Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

इंटरनेट मानक

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam

“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 14692-1 (1999): Information Technology - Vocabulary,Part 1: Fundamental Terms [LITD 14: Software and SystemEngineering]

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lS14692(Partl ): 1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

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Indian Standard

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY —PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL TERMS

Ics 01.040.35

VOCABULARY

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@ BIS 1999

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

June 1999 Price Group 7

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Software Systems, Languages and Methodologies Sectional Committee, LTD 33

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard which is identical with lSO/l EC 2382-1 :1993 ‘Information Technology —1

,!

Vocabulary — Part 1 : Fundamental terms’, issued jointly by the International Organization forStandardization ( ISO ) and International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ), was adopted by the

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Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of Software Systems, Languages and Method-ologies Sectional Committee and approval of the Electronics and Telecommunication Division Council.

The text of the lSO/l EC standard has been approved as suitable for publication as IndianStandard without deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in IndianStandards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should beread as ‘Indian Standard’. ..~

CROSS REFERENCES {

The concerned technical committee has reviewed the provisions of the following standards referred/

in this adopted standard and has decided that these are acceptable for use in conjunction with this’ 3standard:

ISO 1087:1990 Terminology — Vocabulary

ISO 3166:1988 Codes for the representation of names of countries

lS14692(Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

Indian Standard

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY — VOCABULARYPART 1 FUNDAMENTAL TERMS

Section 1 : General

1.1 Scope

This part of iSO/l EC 2382 is intended to facilitateinternational communication in informationtechnology. It presents, in two languages, termsand definitions of selected concepts relevant tothe field of information technology and identifiesrelationships among the entries.

In order to facilitate their translation into otherlanguages, the definitions are drafted so as toavoid, as far as possible, any peculiarity attachedto a language.

This part of lSO/lEC 2382 deals with the mostimportant concepts on which are based the furtherspecialized sections in various technical fields,as well as the essential terms which should beused by nonspecialist users in communicationwith specialists in information processing.

1.2 Normative references

The following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisionsof this part of lSO/l EC 2382. At the time ofpublication, the editions indicated were valid. Allstandards are subject to revision, and parties toagreements based on this part of 1S0/1EC 2382are encouraged to investigate the possibilityofapplying the most recent editions of the standardsindicated below.Members of 1EC and ISO maintainregisters of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 1087:1990, Terrnino/ogy - Vocabulary

ISO 3166:1988, Codes for the representationof names of countries.

1.3 Principles and rules followed

1.3.1 Definition of an entry

Section 2 comprises a number of entries. Eachentry consists of a set of essential elementsthat includes an index number, one term or severalsynonymous terms, and a phrase defining one

concept. In addition, an entry may includeexamples, notes or illustrations to facilitateunderstanding of the concept.

Occasionally, the same term may be defined indifferent entries, or two or more concepts maybe covered by one entry, as described in 1.3.5and 1.3.8 respectively.

Other terms such as vocabulary, concept, termsand definition, are used in this part of lSO/l EC2382 with the meaning defined in ISO 1087. ,

1.3.2 Organization of an entry

Each entry contains the essential elements definedin 1.3.1 and, if necessary, additional elements.The entry may contain the following elements inthe following order:

a) an index number (common for all languagesin which this part of lSO/l EC 2382 is published);

b) the terms or the generally preferred term inthe language.The absence of a generally preferredterm for the concept in the language is indicatedby a symbol consisting of five points (.....); arow of dots may be used to indicate, in a term, aword to be chosen in a particular case;

c) the preferred term in a particular country(identified according to the rules of ISO 3166);

d) the abbreviation for the term;

e) permitted synonymous term(s);

f) the text of the definition (see 1.3.4);

g) one or more examples with the heading“Example(s)”;

h) one or more notes specifying particular casesin the field of application of the concepts withthe heading “NOTE(S)”;

i) a picture, a diagram, or a table which could becommon to several entries.

1.3.3 Classification of entries

A two-digit seriai number is assigned to each

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part of this International Standard, beginning with01 for “fundamental terms”.

