• Utilizes various tactics or control methods (i.e.cultural/mechanical, biological or bio-control,and chemical) in a harmonious and compatibleway.

• Emphasizes management of pest population rather than the old concept of total eradication.

• Keeping pest population low (below Economic Threshold Level).

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Cultural/Mechanical• Sanitation• Synchronized Planting• Crop Rotation • Fallowing • Use of Resistant Varieties• Minimum Tillage• Proper Fertilization (eg. Nitrogen)

Biological / Bio-control• Knowing the Natural Enemies

of the pest• Diadegma and Cotesia for

cabbage DBM control• Spiders, Beetles• Trichogramma• Bacillus spp.

Chemical• Need – based approach in the use of pesticides• High risk pests include Diamond Back Moth, Hoppers (BPH,

MLH), Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer, Thrips• Continuous use of pesticides of same of mode of action (MoA)

leads to development of resistance • Role of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Why didn’t it work this time?

1. Insecticides FARMERS use today remain EFFECTIVE for their use.

2. FARMERS Save MoneyNo need to increase number or volume of insecticide applications.No need for “cocktail” to control a single pest.

3. FARMERS Get More ProductionGood pest management / good crop protection / better income.

4. FARMERS Protect their Environment and LandLess active ingredient applied to ecosystem.

Benefits of IRM to FARMERS

Insecticide Resistance occurs from the continuous use of insecticides with the same mode of action (MoA) resulting in the selection (ang natitira) of insect populations that are resistant (hindi na tinatablan) to those insecticides.

How Insecticide Resistance Develops

Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)

Nerve

Growth /Development/

Molting

Excretory

+

+

+Energy/ Muscle+

Feeding

Respiration

Digestive

Reproduction

+

+

+

+

A specific Mode of Action will target a specific part/ function of an insect

Same Product / Active Ingredient / MoA

How Insecticide Resistance Develops in a Farm

Survivors Reproduce

Survivors Reproduce

Continuous use of the same Mode of Action (MoA) removes the very susceptible individuals leaving a tolerant population that survives the insecticide application.

BrandX

Susceptible Resistant

1. Incorporate IPM practices

2. Follow GAP Principles

3. Know the mode of action (MoA) of insecticide products / brands

4. Rotate Insecticide MoA group / NOT Active Ingredient (AI) / NOT brands

To Avoid Development of Insecticide Resistance

Identify the Pest

Monitor Pest populations

Use the right , registered insecticides, only when needed

Use only recommended label dose when using chemical insecticides

Seek expert advise (e.g. Extension workers, industry)

1. Incorporate IPM practices when using chemical insecticides

Under Dose:Kills most Susceptible but many RS and RR survive

Label Dosage: Optimal ControlSmall number of RR survive

2. Follow Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) Principles

USE RECOMMENDED DOSE

Increasing Dosage

X X XX X

X

Under DoseLABEL DOSE!

XX

Registered and Commonly Used Pesticides in Vegetables in the Philippines: Chemical Class and MoA

MoA Group Chemical Subgroup Active ingredient

1 Organophosphates Profenophos, malathion

2B Phenyl Pyrazole Fipronil

3A Pyrethroids Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Esfenvalerate, Betacypermethrin, alphacypermethrin

4 Neonicotinoids Thiometoxam, Chlotianidin, Imidacloprid

5 Spinosyns Spinosad

6 Avermectins Abamectin

11 Bacillus Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt)

12 Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron

13 Chlorfenapyr Chlorfenapyr

14 Nereistoxin analogues Cartap

22A Indoxacarb Indoxacarb

28 Diamides Flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole

3. Know your Pesticide MoA

*A handout on specific insecticide BRANDS and their Mode of Action (MoA) is available from the presenter.

Nursery - Transplanting Leafy Stage Head Forming Harvest

Diamond Back Moth

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

Option 1

Option 2

MoA 1 MoA 2 MoA 3

MoA 1 MoA 2 MoA 1

Not recommended MoA 1

4. Rotate by Mode of Action (MoA)

Insecticide Application

Do’s and Don’t’s

Do not use a single MoA continuously.

You may use products of the same MoA within the same insect generation.

Use only recommended label dose. Do not under dose.

Apply a product with a different MoA for each successive insect pest generation.

Do not expose more than 50% of the crop duration to products with the same MoA.

4. Rotate by Mode of Action (MoA)

Proposed Insecticide MoA Icon on the Label

Product Name

MoA 28

Strategy Cabbage Eggplant Rice

Use of resistant varieties

Use of natural enemies/ Bio-Control

Crop Hygiene / Cultural Practice

Rotation by Mode of Action (MoA)

Insecticide Resistance Management ( IRM) Strategy

*Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV), only for cutworms

*

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) Strategy in CabbageTo ensure susceptible DBM population

Nursery - Transplanting Leafy Stage Head Forming Harvest

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

Insecticide Application (Need – Based)

Option 1

Option 2

MoA 1 MoA 3

MoA 1 MoA 1

Diamond Back Moth

MoA 2

MoA 2

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) Strategy in EggplantTo ensure susceptible Fruit Borer population

Nursery –Transplanting

Fruiting

Fruit / ShootBorer

1st Generation

Option 1

Option 2

MoA 1

MoA 1

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175

FloweringVegetative

Insecticide Application (Need – Based)

2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation

MoA 2 MoA 3 MoA 4 MoA 5

MoA 2 MoA 1 MoA 2 MoA 1

35 Days

Insecticide Application (Need – Based)

Option 1

Option 2

MoA 1 MoA 3

MoA 1 MoA 1

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) Strategy in Rice

Seedling Leaf Development Tillering Stem Elongation - Booting Flowering Ripening

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

35 Days 35 Days

32 Days 32 Days 32 Days

30 Days

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

Stemborer

Brown Plant Hopper

Green LeafHopper

MoA 2

MoA 2

To Avoid Development of Insecticide Resistance

1. Incorporate IPM practices

2. Follow GAP Principles

3. Know the mode of action (MoA) of insecticide products / brands

4. Rotate Insecticide MoA group / NOT Active Ingredient (AI) / NOT brands

Maraming salamat po. Daghang salamat. Dios ti agngina. Dios mabalos. Thank you.

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee