iron enhanced sand filtration for dissolved … enhanced sand filtration for dissolved phosphorous...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration
for Dissolved Phosphorous
Removal
Pete Weiss, PhD, PE
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
INAFSM 2017 Annual Conference
![Page 2: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• The problem
• What is Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration (IESF)
• Field Applications
– Urban surface sand filter
– Agricultural surface sand filter
– Pond perimeter sand filter
– IESF rain garden
• Conclusions and lessons learned
![Page 3: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Salt Creek, Porter County, IN
• Avg P = 3.2 mg/L
• Target = 0.08
mg/L
• Current
watershed runoff:
732 lb P/year
• Watershed runoff
target: 255 lb
P/year
• 65% Reduction
Salt Creek Headwaters near Valparaiso,
IN. Photo: Salt Creek Watershed Mgt Plan, 2008
![Page 4: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phosphorous Loading
• Average Values: Total=0.27 mg/L; Dissolved=0.12 mg/L
o 44% Dissolved and 56% particulate, on average
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Tota
l Ph
osp
ho
rus
Load
(kg
/eve
nt)
Tota
l Ph
osp
ho
rus
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(mg
/L)
Dissolved Percent (of total phosphorus)
Concentration Load
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Per
cen
t of
Dat
a (%
)
Adapted from Brezonik and Stadelmann, 2002
Image Courtesy of Andy Erickson
![Page 5: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Must Target Dissolved Phosphorus
• TMDL’s often target 60% or more P reduction
• Particulate P concentrations: 56% on average (or less)
• Dissolved P is more bioavailable
• Conventional SCM’s typically do not retain dissolved P
• Some practices, like rain gardens, may export P
http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov http://www.cuyahogaswcd.orghttp://www.invw.org
![Page 6: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Iron-Enhanced Sand Filtration
• Research at U of MN
used steel wool
• Sand: ASTM C-33
• Column experiments
with 0%, 0.3%, 2%,
5% iron by weight
• Iron rusts (+) &
captures phosphate
(-)
Column Experiments at U of MN.Photo courtesy of Andy Erickson
![Page 7: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
Dis
solv
ed
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (p
pb
)
Influent 100% Sand 0.3% Iron 2% Iron 5% Iron
Experimental Results at U of MN
18.4%
78.6%
88.3%
Treated depth = 189 mErickson et al. 2012
![Page 8: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Field Applications of IESF
• Iron shavings:
5-7% by weight
• Add ~5-10% to
total cost of
new filter
• Capable of
retaining TSS,
particulate and
dissolved P
• 40+ Installed
Iron enhanced surface sand filter,
Maplewood, MN. Photo: RWMWD
![Page 9: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• 5% iron, mixed
in parking lot
• Sand filter area
= 0.27 acres
• Storage volume
= 0.65 acre-feet
• Watershed: 8
acres, 81%
impervious,
mostly HSG B
soils
Maplewood, MN IESF
Photo: RWMWD
![Page 10: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Maplewood IESF Performance
Photo: Andy Erickson
![Page 11: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Maplewood IESF Performance
Photo: Andy Erickson
2009-2010 Monitoring Data (n=36) Total P Phosphate
Average Inflow (ppb) 103 15
Average Outflow (ppb) 25 8
Retention 76% 47%
Samples below detection (10 ppb) 0% 65%
Samples below detection assumed to have 5 ppb phosphate
![Page 12: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photos: Wright Co., MN and Google Maps
• Installed in 2012
• Watershed: 19 acres of
farmland
• Discharges to Martha Lake
![Page 13: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
IESF Design:
• 20 feet by 50 feet in area
• 1 foot thick mix of ASTM C-33 sand and
5% iron shavings
• 6 inches of pea gravel with a perforated
underdrain system (2, 6-inch PVC pipes)
• Sand and gravel lined with an
impermeable liner
![Page 14: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
Construction: Excavation complete
![Page 15: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
Construction: Impermeable liner
![Page 16: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
Construction: Iron shavings spread on
surface
![Page 17: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
Construction: Iron shavings spread on
surface. Plywood is to protect liner from
rototiller blades.
