojj e~|rhn| }nadnc rhn prarnp`gfforfncr (pgfnrofnp fn|n jo{ pn|uo`n/ rg }gfncp nq~ajory#

Ajj ge rhop op rhn {|gb~`r ge a~prn|ory acb rhn {gjoònp ge rhn R|goda rhar a|n pg ncrh~poapro ajjy of{jnfncrnb

ly mgun|cfncr# Or phg~jb `gfn ap cg p~|{|opn rhar }gfnc haun lnnc gc rhn e|gcr jocn ge rhn p~ n|ocm# RhnOFE& ocp{o|nb pr|~`r~|aj abi~prfncr {|gm|affnp rhar l|g~mhr cng&joln|aj a~prn|ory rg rhn bnunjg{ocm }g|jboc rhn 1?8;p acb 1??;p {~phnb rhn à~pn ge }gfnc la`d bnàbnp oc rhgpn `g~cr|onp# Bnconb a``npp rg {~ljonb~àrogc* hnajrh à|n acb lapo` pgòaj pn|uo`np facy }gfnc nunc {aob }orh rhno| jounp ap farn|caj bnarhppga|nb oc pgfn Ae|oàc `g~cr|onp#

Rhnpn cngjoln|aj {gjoònp phg} hg} f~`h `japp op rhn bnòpoun ea`rg| oc rhn {gporogc ge }gfnc oc pgònry#[ng{jn gernc |nen| jggpnjy rg rhn obna rhar or op {ar|oa|`haj pyprnf & a pgònry bgfocarnb ly fnc & rhardnn{p }gfnc oc rh|ajj# Gcn ge rhn lorrn|npr jnppgcp ge rhop |n`nppogc op rhar or op `japp rhar bnrn|focnp* ap a}gfac* hg} f~`h nq~ajory yg~ haun# _nr rhn fnboa `gcroc~np rg rajd ge }gfncp |gjnp e|gf rhn uon}{gocrge ea| lnrrn|&g }gfnc# Rhn O|oph Rofnp |ac ac a|ro`jn gc G`rgln| # Poc`n rhnc rhn eafojy hap radnc facy bo n|ncr eg|fp({gjymafy* {gjyacb|y* nxrncbnb eafojonp acb pg gc/ oc bo n|ncr pgònronp# Rhn fgbn|c c~`jna| eafojy op a{|gb~`r ge rhn bnunjg{fncr ge à{orajopf oc rhn japr en} `ncr~|onp#

=0 Pnn }}} à|bo on=2 @h|op Ha|fac* Ncmnjp acb rhn g|omocp ge h~fac pgònry * Ocrn|carogcaj Pgòajopf 5> {#100#=> Pnn algun {#1


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^cbn| à{orajopf* rhn eafojy* lapnb oc rhn cgrogc ge |gfacro` jgun* l~r {|ofa|ojy ac n`gcgfo` ~cor* {jaypa `|~òaj |gjn# Oc rhn gun||obocm pna|`h eg| {|gr* cg e~jj pgòaj |np{gcpolojory op radnc eg| rhgpn }hg a|n cgr}g|docm acb cgr {|guobocm {|gr# Rhn eafojy rhnc ln`gfnp rhn {ja`n }hn|n rhn cnxr mncn|arogc ge }g|dn|pa|n enb* `jgrhnb* jgunb* à|n eg| acb pgòajopnb* acb }hn|n rhn gjbn| mncn|arogc a|n à|nb eg|* ar rhn jnapr{gppoljn `gpr rg rhn prarn#

Rgbay }gfnc }g|d g~rpobn rhn hgfn# Hg}nun| }g|d }orhoc rhn eafojy op projj ap uoraj rg rhn pyprnf ap

nun|* acb ln`gfnp nunc fg|n pg }hnc |n`nppogc horp# Or fnacp rhar }gfnc rgbay ea`n a bg~ljn l~|bnc ge }g|docm acb bgfnpro` b~ronp#Rhn eafojy op obngjgmoàjjy p~{{g|rnb rh|g~mhg~r rhn pyprnf ap a |np~jr acb or op rhn lnb|g`d eg| rhn obnap

alg~r }gfnc rhar {n|fnarn pgònry#

Pr|~mmjn

Rhn pr|~mmjn eg| }gfncp |omhrp hap lnnc un|y f~`h g rhn amncba oc |n`ncr yna|p# Rhn obna rhar rhn mhreg| nq~ajory hap lnnc }gc }ap {|gfgrnb oc aàbnfoa* oc {g{~ja| `~jr~|n acb oc rhn fnboa# ]gfncp cajprn{ rg e~jj joln|arogc lnàfn `ncr|nb gc a `gcp~fn| lapnb a`q~oporogc ge nx{ncpoun {|gb~`rp* g|macopocm ab|naf }nbbocm g| prayocm r }orh {gjn bacòcm `jappnp#

]orh rhn l|~cr ge |n`nppogc |nprocm gc rhn la`dp ge }g|docm `japp }gfnc hg}nun|* rhn fyrh ge joln|arogcop oc`|napocmjy nx{gpnb# Cg}hn|n àc }n pnn rhop fg|n `jna|jy rhac


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Pocc Enoc oc Mgun|cfncrPnac F`Unomh

Gc 0; Cgunfln|


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`gajorogc# ]hojn or op r|~n rhn ljg`d m|acr }ap `~r ly rhn `gajorogc oc Jgcbgc* or op ajpg r|~n rhar rhn ncro|nPrg|fgcr {|gin`r hap lnnc `ha|a`rn|opnb ly ac abhn|nc`n rg cngjoln|aj {gjoònp poc`n or }ap pnr ~{ oc 1???#F`M~occnpp acb rhn grhn| PE focoprn|p a|n cgr fn|n lypracbn|p* hnj{jnppjy }ar`hocm e|gf rhn pobnp ap rhn]nprfocprn| `gajorogc }|n`dp rhn {~ljo` pn`rg| oc Cg|rhn|c O|njacb# PE focoprn|p a|n {a|r ge rhn `~rp {|g`npp& rhny fadn rhn bnòpogcp gc }ho h p`hggjp }ojj `jgpn acb }ho h }g|dn|p }ojj jgpn rhno| iglp# PE focoprn|pa|n `~j{aljn & rhny a|n {a|roò{arocm oc rhn `|ofn ge fadocm }g|docm `japp {ng{jn {ay eg| ac n`gcgfo` `|opop

}ho`h op cgr ge rhno| fadocm#PE `hgpn cgr rg |npopr rhn `~r rg rhn ljg`d m|acr ly Jgcbgc# Rhop op ar gbbp }orh orp arror~bn gun| rhnjapr 2; yna|p }hnc grhn| ]nprfocprn| bnòpogcp }n|n n|`njy |npoprnb ly Pocc Enoc# Eg| nxaf{jn Fa|ma|nrRhar`hn|p {gjo`y ge `|ofocajopocm |n{~ljoàc {|opgcn|p }ap g{{gpnb }orh m|nar bnrn|focarogc acb `g~|amnly rhn |n{~ljoàc fgunfncr & rg rhn {gocr ge bnarh oc rhn àpn ge rhn 1; h~cmn| pr|odn|p }hg bonb oc JgcmDnph {|opgc oc 1?81#

Of{jnfncrocm rhn `~rp

]n haun cg} hab alg~r nomhr yna|p (gc acb g / ge PE oc mgun|cfncr acb orp |n`g|b* jodn rhar ge rhn grhn|Nxn`~roun {a|ronp* hap lnnc gcn ge {|ouaroparogc* `~rla`dp acb grhn| cngjoln|aj {gjoònp# Rhnpn {gjoònp haunlnnc {~|p~nb ocbn{ncbncr ge cacòaj |npr|o`rogcp of{gpnb ly Jgcbgc#

Ap }njj ap hgjbocm rhn rg{ pha|nb {gpr ge gff`n ge |pr focoprn| acb bn{~ry |pr focoprn|* Pocc Enoc

haun hnjb a |acmn ge focoprn|oaj {gporogcp oc`j~bocm hnajrh* nb~àrogc* am|o`~jr~|n acb |nmogcaj bnunjg{fncr#]hnc or àfn rg b|a}ocm ~{ a l~bmnr eg| rhn Cg|rh eg| rhn {n|ogb


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{|gm|affn* rhn ~pn ge {|ouaroparogc acb [EO `gcr|a`rp rg |n{ja`n gjb l~ojbocmp acb rhn algjorogc ge rhn11&{j~p#

E|gf rhn |pr bayp oc mgun|cfncr Pocc Enoc fabn or `jna| rhar or hab cg {|gljnf }orh {|ouaroparogc acb[|ouarn Eocac`n Ocoroarounp# Oc


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CO[PA* }ho`h g|macopnp `japp|ggf appopracrp* g{{gpnp rhn {gjo`y lnà~pn or op jodnjy rg pnn a pomcoàcrbn`|napn oc rhn c~fln| ge `japp|ggf appopracrp }orhoc p`hggjp* cgr lnà~pn rhop }ojj ln oc rhn lnpr ocrn|nprp ge `hojb|nc l~r lnà~pn rhn|n }ojj ln ocabnq~arn e~cbocm rg {|guobn eg| rhn a{{|g{|oarn ab~jr appoprac`n }orhocrhn `japp# Rhn m|g~{ @hojb|nc }orh Bopalojoronp Pr|arnmo` Ajjoac`n paob rhn {|g{gpnb `hacmnp }g~jb fnac*`hojb|nc }hg `~||ncrjy haun nceg|`naljn jnmaj |omhrp rg {|guopogc }ojj jgpn rhnpn |omhrp ~cbn| rhnpn |npr|o`rouncn} {|g{gpajp#

Rhn PNC {gjo`y {~r eg|}a|b ly r}g PE focoprn|p op |nfocop`ncr ge rhn un|y }g|pr nb~àrogc {gjoònp rg`gfn e|gf Rhar`hn| acb p~``nppoun Rg|y mgun|cfncrp#

Rhn 11&{j~p & rhn |aboàj nx`n{rogc7

Oc #Pofoja|jy rhn Ocpror~rn ge Bo|n`rg|p eaug~|nb rhn algjorogc ge rhn nxaf acb orp |n{ja`nfncr ly a pyprnf ge {~{oj {|gjnp#

Ar a fnnrocm gc


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Pocc Enoc }ap rhn |pr faig| {jayn| rg pra|r rajdocm alg~r rhn Appnfljy mnrrocm rhn {g}n| rg pnr `g|&{g|arogc rax eg| Cg|rhn|c O|njacb `gf{aconp# Rhn|n op cg} ajfgpr `gf{jnrn am|nnfncr afgcmpr l~pocnppg|macoparogcp acb {gjoro aj {a|ronp eg| rhn {|g{gpaj# Oc G`rgln|


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[|ouaropocm {~ljo` r|acp{g|r

F~|{hy ajpg l|g~mhr oc `hacmnp rhar {aun rhn }ay eg| rhn {|ouaroparogc ge {~ljo` r|acp{g|r oc rhn Cg|rh# L~pacb |aoj r|acp{g|r & ^jprn|l~p* Fnr|g* acb Cg|rhn|c O|njacb \aoj}ayp & a|n |~c ly rhn mgun|cfncr `gf{acyR|acpjocd acb a|n `~||ncrjy {a|r ge rhn {~ljo` pn`rg|# ^cbn| jnmopjarogc l|g~mhr oc ly F~|{hy* rhn R|acp{g|rA`r* }ho`h ln`afn ja} oc Fa|`h 1; {be

2;
http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/researchandlibrary/2010/9510.pdfhttp://www.niassembly.gov.uk/researchandlibrary/2010/9510.pdf


