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Indoor residual spraying (IRS) formalaria control Historically, the primary approach to malaria control has been to:

keep mosquitoes out of houses.

Treat perimeter of house (spray walls) with insecticide thatexhibits repellent actions.

If mosquitoes enter, then drive them out before they bite,

Treat perimeter of house with an insecticide that irritates

mosquitoes If mosquitoes are not repelled or irritated, then kill as manyas possible that enter the house.

Treat perimeter of house with an insecticide that kills mosquitoes.

Chemical options for IRS include all classes of insecticides.

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Pros and cons of IRSPros: Once walls are sprayed, few issues of

user compliance. Protects all people in the house Providescontinuous protections for months.

Cons: Requires public health infrastructure toConduct and maintain spraying.

Resistance in mosquitoes to insecticides.

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Insecticides for Adult Mosquito Control

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Insecticides for IRS

Insecticide-formulation

Dosage/m 2 Efficacy(Wks)

Rounds

DDT-50% WP 1 gm 10-12 2

Malathion-25% WP 2 gm 6-8 3

Deltamethrin-2.5% WP 20 mg 10-12 2

Cyfluthrin-10% WP 25 mg 10-12 2Lambda Cyhalothrin-

10% WP25 mg 10-12 2

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Space Sprays Two forms of space-sprays, namely thermal fogs

and cold fogs can be dispensed by vehicle-mounted(ULV) or hand-operated machines (Weeklyapplication).

Commonly used insecticides for space spray:Pyrethrum- extract(2%), Malathion, Fenitrothion,Pirimiphos methyl, Permethrin, Deltamethrin,Lambda-cyhalothin and Cyphenothrin.

These insecticides instantly kill the mosquitoes, butlack any residual effects.

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Tr iple r esistant -to DDT,Dieldr in and MalathionDoubler esistance-to DDT and Dield r in Resistant toDDTRepor ts notavailableQuadr upler esist ance-to DDT, Dieldr in, malathi on and deltamethri nTr iple r esistant -to DDT,Dieldr in and MalathionDoubler esistance-to DDT and Dield r in Resistant toDDTRepor ts notavailableQuadr upler esist ance-to DDT, Dieldr in, malathi on and deltamethri nTr iple r esistant -to DDT,Dieldr in and MalathionDoubler esistance-to DDT and Dield r in Resistant toDDTRepor ts notavailableQuadr upler esist ance-to DDT, Dieldr in, malathi on and deltamethri nTr iple r esistant -to DDT,Dieldr in and MalathionDoubler esistance-to DDT and Dield r in Resistant toDDTRepor ts notavailableQuadr upler esist ance-to DDT, Dieldr in, malathi on and deltamethri n

Susceptibility Status of An. cul icifacies and An. stephensi to Insecticides

Vector Type ofresistance

No. ofStates

No. ofUTs

Total No.of

districts

An.culicifacies

DDT

DoubleTripleQuadruple

18

1682

2

21-

286

233182

2

An.

stephensi

DDTDouble

Triple

76

3

11

1

3427

8

Other vector species are mostly susceptible to insecticides

Double DDT & BHCTriple DDT, BHC & MalathionQuadruple DDT, BHC, Malathion and Syntheticpyrethroids

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Enormous instances of refusals orlocked houses (end user disinterest)

Poor maintenance of time table forspray operations

Logistical problems like lesser no. oftrained spray crew, quality of spray

pumps, poor maintenance of sprayrecords etc.

IRS being a repeat intervention; adds upto an enormous cost if repeated twice ina year

Mud houses a huge problem for IRSteams

Insecticide Residual Spraying (IRS)

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Equipments in Vector Control

The main function of spraying equipment (sprayer) is toatomize the spray fluids (which may be suspension, emulsionor solution) into small droplets and eject it with some forcefor proper distribution.

Ground Equipments Used for Vector Control

Equipment for the production of sprays (100-300 m droplet)Equipment for the production of mists (50-100 m droplet)

Equipment for the production of aerosols (25-50 m droplet)Equipment for the production of thermal fog (5-15 m droplet)Equipment for the application of solid materials

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www.stewardshipcommunity.com

Nozzle selection and maintenance can havea major impact on the quality of yourapplication and the efficacy of the products

applied.