![Page 18: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF Performance
2015-2016 Performance (n = 33, treated
depth = 290 m) (Erickson et al. 2017)
Overall
Performance
= 63.9% SRP
Removal
![Page 19: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF Maintenance
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
![Page 20: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Martha Lake, MN IESF Maintenance
Photo: Erickson et al. 2017
IESF Routine Maintenance:
• Remove vegetation, algae, iron ochre
• Scrape and level surface
• Once or twice per month (May-Sept)
• 1-2 people, < 1 hr each per visit
IESF Non-Routine Maintenance:
• May 2016: Remove substantial amounts of
build up (2 people, 2 hrs each)
Future Potential Maintenance:
• Scrape and remove top layer
• Replace iron/sand mix that was removed
• Remove and replace entire media bed
![Page 21: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Prior Lake Pond Perimeter Trenches
![Page 22: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Prior Lake Pond Perimeter Trenches
![Page 23: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Prior Lake Pond Perimeter Trenches
Normal Water
Surface
Elevation
Drain
tileIron Enhanced
Sand Filter
Water Level
Control
Weir
Overflow
Grate
Drain tile
Volume Treated
by Trenches
(Filter Volume)
Catch Basin
![Page 24: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2013-2015 Performance
0102030405060708090
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2013(July-Oct)
2014(Apr-Sept)
2015(June-July)
EMC(μg/L)
TotalMass(g)
MassPIn MassPOut EMCIn EMCOut
![Page 25: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2014 Monitoring Results
% Mass
Influent Load Effluent Load Load
(grams) (grams) Retained
1 0.6 3.7 -470
2 to 5 425 310 27
6 13 31 -127
7 35 42 -21
8 74 42 42
9 23 35 -51
10 0.3 3.1 -990
11 118 71 40
Total 689 538 22
Total Mass Loading
Event
![Page 26: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pond Perimeter Trenches-Investigation
![Page 27: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pond Perimeter Trenches-Investigation
![Page 28: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pond Perimeter Trenches-Investigation
• Routine maintenance < 1 month• Pulling or raking weeds
• Remove deposited vegetation
• Raking surface (disturb filter to depth of 1-
3”)
• Need for non-routine maintenance
![Page 29: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Non-Routine Maintenance
• Non-routine maintenance
• Remove gray muck and algae
• Break up surface by tilling
• Break up iron clumps w/
sledgehammer
• 8 hours each for team of three
![Page 30: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Non-Routine Maintenance
![Page 31: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Non-Routine Maintenance
![Page 32: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Impact of Non-Routine Maintenance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
05/06
/13
08/14
/13
11/22
/13
03/02
/14
06/10
/14
09/18
/14
12/27
/14
04/06
/15
07/15
/15
10/23
/15
EMC(mg/L)
InfluentEMC(Posi veRemoval)
EffluentEMC(Posi veRemoval)
InfluentEMC(Nega veRemoval)
EffluentEMC(Nega veRemoval)
Non-rou neMaintenance
43%
phosphate
retention*
* After non-routine maintenance
![Page 33: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Proposed Revised Design
![Page 34: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
IESF Capacity/Lifespan
Application
Estimated
Treated
Depth (m)
Average
Influent
(μg/L)
Influent
Mass
(g/m2)
Phosphate
Load
Captured
Laboratory (5%) 189 340 64.3 88%
Surface Sand
(Agricultural)290 162 47.0 64%
Pond-Perimeter
Trench (Urban)548 69 37.8 43%*
*After non-routine maintenanceSlide courtesy of Andy Erickson
![Page 35: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Rain Gardens
Photo: Montgomery County, MD DEP
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Reduce runoff volume
• Remove TSS & metals
• Often export PO4-3
1. Exported 100% more P
2. Influent P = 0.13 mg/L,
effluent P up to 0.50
mg/L
3. Others found similar
results
1) Dietz & Clausen 2005, 2) Morgan 2011, 3) Hatt et
al. 2008, Li and Davis 2009, Hunt and Lord, undated
![Page 36: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Proposed New Design: Iron-Enhanced
Rain Gardens
Image: Andy Erickson
![Page 37: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Experimental Iron-Enhanced Rain
Gardens• Assess gardens
constructed in
plastic boxes with
drain tile
– 15 cm gravel (2.5-5
cm) layer
– 46 cm sand layer
– 30 cm compost
(15%) and sand
(85%) mix
![Page 38: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Influent Phosphorous Levels
• Influent Total Phosphorous
– Average of 0.54 mg/L P
• Influent SRP (i.e. dissolved
phosphorus)
– Average of 0.50 mg/L P
• Stormwater Median Values (Maestre
and Pitt 2005)
– TP = 0.27 mg/L (COV = 1.5)
– SRP = 0.13 mg/L (COV = 1.6)
Photo: Pete Weiss
![Page 39: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
IESF Rain Garden Results
5 month winter break