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Pocc Enoc ugrn|p* p~{{g|rn|p acb |acd acb jn fnfln|p a|n oc a bo n|ncr àrnmg|y ncro|njy# Rhny a|n* ocrhn faoc* {a|r ge rhn ??.* a|n uo`rofp ge rhn pyprnf acb }ojj ln {a|r ge rhn pr|~mmjn rg gun|rh|g} or# FgprPE ugrn|p }g~jb ln a{{ajjnb rg bop`gun| rhn nxrncr rg }ho`h rhn {a|ry jnabn|pho{ ar Prg|fgcr op arra`docmrhn ocrn|nprp ge }g|docm {ng{jn#

Pocc Enoc hap l~ojr a b~|aljn |njarogcpho{ }orh rhn B^[ }ho`h hap a hoprg|y ge lomgr|y acb pn`ra|oacopf#Rgbay PE acb B^[ {gjoroòacp {jay g~r rhn |gjn ge r|olaj `honeraocp }orh na`h {a|ry g~r rg mnr rhn lnpr bnaj

eg| rhno| |np{n`roun `gff~coronp# L~r rhn gcjy {ng{jn }hg lncnr e|gf rhop pyprnf a|n fnfln|p ge rhn1.# Or op rhop m|g~{ rhar lncnrp e|gf PE'B [ {gjoònp ge {|ouaroparogc* [EO* }g|dea|n* {~ljo` pn`rg| `~rpacb jg}n| `g|{g|arogc rax & cgr rhn {ng{jn }hg joun gc rhn Phacdojj g| rhn Eajjp#

Rhnpn {gjoònp àc ajpg jnab rg oc`|napnb hg{njnppcnpp acb bnp{ao|# Or op {gppoljn rhar a `gflocarogc ge rhn n`gcgfo` `|opop* rhn Nxn`~rounp cngjoln|aj {gjoònp acb rhn r|olaj pyprnf ar Prg|fgcr* `g~jb `gflocn rgl|ocm alg~r a |nuouaj ge pn`ra|oac rncpogcp acb uogjnc`n#

Rhn `hajjncmn eg| pgòajoprp op rg }g|d ajgcmpobn PE fnfln|p acb p~{{g|rn|p }hg a|n {a|r ge rhn ??. &ap l|grhn|p acb poprn|p oc rhn pr|~mmjn & acb `gcuoc`n rhnf rhar rhn nx{n|onc`n ge PE oc gff`n op caj {|gge ge rhn lacd|~{r`y ge |n{~ljoàcopf#

Or op ajpg of{g|racr rg a|m~n rhar rhn gcjy }ay g~r ge rhn fabcnpp ge a~prn|ory acb `~rla`dp op rg l~ojba fgunfncr ge |npoprac`n rhar àc ~corn }g|docm {ng{jn & @arhgjo` acb [|grnpracr* cg|rh acb pg~rh & oc gcnpr|~mmjn rg gun|rh|g} lgrh à{orajopr prarnp oc O|njacb#

21


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N{ojgm~n9 rhn 1>&F fgunfncr poc`n rhn p~ffn|Acby B~|mac acb Ignj Pacp

Eoun fgcrhp aern| hauocm }|orrnc gc rhn 1>&F fgunfncr oc p{aoc 88 * acb egjjg}ocm rhn njn`rogcp ge G`rgln|# Rhn bnfgcpr|arogcp gc rhar bay}n|n gc`n fg|n of{|nppoun acb phg}nb rhn p{|nab ge rhn fgunfncr ar ac ocrn|carogcaj jnunj (fgpr `jna|jy }orhrhn nfn|mnc`n ge rhn G``~{y ]ajj Pr|nnr Fgunfncr/ }orh gun| a rhg~pacb {|grnprp oc 8< bo n|ncr `g~cr|onp}orh rhn pjgmac ge ^cornb eg| Mjglaj @hacmn# Oc rhn P{acoph Prarn rhn|n }n|n a|g~cb 5; bnfgcpr|arogcp*oc`j~bocm 0;;*;;; oc Fab|ob acb G`rgln|* rhn fgunfncr hap cgr lnnc aljn rg faocraoc rhn pafn jnunjge a`rouory acb fglojoparogc# Ea`nb }orh rhn mncn|aj njn`rogcp ge &F appnfljonp haun g``~{onb hnajrh `ncr|np acb hgp{orajp oc {|grnpr gun|hnajrh `~rp# Acgrhn| {a|r ge rhn fgunfncr* }ho h obncronb fgpr }orh rhn cnnb eg| njn`rg|aj |neg|f* opb|a}ocm ~{ a cn} @gcpror~rogc# Oc Fab|ob* rhn 1>&F hap mounc |opn rg rhn O }gcr {ay fgunfncr amaocprrhn oc`|napn oc {~ljo` r|acp{g|r ea|np* ocugjuocm fapp cgc&{ayfncr {|grnprp oc rhn fnr|g# Oc La|`njgca a{g{~ja| |nen|ncb~f op lnocm g|macopnb gun| }hnrhn| `~rp phg~jb ln fabn* rhn bnlr {aob acb }har rg bg }orh{~ljo` fgcny hacbnb gun| rg rhn lacdp#

Gluog~pjy* ajj rhnpn ocoroarounp a|n un|y {gporoun4 rhn boff`~jry hap lnnc oc lnocm aljn rg `gflocn rhnpnjgàj ocoroarounp }orh a jocn ge igocr }g|d# Rhn nxoprnc`n ge boun|pn* {a|ajjnj* g|oncrarogcp hap jnb ar rofnp rge|ncnro` a`rouory b~n rg rhn par~|arogc ge a`rogcp acb {|grnprp#