Nozzle selection and spray pressure willhave an impact on potential environmentaland personal contamination through eitherrun off and/or drift.

Nozzle selection and spray quality [drop size]

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Classification of Pesticide Application by DropletsSize

Very coarse spray > 500 mCoarse spray 300-500 m

Medium spray 200-300 mFine spray 100-200 mMists 50-100 mCoarse aerosols 25-50 mAerosols (Fine) < 25 mFog 5-15 m

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Sprayers

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Cutaway Diagram of a Compression Sprayer

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HYDRAULIC ENERGY SPRAYERS

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Delivery of Spray Solution Through Stirrup PumpSprayer

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Trigger Valve Assembly

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Better drift-control

Better biologicalactivity for some

products

More droplets from the same volume of water are produced if dropsize is decreased.

Which drop size is best may be dependent on the product used, the drift risk orbe a compromise.

Nozzle selection and spray quality [drop size]

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Cone Nozzle

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Fan Nozzle

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Floodjet Nozzle

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Cleaning of Nozzle Tip

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Nozzle selection and spray quality

DO NOT - Clean a nozzle with an abrasive implement Clean a nozzle by blowing through it with your mouth Use damaged or worn nozzles Use fine spray drop sizes on a windy day

DO - Wear gloves when handling nozzles Clean a nozzle with water and a light brush Protect nozzles from blockages with use of recomended filters Frequently clean nozzles Calibrate nozzles and sprayer every season Replace the nozzle if damaged Follow any product label recommendations Change nozzles as necessary depending on the crop, growth stage and

product mode of action

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Calibration of Sprayer Nozzle

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Equipment of Mists

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Equipments for Thermal Fogs

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Thermal Nozzle of Fogger

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The life of equipments depends upon handling and maintenance

Careless handling and poor maintenance can ruin even the bestequipment.

Lubrication instructions to be followed.

General inspection for cracks, loose connections, leakage wornoutwashers and Hoses should not be bent, rolled and store flat.Calibration of sprayer and nozzles output.

No pesticide material to leave overnight in the machine.

Sprayers should be stored upside down to ensure proper drainage and

condensing.The nozzles should be cleaned thoroughly with kerosene.

Spare parts (washers, nozzles etc.) to keep in stock.

Maintenance of Pesticide ApplicationEquipment

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Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE)

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The 5 Golden Rules1. Before using any Insecticide

product, always read its label and make sure you understand allsafety needs

2. Handle insecticide products carefully at all times to avoid contact orcontamination

3. Maintain sprayers well, fixing, for example, any leaks before startingan application.

4. Practice good personal hygiene

5. Use appropriate protective clothing as last line of defence and not tobecome careless and increase exposure risks.

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Avoiding exposure risksReduce potential contamination through the adoption of good workingpractices:

Always fix leaking sprayers before use. Use nozzles that produce largest drop size advised by label. (Equipment that produce finer droplets are more likely to cause

contamination)

Higher water volume rates are inherently safer than those moreconcentrated. Use within label stated ranges.

Use spraying equipment that meets the FAO recommended specifications. Always direct the spraying nozzle downwind. Avoid spraying in very windy conditions. Avoid walking through vegetation that has just been sprayed. Immediately wash any splashes of undiluted product from the skin and eyes.

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PPE: Label Information Every product label will identify the protective equipment

requirements for both measuring/mixing as well as for application. This information is shown as pictograms to help total

understanding by all product users, and is grouped into the followingactivities.

Mixing liquids Mixing solids Application

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PPE: Use of pictograms that helpensure product safety

Use gloves Use face visor Wash hands Use apron

Use boots Use dust mask Use respirator Use coverall

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Pictogram for an example of a WHO Class II product(moderately hazardous)

Harmful

Keep Lockedaway

Use long sleevedshirt and longtrousers

wear glovesWhenhandlingconcentrate Use face

shield

Wear boots

Whenspraying

Wear longsleeved shirt andlong trousers

Wear boots

Wash after use

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PPE Storage and maintenance

Always store protective equipment separately from insecticideproducts.

Wash gloves, aprons, boots and face shields after use.

Wash spray clothing separately from domestic washing.

Change respirator filters following the manufacturers guidelines.

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