The entries are classified in groups to each ofwhich is assigned a four-digit serial number; thefirst two digits being those of the part of thisInternational Standard.

Each entry is assigned a six-digit index number;the first four digits being those of the part ofthis International Standard and the group.

To show the relationship between versions ofthis International Standard in various languages,the numbers assigned to parts, groups, and entriesare the same for all languages.

1.3.4 Selection of terms and wording ofdefinitions

The selection of terms and the wording of definitionshave, as far as possible, followed establishedusage. Where there were contradictions, solutionsagreeable to the major{ty have been sought.

“1.3.5 Multiple meanings

When, in one of the working languages, a giventerm has several meanings, each meaning isgiven a separate entry to facilitate translationinto other languages.

1.3.6 Abbreviations

As indicated in 1.3.2, abbreviations in currentuse are given for some terms. Such abbreviationsare not used in the texts of the definitions, examples,or notes.

1.3.7 Use of parentheses

In some terms, a word or words printed in boldtypeface are placed between parentheses. Thesewords are part of the complete term, but theymay be omitted when use of the abridged termin a technical context does not introduceambiguity. In the text of another definition, example,or note of lSO/l EC 2382, such a term is usedonly in its complete form.

In some entries, the terms are followed by wordsin parentheses in normal typeface. These wordsare not a part of the term but indicate directivesfor the use of the term, its particular field ofapplication, or its grammatical form.

1.3.8 Use of brackets

When several closely related terms can be definedby texts that differ only in a few words, the termsand their definitions are grouped in a single entry.The words to be substituted in order to obtainthe different meanings are placed in brackets,i.e. [ ], in the same order in the term and in thedefinition. To clearly identify the words to besubstituted, the last word that according to theabove rule could be placed in front of the openingbracket is, wherever possible, placed inside thebracket and repeated for each alternative.

1.3.9 Use of terms printed in italics indefinitions and the use of an asterisk

A term printed in italics in a definition, an example,or a note is defined in another entry in thisInternational Standard, which may be in anotherpart. However, the term is printed in italics onlythe first time it occurs in each entry.

Italics are also used for other grammatical formsof a term, for example, plurals of nouns andparticiples of verbs.

The basic forms of all terms printed in italicswhich are defined in this part of lSO/l EC 2382are listed in the index at the end of the part(see 1.3.11 ).

An asterisk is used to separate terms printed initalic typeface when two such terms are referredto in separate entries and directly follow eachother ( or are separated only by a punctuationmark ).

Words or terms that are printed in normal typefaceare to be understood as defined in currentdictionaries or authoritative technical vocabularies.

1.3.10 Spelling

In the English language version of this part oflSO/lEC 2382, terms, definitions, examples, andnotes are given in the spelling preferred in theUSA. Other correct spellings may be used withoutviolating this part of lSO/lEC 2382.

1,3.11 Organization of the alphabetical index

For each language used, an alphabetical indexis provided at the end of each part. The indexincludes all terms defined in the part. Multiple-word terms appear in alphabetical order undereach of their key words.

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lS14692(Partl ): 1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

Section 2: Terms and definitions Dp@brwia~ion)automatic data processing

01 Fundamental terms ADP (abbreviation)The systematic performance of operations upon

01.01 General terms data.

01.01.01 Example:Arithmeticor /ogjc operatkxw upon data,

information (in information processing) merghg or sorthg of data, assernb/ktg or cornp//ing

Knowledge concerning objects, such as facts, of programs, or operations on text, such as edjthg,

events, things, processes, or ideas, including sortjng, merging, storjng, retrieving, dkiplayjng,

concepts, that within a certain context has a or printing.

particular meaning.NOTES

NOTE — see figure 1,1 The term data processing must not be used as a synonym

01.01.02 for information processing.

dataA reinterpretable representation of ktformatjon

2 See figure 1.

in a formalized manner suitable for communication,interpretation, or processing. 01.01.07

hardware

NOTES

1 Data can be prccessed by humans or by aufomaticmeans.

2 See figure 1.

01.01.03textData in the form of characters, symbo/s, words,phrases, paragraphs, sentences, tables, or othercharacter arrangements, intended to convey ameaning, and whose interpretation is essentiallybased upon the reader’s knowledge of some natural/anguage or artjficja/ /anguage.