88 hrr{9''}}}#opi#g|m#~d'ocbnx#{h{27ob6=>=opp~n610&F cgrhauocm a uopoljn {|npnc n b~|ocm rhn njn`rogcp# Hg}nun|* rhn obna rhar ajj {a|ronp a|n rhn pafn afgcma`rouoprp hap lnnc ~cbn|focnb ly rhn |omhrp uo`rg|y# Rhn 1>&F |na`rnb rg rhn |omhrp njn`rg|aj uo`rg|y ly`g||n`rjy {gocrocm g~r rhar a mgun|cfncr lapnb gc ac alpgj~rn faig|ory oc {a|joafncr op cgr |n{|npncrarounoc ge orpnje# Or hap `g~crn| {gpnb rhop {a|joafncra|y faig|ory }orh rhn ea`r rhar gcjy 0&F oc rhn }nndp egjjg}ocm &F acb rhng|macopnb }g|docm `japp# Oc a por~arogc ge ncg|fg~p n`gcgfo` `|opop acb fappoun `~rp* a pgòaj fgunfncrg~rpobn rhn }g|d{ja`np hap a jofornb à{aòry rg {|npp~|opn mgun|cfncrp# Rh~p oc ua|og~p òronp rhn fgunfncrhap arrnf{rnb rg `gcun|mn }orh }g|dn|p pr|~mmjnp# Rhn fggb mncn|arnb ly rhn 1>&F hap ajjg}nb pgfna`rouoprp e|gf a r|abn ~cogc la`dm|g~cb rg {|gfgrn }g|dn|p appnfljonp lapnb gc rhn ry{n ge bo|n`r bnfg`|a`ypnnc oc rhn g``~{onb pq~a|np#?; Rhn fgpr of{|nppoun nxaf{jn ge rhop hap lnnc rhn àpn ge rhn Fab|ob rna`hn|p#B~|ocm Pn{rnfln| acb G`rgln|* rhn }g|dn|p oc rhn pn`rg| fg~crnb fapp appnfljonp }ho`h facamnb rg {~phrhn ~cogcp ocrg g|macopocm pr|odn a`rogc# A rgraj ge pnunc pn{a|arn bayp ge pr|odn a`rogc rggd {ja`n# Rhn|hyrhf ge rhn pr|odnp }ap bnrn|focnb ly rhn }g|dn|p g|macopnb gc rhn lapop ge appnfljonp oc rhn p`hggjp ?1 #^ceg|r~carnjy rhn pr|odn fgunfncr cophnb lnà~pn rhn ~cogcp dn{r {gpr{gcocm appnfljonp acb rhny ljg`dnba {|g{gpaj rhar hab nfn|mnb e|gf fapp fnnrocmp oc facy p`hggjp eg| ac ocbncorn }nndjy rh|nn&bay pr|odn#

Rhnpn nxaf{jnp ge rhn `gccn`rogc lnr}nnc rhn 1>&F acb }g|dn|p pr|~mmjnp haun lnnc jofornb oc p`g{n#Rhn g|oncrarogc ge rhn faoc ~cogcp `gcroc~np rg ln rhar ge |na`hocm am|nnfncrp }orh rhn lgppnp acb rhnmgun|cfncr ar acy {|o`n* augobocm rhn àjjocm ge pr|odnp bnp{orn rhn ocrncpory ge `~rla`dp ar pg facy jnunjp#Rhn fgunfncr ap a }hgjn hap cnorhn| hab rhn fn`hacopfp cg| rhn g|oncrarogc cn`nppa|y rg l|nad rhn bnabjg`dly nc`g~|amocm fglojoparogc oc rhn }g|d{ja`np acb mncn|arocm ncg~mh {|npp~|n rg {~ph rhn ~cogc jnabn|pho{pocrg àjjocm {|grnprp# Rhn pjgmac cg gcn |n{|npncrp ~p hap jnb rg a pn`ra|oac arror~bn ocpobn }obn pn`rogcpge rhn fgunfncr rg}a|bp rhn @@GG acb rhn ^MR# Gcn ge rhn fgpr |n`ncr nxaf{jnp }ap rhn |ne~paj ge rhnB\_ rg {a|roò{arn oc rhn >;*;;;&pr|gcm bnfgcpr|arogc g|macopnb gc &Fp fojorac`y oc ~ncòcm rhn }g|dn|p fgunfncr gc a }obn| lapop#

Oc mncn|aj* rhn acro à{orajopr jner hap {jaynb a {gporoun |gjn oc r|yocm rg gun|`gfn rhnpn boff`~jronp lync`g~|amocm rhn b|a}ocm ~{ ge a `gc`|nrn jopr ge bnfacbp acb ly r|yocm rg mnr rhn fgunfncr rg `gcun|mna|g~cb fg|n bncnb a|nap ge a`rouory# L~r rhn }nadcnpp acb rhn ~cnunc of{jacrarogc ge rhop jner haunfabn or boff`~jr rg hnj{ p~praoc rhn fgunfncr aern| rhn |pr fgcrhp ge n~{hg|oa# Gc`n rhn ocoroaj fgfncr ge ncn|my acb g{rofopf hab {appnb* ap ha{{ncp }orh facy pgòaj fgunfncrp acb fapp àf{aomcp* rhn pr|arnmo`{|gljnf ge hg} rg a`honun |naj uo`rg|onp lnmoc rg ln {gpnb#

Ar {|npncr rhn fgunfncr cbp orpnje ea| e|gf rhn homh{gocr ge japr Fay&I~cn# Hg}nun|* or }g~jb ln afopradn rg rhocd rhar ha|bjy acyrhocm |nfaocp# Ajrhg~mh ocbo|n`rjy* rhn 1>&F hap |n`nounb a m|nar bnaj ge p~{{g|r* rhn lapop ge }ho h |nfaocp ocra r# Gun| rhn japr rnc fgcrhp a|g~cb nomhr acb haje fojjogc {ng{jna|n àj`~jarnb rg haun hab pgfn pg|r ge `gcra`r }orh rhn fgunfncrp a`rouoronp ?< # A cnr}g|d ge jgàj m|g~{p|nfaoc a`roun* }ho`h ajrhg~mh ocugjuocm jnpp {ng{jn rhac b~|ocm rhn p~ffn| bob cgr nxopr ar ajj a yna| amg#Rhn 1>&F hap eg|mnb a }hgjn jayn| ge cn} a`rouoprp rhar a|n p~praococm grhn| fgunfncrp4 ap op ha{{ncocm* eg|nxaf{jn* oc rhn jgàj cnomhlg~|hggbp acb* fgpr cgraljy* oc |noceg|òcm rhn pr~bncr fgunfncr# Ajpg* ap }orhrhn Fab|ob rna`hn|p g| rhn hnajrh pn`rg| oc @arajgcoa* rhn fgunfncrp ncn|my acb fojorac`y hap ocp{o|nbpgfn }g|dn|p fglojoparogcp# Eocajjy* rhn nfn|mnc n ge rhn 1>&F hap ajpg jnb rg {gjoroàj |aboàjoparogc# Aprhn {gjoroàj pòncropr @a|jgp Raolg {gocrp g~r* facy {ng{jn oc rhn fgunfncr haun fgunb gc e|gf bnfacbp

8?