![Page 40: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Analysis of a Field Application(87% Retention of SRP)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
Se
rvic
e L
ife
(y
ea
rs)
Fraction of Watershed Impervious
5%
10%
![Page 41: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusions & Lessons Learned
• IESF can increase dissolved
phosphorus retention
• Routine maintenance is a must
(4 times/year to 2 times/month)
• Non-routine maintenance ~1
time/year (pond perimeter filters)
• Minimize vegetative deposition
on filter surface
• Filter should dry between events
(drain time = 48 hours)Connelly-GPM Iron Aggregate
ETI CC-1004
Photo: Pete Weiss
![Page 42: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Conclusions & Lessons Learned
• Verify purity & effectiveness of
iron
• Size underdrains to not limit
flow
• Water contact time with iron
must be adequate
• Iron enhancement can eliminate
net export of phosphorus from
rain gardensConnelly-GPM Iron Aggregate
ETI CC-1004
Photo: Pete Weiss
![Page 43: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
AcknowledgementsCollaborators:
John S. Gulliver (UMN)
Andy J. Erickson (UMN)
Zuhdi Aljobeh (Valparaiso University)
Funding Provided By: Indiana DNR, Lake Michigan Coastal Program;
EPA/MPCA; Valparaiso University; UMN; Wright County, MN Soil and
Water Conservation District
Donors: Cardno Native Plant Nursery (vegetation), Connelly-GPM
Chicago (iron shavings), Duneland Sand Enterprise (compost)
Sponsors and Partners: City of Valparaiso; Central Elementary School in
Valparaiso; Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District; City of Prior
Lake, MN; Wright County, MN; Multiple Technical Advisory Panels and
stormwater professionals; many others
![Page 44: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
Golden Lake Iron Enhanced Sand Filter, Centennial
Green Park, Blaine, MN. Photo: Rice Creek Watershed District (MN)
![Page 45: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
References (page 1)
• Brezonik, P.L. and Stadelmann, T.H. 2002. Analysis and Predictive Models of Stormwater Runoff Volumes, Loads, and
Pollutant Concentration from Watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. Water Research, 36: p.
1743-1757.
• Dietz, M.E., and Clausen, J.C. 2005. A Field Evaluation of Rain Garden Flow and Pollutant Treatment. Water, Air, and
Soil Pollution, 167:123-138.
• Erickson, A.J., Gulliver, J.S., and Weiss, P.T. 2017. Monitoring an Iron-Enhanced Sand Filter for Phosphorus Capture
from Agricultural Tile Drainage. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory Report #581, Prepared for the USEPA and MPCA.
• Erickson, A.J., Weiss, P.T., and Gulliver, J.S. 2015. Monitoring an Iron-Enhanced Sand Filter Trench for the Capture of
Phosphate from Stormwater Runoff. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory Report #575, Prepared for the USEPA and MPCA.
• Erickson, A.J., Gulliver, J.S. and Weiss, P.T. 2012. Capturing Phosphates with Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration. Water
Research, 46(9), 3032–3042.
• Erickson, A. J., and Gulliver, J. S. 2010. Performance Assessment of an Iron-Enhanced Sand Filtration Trench for
Capturing Dissolved Phosphorus. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory Project Report #549, Prepared for the City of Prior Lake.
• Erickson, A.J., Gulliver, J.S., Weiss, P.T., and Huser, B.J. 2010. Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Stormwater
Phosphorus Removal. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.,
January 10-14.
![Page 46: Iron Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved … Enhanced Sand Filtration for Dissolved Phosphorous Removal Pete Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering INAFSM 2017](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030421/5aa8e1fc7f8b9a86188c0ac3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
References (page 2)
• Erickson, A.J., Gulliver, J.S. and Weiss, P.T. 2007. Enhanced sand filtration for storm water phosphorus removal. Journal
of Environmental Engineering, 133(5), 485-497.
• Hatt, B.E., Fletcher, T.D., and Deletic, A. 2008. Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration
systems at the field scale. Journal of Hydrology, 365:310-321.
• Hunt, W.F., and Lord, W.G. undated. Urban waterways: Bioretention performance, design, construction, and
maintenance, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh, NC, pp: 1-9.
• Li, H. and Davis, A.P. 2009. Water quality improvement through reductions of pollutant loads using bioretention. Journal
of Environmental Engineering, 135(8): 567-576.
• Morgan, J.G., 2011. Sorption and Release of Dissolved Pollutants Via Bioretention Media, Master’s Thesis, The
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
• Weiss, P.T., Aljobeh, Z.Y., Bradford, C., and E.A. Breitzke. 2016. An Iron-Enhanced Rain Garden for Dissolved
Phosphorus Removal, Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, May 22-26, West Palm
Beach, FL, USA. pp. 185-194. doi: 10.1061/9780784479889.020.