Example: A business letter printed on paper ordisplayed on a screen.

01.01.04to accessTo obtain the use of a resource.

01.01.05information processingThe systematic performance of operations uponinformation, that includes data processh?g andmay include operations such as data cornrnu-rrjcatjon and ottjce automatkm.

NOTES

1 The term information processing must not be used as asynonym for data processing.

2 See figure 1.

01.01.06data processing

All or part of the physical components of anjnformatjon processing system.

Example: Computers, peripheral devjces.

01.01.08softwareAll or part of the programs, procedures, rules,and associated documental ion of an jnformatjonprocessing system.

NOTE — Software is an intellectual creation that is

independent of the medium on which it is recorded.

01.01.09firmwareAn ordered set of instructions and associateddata* stored in a way that is functionallyindependent of majn storage, usually in a ROM.

01.01.10storage (device)A functions/wit into which data can be placed,in which they can be retained, and from whichthey can be retrieved.

01.01.11memoryAll of the addressable storage space in aprocessing unjt and all other jnterna/ storage thatis used to execute” jnstructjons.

01.01.12automat icPertainingto a process or equipment that, underspecified conditions, functions without humanintervention.

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01.01.13to automateTo make a process or equipment automatic.

01.01.14automationThe conversion of processes or equipment toautomatic operation, or the results of the conversion.

01.O.I.15to computerizeTo automate by means of computers.

01.01.16computerizationAutomation by means of computers. .

01.01.17computer generationA categoryina historicalclassificationof computersbased mainly on the technology used in theirmanufacture.

Example: First generation based on relays orvacuum tubes, the second on transistors, thethird on integrated circuits.

01.01.18computer scienceThe branch of science and technology that isconcerned with into~mation processing by meansof computers.

01.01.19computer centerdata processing center

. A facility that includes personnel, hardware, andsoftware, organized to provide informationprocessing services.

01.01.20-data processing systemcomputer systemcomputing systemOne or more computers, periphera/oequipment,and software thatperform data processing.

01.01.21information processing systemOne or more ohtapmcessing systems and devhes,such as office and communication equipment,that perform information processing.

01.01.22information systemAn information processing system, toget her withassociated organizational resourses such ashuman, technical, and financial resources, that

provides and distributes information.

01.01.23resource

“i

!L..,computer resourceAny element of a data processing system neededto perform required operations.

Example: Storage devices, input-output units,one or more processing i.mits, data, files, andprograms.

01.01.241.processA predetermined course of events defined byits purpose or by its effect, achieved under givenconditions.

01.01.25 “2. process (in data processing)The predetermined course of events that occurduring the execution of all part of a prtigram.

01.01.26configurationThe manner in which the hardware and softwareof an information processing system are organizedand interconnected.

01.01.27block diagramA diagram of. a system in which the principalparts or functions are represented by blocksconnected by lines that show the relationshipsof the blocks.

NOTE — Block diagrams are not restricted to physical

devices.

01.01.28synchronousPertainingto two or more processes that dependupon the occurrence of specific events such ascommon timing signak.

01.01.29asynchronousPertaining to two or more processes that do notdepend upon the occurrence of specific eventssuch as common timing signak.

01.01.30input (data)Data entered into an information processing systemor any of its parts for storage or processing.

01.01.31input (process)The process of entering data into an information

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IS 14692 (Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

processing system or any of its parts for storage to sets of rules governing data transmission andor processing. the coordination of the exchange.

01.01.32input (adjective)Pertaining to a device, process, or input-outputchanne/ involved in an input process, or to theassociated data or states.

NOTE —The word “input” may be used in place of “inputdata”, “input signal”, or “input process” when such a usage

is clear in a given context.