Pnn eg| nxaf{jn rhn `gff~coq~ ge rhn Appnfljy ge M|acaba9 0&F ay~ba a q~n ajmg npr nf{n acbg a àfloa| nc ja àln a bn ja mncrn }}} dagpncja|nbcnr'`gf{gcncr'd0&à|jgp&raolg&nj&1>&f&ay~ba&a&q~n&ajmg&npr&nf{n acbg&a&àfloa|&nc&ja&àln a&bn&ja&m ncrnhrfj

20
http://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/1214-asamblea-de-granada-movimiento-15m-manifiesto-32-no-es-mayor%C3%ADa.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/1214-asamblea-de-granada-movimiento-15m-manifiesto-32-no-es-mayor%C3%ADa.htmlhttp://www.enlucha.org/site/?q=node/16533http://www.enlucha.org/site/?q=node/16366http://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/3353-carlos-taibo-el-15-m-ayuda-a-que-algo-est%E9%AD%A5mpezando-a-cambiar-en-la-cabeza-de-la-gente.htmlhttp://www.enlucha.org/site/?q=node/16366http://www.enlucha.org/site/?q=node/16533http://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/1214-asamblea-de-granada-movimiento-15m-manifiesto-32-no-es-mayor%C3%ADa.htmlhttp://www.kaosenlared.net/component/k2/item/1214-asamblea-de-granada-movimiento-15m-manifiesto-32-no-es-mayor%C3%ADa.html


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rhar |nin`r gcjy `n|raoc njnfncrp ge rhn pyprnf acb àjj eg| jofornb |neg|fp rg fg|n mncn|aj acro à{orajopr{gporogcp?0 #

Or `g~jb ln paob rhar rhn fgunfncr hap far~|nb* ajlnor aflouajncrjy# Gc rhn gcn hacb* or op cg} `jna|rhar rhocmp }ojj cgr ln pg napy rg `hacmn ap }ap ocoroajjy rhg~mhr# Rhn nx{n|onc n ge {a|ro o{arocm oc fappappnfljonp }orh ac ncg|fg~p à{aòry eg| pnje&g|macoparogc pnnfnb rg p~mmnpr rhar }har hab {|nuog~p pnnfnbof{gppoljn }ap cg} gc rhn amncba# Rhop op cg jgcmn| rhn àpn9 a `n|raoc a`rouopr occg`nc`n hap lnnc jgpr*

cg} fadocm or fg|n boff`~jr rg fglojopn# Gc rhn grhn| hacb* rhn nx{n|onc n ge rhn 1>&F hap phg}c rhar rhng``~{arogc ge rhn pq~a|np gc orp g}c }ap ocp~ffòncr# Cn} q~nprogcp alg~r hg} rg `hacmn rhn }g|jb acbp~lpnq~ncr pr|arnmoàj q~nprogcp haun ln`gfn fg|n `ncr|aj#

Rhn pgògn`gcgfo` `|opop rgbay op nunc bnn{n| rhac gc 1> Fay japr yna|# Rhn P{acoph prarn op oc a |n`nppogcrhar a``g|bocm rg rhn OFE }ojj jnab rg rhn bn`jocn ge rhn n`gcgfy ly 1#=. b~|ocm &F* acb ajrhg~mh or op of{gppoljn rg {|nbo`r eg|fp rhny }ojj abg{r* rhn {grncroaj eg| cn} fglojoparogcp ocrhn `gfocm fgcrhp op un|y |naj#

?0 Raolg* @a|jgp9 F~`hgp bn jgp iuncnp ocbomcabgp hac {apabg bnj ò~babacopfg aj acroà{orajopfg * Bn`ja|aò nc jnp ig|cabnpjjoln|r|onp bn ja @MR bn Uajcòa* 1> bn bnpnfl|n bn


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Rhn amn ge nxr|nfnp9 cn} bnunjg{fncrp oc `jofarn `hacmnG}nc F`@g|fa`d

Eg| pgòajoprp rhn japr {n|ogb op rnprofgcy rg Jncocp g q~grnb Rhn|n a|n bnàbnp }hn|n cgrhocm ha{{ncp4acb rhn|n a|n }nndp }hn|n bnàbnp ha{{nc# e|gf rhn A|al p{|ocm rg rhn g``~{y fgunfncrp *rg rhn mjglaj

mhr amaocpr a~prn|ory* rhn {a`n ge hoprg|o` nuncrp hap q~o`dncnb b|afaroàjjy# _nr oc rhn fobbjn ge rhnpnnuncrp acgrhn| bnunjg{fncr hap radnc {ja`n pnnfocmjy pn{a|arn rg* ynr ocnxr|oàljy jocdnb }orh*rhn gun|ajj`|opop ge à{oraj#

; @ hgrrn| ly ; acb nunc? ; @ ?5 #

Mjglaj aun|amn rnf{n|ar~|n hap |opnc poc`n 188; ly ; #8; @ acb op `~||ncrjy |opocm ar a |arn ge ; #1>&;# Iafnp Hacpgc4 hrr{9''}}} rhn?lojjogc `gf'


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Cgr gcjy a|n }n {apr rhar* l~r nun|y ocboàrogc op rhar rhn jnunj op a``~f~jarocm eaprn| ap h~facory l~|cpm|narn| jnunjp ge egppoj e~njp nunc aern| r}g bnàbnp ge rajd alg~r à|lgc cn~r|aj ncn|my acb |ncn}aljnp 1;; #Nprofarnp e|gf rhn O[@@ eg| rhn {|nbo`rnb jnunjp ge @G < rhar rhn arfgp{hn|n }ojj `gcraoc ly rhn ncb ge rhn `ncr~|y jnaun pòncroprp pr|~mmjocm rg cb hoprg|o` {a|ajjnjp# Rhn `jgpnpr {a|ajjnj oc rhn `jofarn |n`g|b op}har op dcg}c ap rhn [NRF nuncr* rhn [ajang`ncn Ng`ncn Rhn|faj Faxof~f gun| >> fojjogc yna|p amg #Orop rhg~mhr rhar rhn rnf{n|ar~|n oc rhn A|`ro` |gpn ap homh ap bnm|nnp @njpo~p!

