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Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor Water stress assessment The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

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Page 1: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees

Amos Naor

• Water stress assessment

• The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Page 2: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Soil water stress indicators

Page 3: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Soil water potential - Tensiometer

Page 4: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Soil water potential - Tensiometer

The tensiometer exchanges water

with the soil-water until their water

potentials are equal. Ceramic cup Ceramic cup

The tensiometer is a pipe filled with

water that has ceramic (porous)

cup in the bottom.

Page 5: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Soil water content

All the modern measurement techniques

of water content are based on electrical

properties

Capacitance.

Dialectric constant.

Resistance.

Page 6: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Plant water stress indicators

Page 7: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Plant-based water stress indicators

Water potential (pressure chamber, psychrometry).

Relative water content.

Tissue size changes (dendrometers).

Stomatal conductance

Porometry

IR thermometry / Thermal imaging

Acoustic emission

Sap flow

Page 8: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Plant-based water stress indicators

Water potential (pressure chamber, psychrometry).

Relative water content.

Tissue size changes (dendrometers).

Stomatal conductance

Porometry

IR thermometry / Thermal imaging

Acoustic emission

Sap flow

Page 9: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Direct measurement of the water

potential

Pressurized

nitrogen Pressure

chamber (Scolander et al., 1965)

Page 10: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation
Page 11: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Leaf water potential Stem water potential

Page 12: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Trunk diameter changes

100.0

100.1

100.2

100.3

100.4

0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00

Trunk

diameter

changes

hour

Page 13: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Various commercial water stress probes

Page 14: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Thermal imaging

The energy from the sun is directed mainly to:

Heating the canopy.

Vaporizing water (transpiration)

Stressed plants close their stomata and reduce

transpiration thus more energy from the sun is

shifted to heat the canopy.

Stress plants are warmer than non-stressed plants

Page 15: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Thermal imaging: (Moeller et al., 2007)

Page 16: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Low irrigation rate

High irrigation rate

High irrigation rate

Page 17: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Relationships between CWSI and

stomatal conductance (Moeller et al., 2007)

CWSI

.2 .4 .6 .8

Sto

ma

tal co

nd

uctu

nce

(m

mo

le/m

2/s

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

r2=0.85

CWSI = (TCanopy – Twet) / (Tdry – Twet)

Page 18: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Relationships between CWSI and

stomatal conductance (Moeller et al., 2007)

CWSI

.2 .4 .6 .8

Sto

ma

tal co

nd

uctu

nce

(m

mo

le/m

2/s

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

r2=0.85

CWSI = (TCanopy – Twet) / (Tdry – Twet)

•Optimal meteorological

conditions.

•Good reference temperatures.

•High spatial resolution

Page 19: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Reducing spatial resolution

Crane

Airplane

Satellite

Pixel size and average

temperature

Current accuracy of CWSI assessment is limited

Page 20: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Summary of water stress indicators for

irrigation scheduling

• Point Vs. spatial measurements

• Setting thresholds (calibration)

Page 21: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Detection of irrigation malfunctions:

grapevines

not irrigated

currently

Thermal imagery allowed the

recognition of subsurface water

flow from the nectarines

currently

irrigated

not irrigated

currently

Vineyard, Upper Galilee, summer 2005

Alchanatis and Cohen

Page 22: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Leakage detection

Page 23: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

23

Alchanatis et al

Almonds

Page 24: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Cotton, Northern Israel, Megido, July, 2008

Clogging in drippers

Cohen and Alchanatis

Page 25: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Irrigation malfunction detection in olives (Alchanatis et al)

Date suspected

points (area) Visible leaks

No visible leaks

Olives – Gshur

24/6 5.4% 8% 92%

26/8 8.2% 11% 89%

Page 26: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and irrigation

Page 27: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and water consumption (Lenz, 1986)

Apple trees were grown in

containers.

Trees with and without fruits

were compared.

Transpiration and leaf area

were measured.