01.01.33output (data)Data thatan information processing system, orany of its parts, transfers outside of that systemor part.

01.01.34output (process)The process by which an information processingsystem, or any of its parts, transfers data outsideof that system or part.

01.01.35output (adjective)Pertaining to a device, process, or input-outputchanne/ involved in an output process, or to theassociated data or states.

NOTE —The word “output” may be used in place of “outputdata”, “output signal”, or “output process” when such a usage

is clear in a given context,

01.01.36to downloadTo transfer* programs or data from a computerto a connected computer with fewer resources,typicallyfrom a mainframe to a persona/ computer.

01.01.37to uploadTo transfer’ programs or data from a connectedcomputerto a computer with greater resources,typically from a persona/ compferto a mainframe.

01.01.38interfaceA shared boundary between two funcfiona/ units,defined by various characteristics pertaining tothe functions, physical interconnections, signs/exchanges, and other characteristics, asappropriatee.

01.01.39data communicationTransfer of data among functions/units according

01.01.40functional unitAn entity of hardware or software, or both, capableof accomplishing a specified purpose.

01.01.41online (adjective)on-line/G B/(adject ive)Pertaining to the operation of a functions/ unitwhen under the control of a computer.

01.~ .42offline (adjective)off-l ine/GB/(adject ive)Pertaining to the operation of a functions/ unitthat takes place either independently of, or inparallel with, the main operation of a computer.

01.01.43time sharingtime slicing (deprecated in this sense)An operating technique of a data processingsystem that provides for the interleaving in timeof two or more processes in one processor.

01.01.44networkAn arrangement of nodes and interconnectingbranches.

01.01.45computer networkA network of data processing nodes that areinterconnected for the purpose of datacommunication.

01.01.46local area networkLAN (abbreviation)A computer network located on a user’s premiseswithin a limited geographical area.

NOTE — Communication within a local area network isnot subject to external regulations: however, communicationacross the LAN boundary may be subject to some form

of regulation

01.01.47interoperabilityThe capability to communicate. execute *pro.grams,or transfer data among various functions/ unitsin a manner that requires the user to have littleor no knowledge of the unique characteristics ofthose units.

.

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01.01.48turnkey systemA data processing system that is ready to usewhen installed, and supplied to the user in a ready-to-run condition possibly customized to a specificuser or application.

NOTE — Some preparato~ work on the user’s data may

be required.

01.01.49virtualPertaining to a functions/ unit that appears tobe real, but whose functions are accomplishedby other means.

01.01.50virtual machineVM (abbreviation)A virtua/* data processing system that appearsto be at the exclusive disposal of a particularuser, but whose functions are accomplished bysharing the resources of a real data processingsystem.

01.01.5-1data mediumA material in or on which data can be recordedand from which data can be retrieved.

01.01.52diskA data medium consisting of a flat circular platethat is rotated in order to read or write” data onone or both sides.

01.01.53to log onto log inTo initiate a session.

01.01.54to log offto log outTo end a session.

01.02 Information representation01.02.01signalA variationof a physicalquantityusedto representdata,

01.02.02discretePertainingto datathat consistof distinctelements,suchas characters, or to physical quantities havinga finite number of distinctly recognizable values,

as well as to processes and functkma/ units thatuse those data.

01.02.03numericnumericalPertaining to data that consist of nurnera/s aswell as to processes and functions/ units thatuse those data.

01.02.04digitalPertaining to data that consist of digits as wellas to processes and functions/ units thatusethose data.

01.02.05alphanumericPertaining to data that consist of /etters, digits,and usually other characters, such as punctuationmarks, as well as to processes and functions/units that use those data.

01.02.06analogPertaining to continuously variable physicalquantities or to data presented in a continuousform, as well as to processes and functions/ unitsthat use those data.

01.02.07symbolA graphic representation of a concept that hasmean-ing in a specific context.

01.02.08bitbinary digitEitherof the digits Oor 1 when used in the binarynumeration system.

01.02.09byteA stringthat consistsof a number of bits, treatedas a unit, and usually representing a characteror a part of a character.