Japr Cgunfln|* rhn Ocrn|carogcaj Ncn|my Amnc`y }a|cnb rhar @G < jnunjp ge 2>;{{f `g~jb ln |na`hnbly


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focnb e|gf rhn ra| pacbp ge Ajln|ra rh|g~mh rhn ^P ncbocm oc rhn M~je ge Fnxo`g# Orp la`dn|p |n{|npncr rhnlommnpr goj acb map ocrn|nprp a|g~cb acb oc`j~bn rhn Dg`h l|grhn|p* cacòn|p ge rhn Rna [a|ry j~caro`p#

Ap F`Dollnc {gocrp g~r* rhn ra| pacbp ge @acaba a|n* aern| rhn Pa~bo goj njbp* rhn ja|mnpr |nfaococmpocd ge à|lgc gc rhn {jacnr 1;2 # Rhno| nxr|a`rogc acb l~|cocm `g~jb fnac* Hacpgc hap p~mmnprnb* rhar*orp mafn gun| eg| rhn {jacnr 1;> #

Rhn |najory ge }har op ha{{ncocm op hauocm a `gcr|abo`rg|y of{a`r gc rhn `jofarn fgunfncr# Gc rhn gcn

hacb or op |aboàjopocm a }hgjn pn`rogc ge fgprjy fobbjn `japp {|genppogcajp }hg a|n `gfocm rg `gc`j~pogcprhar rhn pyprnf àcr prg{ mjglaj }a|focm# Gc rhn grhn| hacb* facy acb pgfnrofnp rhn pafn {ng{jn }ojjjggd rg rhn e|nn fa|dnr rg cb a pgj~rogc g~| |~jn|p fomhr a``n{r* acb hg{n rhn m|nar acb mggb ge rhn }g|jb}ojj joprnc rg |napgc#

P`n{ro`p eg| @a{orajopf

Ap rhn pònc`n lnhocb h~fac ocb~ nb mjglaj }a|focm hap ln`gfn fg|n `n|raoc* g{{gporogc rg rhn rhng|yge h~facjy mncn|arnb }a|focm hap cgr gcjy ln`gfn jg~bn| l~r lnrrn| e~cbnb* pjo`dn| acb fg|n `gcbncr#

Oc Enl|~a|y rhn ]ajj Pr|nnr Ig~|caj {|ocrnb a jncmrhy {on`n pomcnb ly pnuncrnnc pg&àjjnb jnabocm pònc&roprp `jaofocm rhn|n }ap cg cnnb rg ln aja|fnb ly mjglaj }a|focm* acb rhar oc ea`r a lor fg|n* eg| pay* eryyna|p }g~jb ln a mggb rhocm eg| rhn {jacnr acb np{nòajjy eg| orp {gg| 1;5 # Arrnf{rocm rg jofor @G < nfoppogcp}g~jb }|n d rhn }g|jbp n`gcgfy acb prg{ rhn f~ h cnnbnb bnunjg{fncr ge rhn {gg|npr carogcp# @gc`n|c

eg| rhn }g|jbp {gg| op a cn} ocrn|npr eg| fgpr ge rhn pòncroprp ocugjunb #Pgfn* jodn \o`ha|b Jocb nc bg hauna jgcm hoprg|y ge `jofarn `hacmn bncoaj acb haje ge rhn pomcarg|onp haun |n`nounb e~cbocm e|gf ua|og~p rhocdracdp acb |omhr }ocm ocpror~rogcp jodn @arg* Mng|mn @# Fa|phajj acb Hna|rjacb* rg àpr bg~lr gc rhn pònc`nlnhocb mjglaj }a|focm# Ap rhn |n`ncr |njnapn ge bg`~fncrp e|gf rhn Hna|rjacb Ocpror~rn 1;= phg}nb rhnpn a|nea| e|gf ocbn{ncbncr cgc&{|gr g|macoparogcp* rhno| e~cbocm `gfnp pr|aomhr e|gf lom goj acb map# Rhno| mgajop rg nf~jarn rhn {gjo`y ge rgla``g |fp oc rhn >;p acb 5;p oc àprocm bg~lr gun| rhn `n|raocry ge acy jocdlnr}nnc pfgdocm acb àc`n|# Hna|rjacb }n|n nunc {jaccocm a {|gm|affn rg mnr a eg|f ge `jofarn `hacmnbncoaj ra~mhr oc p`hggjp oc a fgun rhar fo||g|p rhn arrnf{rp rg haun nugj~rogc acb `|narogcopf mounc nq~ajeggrocm oc rhn p`hggj `~||o`~j~f#

Rhn ]ajj Pr|nnr Ig~|caj jnrrn| op a |nhaphocm ge {|nuog~p `jaofp acb oc a r|nfncbg~p enar ge ocmnc~oryrhny oc`j~bn a m|a{h radnc e|gf rhn O[@@ }ho`h rhny `jaof phg}p rhn {jacnr hap hab cg }a|focm r|ncb gun|rhn {n|ogb |nen||nb rg# Oc ea`r rhny bnjoln|arnjy gfor n||g| la|p oc g|bn| rg eajpoey rhn oceg|farogc phg}c#Afa ocmjy rhn ]ajj Pr|nnr Ig~|caj bn`jocnb rg {~ljoph a {on`n ly ; pòncroprp ge rhn Carogcaj Aàbnfy ge Pònc`np oc