Stomatal aperture is higher in

the presence of fruit.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

No fruit Fruit

Tra

ns

pir

ati

on

(l/p

lan

t)

Leaf area per tree

Transpiration

0

1

2

3

4

5

No fruit Fruit

Le

af

are

a (

m2)

Page 28: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and stem water potential

Pan evaporation coeff.

.4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4

-2.6

-2.4

-2.2

-2.0

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

a ab

b

c

a a

b

b

a

a

b

b

654 664

1217

Frut/tree

Nectarine

Page 29: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Number of fruits and stem water potential

Fruit per tree

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-.5

0.0

Page 30: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and stem water potential

1L 1M 1H 3L 3M 3H 7L 7M 7HA

vera

ge m

idday s

tem

wate

r pote

ntial

up t

o h

arv

es (

MP

a)

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

Ortal

Matityahu

Apple

Page 31: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and stem

water potential

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

Low irr Med irr High irr

Ste

m w

ate

r p

ote

nti

al

(MP

a)

Low load High load

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Low irr Med irr High irrS

tom

ata

l co

nd

ucta

nce (

mm

ole

/m2/s

)

Low load High load

Crop load and Stomatal

conductance

Olive Olive

Page 32: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and water relations in olive

R2 = 0.96

R2 = 0.92

R2 = 0.32

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

Stem water potential (MPa)

Sto

ma

tal c

ind

uc

tan

ce

(mm

ole

/m2

/s)

Med. load 14:00

Low load 10:00

High load 10:00

S

tom

ata

l co

nd

ucta

nce

(mm

ole

/m2

/s)

Page 33: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and water relations in apple

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

Midday stem water potential (MPa)

High crop load

Low crop load

Poly. (Low crop

load)Poly. (High crop

load)

Naschitz et al, unpublished

Assim

ilation r

ate

mole

/m2/s

)

Page 34: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Stem water potential and apple fruit weight

R2 = 0.92

R2 = 0.94

0

50

100

150

200

250

-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

)MPa( פוטנציאל מים בגזע

ם(ר)ג

ע צמו

מי

רפ

ל ק

שמ

אורטל Matityahuמתיתיהו

F

ruit w

eig

ht

(g)

Ortal

Midday SWP (MPa)

Low and Med.

crop load

High crop load

Page 35: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

R2=0.97

0

20

40

60

80

100

-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

)MPa( פוטנציאל מים בגזע

מ"מ

70מ-

ל דו

גרי

פז

חוא

אורטל מתיתיהו

Stem water potential and the yield of large fruit

Matityahu

F

ruit >

70 m

m (

%)

Ortal

Midday SWP (MPa)

Low and Med.

crop load

High crop load

Page 36: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Crop load and thresholds for irrigation (Naschitz et al, unpub.)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5

Fru

it w

eig

ht

(g)

Midday stem water potential (Mpa)

100 Fruit/tree

300 fruit/tree

600 fruit/tree

>1000 fruit/tree

25 t/ha

58 t/ha

93 t/ha

Irrigation levels:

1 mm/day

3 mm/day

7 mm/day

Optimal irrigation:

25 t/ha - ~2.5 mm/day

58 t/ha - ~4.5 mm/day

93 t/ha - ~7 mm/day

Optimal threshold:

25 t/ha - ~-1.4MPa

58 t/ha - ~-1.2MPa

93 t/ha - ~-0.8MPa

Page 37: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Summary of crop load and irrigation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

No fruit Fruit

Tra

ns

pir

ati

on

(l/p

lan

t)

Page 38: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Summary of water stress indicators for

irrigation scheduling

• Point Vs. spatial measurements

• Setting thresholds (calibration)

Page 39: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Summary of irrigation malfunction

detection

Page 40: Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees - ARIMnet2 · Irrigation scheduling of fruit trees Amos Naor • Water stress assessment • The interaction of crop-load with irrigation

Thanks