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_nr ap rhn ^Cp |n`ncr B~|lac `gcen|nc`n phg}nb rhn pyprnf op pnnfocmjy {a|ajypnb acb ~caljn rg jofororp@G < nfoppogcp# ]har arrnf{rp haun lnnc fabn a|n oc`|napocmjy phg}c rg ln ~pnjnpp# Rhn ~pn ge fa|dnrfn`hacopfp jodn @a{ acb R|abn acb à|lgc r|abocm haun lnnc mggb ar {|gb~òcm a f~jrolojjogc cacòajfa|dnr l~r ~pnjnpp ar |nb~òcm @G < 111 # Jodn ajj fa|dnrp or hap lnnc {jam~nb ly e|a~b acb p{n`~jarogc acbynr |nfaocp rhn gcjy |np{gcpn ge rhgpn pn`rogcp ge rhn |~jocm `japp }hg radn `jofarn `hacmn pn|og~pjy# Oc pgfn|np{n`rp or op rhn ~rrn| eaoj~|n ge rhn pyprnf rg bnaj }orh @G < nfoppogcp bnp{orn ajj rhn nuobnc`n rhar jonp

lnhocb rhn |ncn}nb uomg~| acb l|aphcnpp ge rhn `jofarn `hacmn bncon|p#_nr nunc jnabocm a`rouoprp jodn Lojj F`Dollnc `gcroc~n rg lnjonun rhar rhn e|nn Fa|dnr op rhn gcjy eg|`ngc rhn {jacnr à{aljn ge |nb~òcm @G < rg rhn jnunjp cnnbnb* oc rhn rofn cnnbnb* rg praun g àrapr|g{ho``jofarn `hacmn# @gfocm e|gf a hgcnpr àf{aomcn| rhop op bn{|nppocm pr~ # Rhn ea`r rhar rhn e|nn fa|dnrpyprnf orpnje op |np{gcpoljn eg| rhn nfoppogcp oc rhn |pr {ja`n hap nj~bnb F`Dollnc acb pg facy grhn|mnc~ocn a`rouoprp#

Rhop `gcr|abo`rogc ar rhn hna|r ge rhop a{{|ga`h op phg}c oc a |n`ncr lggd ly ]ajja`n L|gn`dn|* gcn ge }g|jbp jnabocm `jofarn pòncroprp# L|gn`dn| hap fabn pomcoàcr `gcr|ol~rogcp rg `jofarn |npna|`h }orh hoprhng|y ge hg} rhn Cg|rh Arjacro` G`nac @gcunyg| Lnjr `g~jb ph~r bg}c al|~{rjy* r|ommn|ocm |a{ob `jofarn`hacmn# Oc hop lggdEoxocm @jofarn11< L|gn`dn| jggdp rg mng&ncmocnn|ocm {|gin`rp rg paun rhn bay# A``n{rocmrhar @G < }ojj `gcroc~n rg ln {|gb~`nb ar oc`|napocm jnunjp rhn rapd* hn rhocdp* op rg mnr or g~r ge rhnarfgp{hn|n acb prg|n or pgfnhg}# Hn {|g{gpnp a uapr cnr}g|d ge à|lgc pr|o{{n|p rhar }ojj `hnfo ajjy|nfgun à|lgc acb {~f{ or bnn{ ocrg rhn g`nac g| ~cbn|m|g~cb# Cg} rhn pònc`n gc }hnrhn| rhop op enapoljnop ~c`n|raoc* acb }har p~`h h~mn q~acroronp ge à|lgc }g~jb bg oc rhn bn{rhp ge rhn g`nacp acb ~cbn|m|g~cbop {|nrry f~`h ~cdcg}c* l~r rhn ea`r rhar p~`h p`hnfnp a|n cg} {|g{gpnb ap rhn lnpr `hac`n h~facory hapop |nunajocm# L|gn`dn| op ocugjunb oc |npna|`h gc gcn p`hnfn l~r rnjjp ~p hn àccgr |nunaj bnraojp alg~r or aprhn {ng{jn lnhocb or }acr rg paun rhn {jacnr l~r ajpg fadn a {|gr acb rhn|n a|n {arncr opp~np! Hnc`n rhnlnpr lnr rhn {jacnr hap op rhn hg{n rhar pgfn p`hnfn fomhr ln bnunjg{nb rhar `g~jb fadn {|grp eg| pgfn`g|{g|arogc#

Pg {g}n|e~j op rhn m|o{ ge e|nn fa|dnr obngjgmy rhar |arhn| rhac rhocd rhar à{orajopf `g~jb prg{ {|gb~`&ocm@G < * g| `g~jb ocunpr fappounjy oc }ocb }aun acb pgja| ncn|my* or pnnfp rg pgfn mnc~ocn `jofarn pòncroprpfg|n enapoljn rg `gcpr|~`r njalg|arn mng ncmocnn|ocm p`hnfnp jodn rhop#

@a{oraj acb rhn a``~f~jarogc ge àrapr|g{hn

Rhn ~{p~|mn oc `jofarn bncoaj }ojj p~|{|opn facy }hg aern| rhn


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@a{orajopf `g~jb p~|uoun a p}or h rg grhn| eg|fp ge ncn|my l~r rhn|n op a faig| pr~fljocm ljg`d# Rhna|`horn`r~|n acb hoprg|y ge à{orajopf op ncr}ocnb }orh egppoj e~njp# @a{orajopf hap hab {|geg~cb phoerp oc orp{|gb~`rogc fnrhgbp acb rn`hcoq~np rh|g~mhg~r orp hoprg|y* l~r rhn b|ouocm eg|`n ge p~`h phoerp }n|n {|grp*`gf{nrorogc acb rhn cnnb eg| na`h `gf{acy rg a``~f~jarn eg| a``~f~jarogcp padn 4 A``~f~jarn* a``~f~&jarn* rhar op Fgpnp acb rhn {|g{hnrp ap Fa|x paob 112 # Or op rhop ocr|ocpo jgmo` ge à{orajopf rhar Fa|xoprncuo|gcfncrajopr Ighc Lnjjafy Egprn| hap bnp`|olnb ap jnabocm rg rhn a``~f~jarogc ge àrapr|g{hn 11> #

[|g{gpnb pgj~rogcp jodn à|lgc r|abocm |npr gc rhn {gppolojory ge {~rrocm a {|o`n gc a rgc ge à|lgc acb|nq~o|ocm `gf{aconp rg {ay rg nfor acy jnunj algun a `n|raoc afg~cr {n|forrnb# N`gcgfoprp àjj rhop acnxrn|cajory* on a `gpr ge {|gb~`rogc cgr {aob eg| ly rhn |f |np{gcpoljn# Ln or a `hnfoàj p{ojj ocrg a |oun| g|mjglajjy rhn |opocm ge @G < jnunjp rhar a|n b|ouocm rnf{n|ar~|n oc`|napnp a|g~cb rhn }g|jb#

Egprn| q~grnp rhn n`gcgfopr ]ojjoaf Da{{ }hg pa} rhn alojory rg nxrn|cajopn rhn r|~n `gprp ge {|gb~`&rogc gcrg rhn |npr ge pgònry ap a dny njnfncr ge orp g{n|arogc# Egprn| mgnp gc rg pay9

]hncnun| rhn bnpr|~`rogc op rgg pnun|n rhn pyprnf pof{jy pnndp rg ncmocnn| acgrhn| p{aroaj x#_nr* a {jacnra|y à{orajopf op e|gf rhop pracb{gocr a `gcr|abo`rogc oc rn|fp9 or fnacp rhar rhn|nop cg}hn|n cajjy rg nxrn|cajo n rhn pgòaj acb ncuo|gcfncraj `gprp ge à{orajopr bnpr|~`rogc (}nàccgr pho{ g~| rgxo` }aprn ocrg g~rn| p{a`n!/* acb cg nxrn|caj |npg~|`np rg b|a} ~{gc oc rhn ea`nge rhn ncg|fg~p pq~acbn|ocm ge |npg~|`np ochn|ncr rg rhn pyprnf (}n àcr pgjun g~| {|gljnfp lyfococm rhn fggc!/#

Rhn bnpr|~`rogc rhar à{orajopf hap uopornb ~{gc rhn ocbouob~aj ncuo|gcfncrp ge rhn {jacnr* ly bneg|&nprarogc* ocb~pr|oaj am|o`~jr~|n* aòb |aoc e|gf ocb~pr|oaj `gf{jnxnp* nr`# hap cg} |na`hnb a cn} acb mjglajjnunj }orh @G < jnunjp `hacmocm rhn }g|jbp `jofarn#

@a{orajopf op b|ounc ly phg|r rn|fopf oc orp h~cmn| eg| {|grp# Ocunprfncr bnòpogcp a|n fabn gc rhnlapop gc }har }ojj fadn a |nr~|c oc rhn q~o dnpr rofn# P~ h a pyprnf àccgr bnaj }orh rhn pàjn ge rhn`jofarn `|opop g| fadn |arogcaj {jaccnb bnòpogcp alg~r }har rg {|gb~`n rhar op pn{a|arn e|gf rhn lgrrgfjocn ge {|grp# Ncmnjp acb Fa|x }n|n }njj a}a|n ge rhop acb ge rhn pyprnfp |a{aòg~p car~|n#

lnmocq~grn ]har à|nb rhn P{acoph {jacrn|p oc @~la* }hg l~|cnb bg}c eg|nprp gc rhn pjg{np ge rhnfg~craocp acb glraocnb e|gf rhn aphnp p~ffòncr en|rojopn| eg| gcn mncn|arogc ge un|y homhjy {|graljn `g nnr|nnp & }har à|nb rhny rhar rhn hnauy r|g{oàj |aoceajj aern|}a|bp }aphnb a}ay rhn ~c{|grn`rnb ~{{n|pr|ar~f ge rhn pgoj* jnauocm lnhocb gcjy la|n |g`d !115

Fa|x ~cbn|prggb hg} à{orajopf r|narnb car~|n acb rhn `gcpnq~nc`np eg| lgrh h~facp acb ncuo|gcfncr*}|orocm9

Eg| rhn |pr rofn* car~|n ln`gfnp {~|njy ac glin`r eg| h~facdocb* {~|njy a farrn| ge ~rojory4`napnp rg ln |n`gmcopnb ap a {g}n| eg| orpnje4 acb rhn rhng|nroàj bop`gun|y ge orp a~rgcgfg~p ja}pfn|njy ap a |~pn pg ap rg p~lin`r or ~cbn| h~fac cnnbp* }hnrhn| ap ac glin`r ge `gcp~f{rogc g|ap a fnacp ge {|gb~`rogc 11= #

Fa|x bnunjg{nb hop obna ge a fnralgjo` |oer ~cbn| à{orajopf lnr}nnc h~facory acb rhn car~|aj }g|jb& a |oer }orh bo|n `gcpnq~nc`np nunc oc rhn 1?rh `ncr~|y acb a |oer hn lnjonunb `g~jb gcjy ln |n{ao|nb ly rhnfgun rg a pgòajopr pgònry lapnb gc rhn pnje&nfacò{arogc ge rhn }g|docm `japp#

Ajjonb rg rhop op a r|ncb oc à{orajopf rhar }ap |pr cgrnb ly Uo`rg|oac n`gcgfopr ]P Inugcp acb opàjjnb rhn Inugcp [a|abgx# Cgrocm hg} of{|gunfncrp oc rhn nffònc`y ge `gaj |nb ncmocnp a`r~ajjy jnabrg ac oc`|napnb ~pn ge `gaj* rhn Inugcp [a|abgx op of{g|racr rgbay eg| rhgpn oc rhn m|nnc fgunfncrp

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