NOTES

1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given dataprocessing system.

2 The number of bits in a byte is usually 8.

01.02.10octet8-bit byteA byte that consists of eight bits.

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01.02.11characterA member of a set of elements that is used forthe representation,organization,orcontrolof data.

NOTE — Characters may be categorized as follows :

Types Examples[ digit

[ graphic character [ letter

[ [ ideogram

[ [ special charactercharacter [

[ [ transmission control character[ control character [format effecter

[ code extension character

[ device control character

01.02.12digitnumeric characterA character that represents a nonnegative integer.

Example: One of the characters 0,1, .... Fin thehexadecimal numeration system,

01.03 Hardware

01.03.01processing unitcentral processing unitCPU (abbreviation)A furrctiona/ unit that consists of one or moreprocessors and their interns/ storages.

NOTE — In English, the term processor is often used

synonymously with processing unit.

01.03.02mainframeA computer, usually in a computer cente~ withextensive capabilities and resources to whichother computers may be connected so that theycan share facilities.

01.03.03computerA functions/ unit that can perform substantialcomputations, including numerous arithmeticoperations and /ogic operations wit bout humanintervention.

NOTES

1 A computer may consist of a stand-alone unit or severalinterconnected units.

2 In English, in information processing, the term computer

usually refers to a digits/ computer

IS 14692( Partl ): 1999lSO/IEC 2382-1:1993

01.03.04digital computerA computer that is controlled by internally stored*programs and that is capable of using commonstorage for all or part of a program and also forall or part of the data necessary for the executionof the programs; executing user-written or user-designated programs; performing user-designatedmanipulation of digitally represented discrete data,including arithmetic operations and /ogic operations;and executing programs that modify themselvesduring their execution.

NOTE — In English, in information processing, the term

computer is often used to refer to a digital computer,

01.03.05analog computerA computer whose operations are analogous tothe behaviour of another system and that accepts,processes, and produces ana/og data.

01.03.06hybrid computerA computer that integrates ana/og computercomponents and digits/ computer componentsby interconnection of digits/-to-ana/og convertersand ana/og-to-digits/ converters.

NOTE — A hybrid computer may use or produce ana/og

data and discrete data.

01.03.07peripheral equipmentAny device that is controlled by and cancommunicate with a particular computer.

Example: /nput-output units, exlerna/ storage.

01.03.08processorIn a computer, a tunctiona/ unit that interpretsand executes instructions.

NOTE — A processor consists of at least an instruction

control unit and an arithmetic and logic unit.

01.03.09microprocessorA processor whose elements have beenminiaturized into one or a few integrated circuits.

01.03.10integrated circuitIC (abbreviation)microchipchipA small piece of semiconductive material that

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IS 14692( Part 1 ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

contains interconnected electronic elements.

01.03.11terminalA functkma/ unit in a system or communicationrretworkat which data maybe entered or retrieved.

01.03.12user terminalA terrnina/that enables a user to communicatewith a computer.

01.03.13workstationA functiorra/ unit that usually has special purposecomputing capabilities and includes user-orientedinput units and output units.

Example: A programmable termina/, anonprogrammable termina/ or a stand-alonemicrocomputer.

01.03.14programmable termimalintelligent terminalA user termina/that has built-in data processingcapability.

01.03.15nonprogrammable terminaldumb terminalA user termirra/ that has no independent dataprocessing capability.

01.03.16video display terminalVDT (abbreviation)visual display terminalvisual display unitVDU (abbreviation)A user termhd with a disp/ay*screen, and usuallyequipped with an input unit such as a keyboard.

01.03.17calculatorA device that is suitable for performing arithmeticoperations, but that requires human interventionto alter its stored” program, if any, and to initiateeach operation or sequence of operations.

NOTE — A calculator performs some of the functions of

a computeL but usually operates only with frequent human

intervention.

01.03.18computer architectureThe logical structure and functional characteristicsof a computer, including the interrelationships

among its hardware and software components.

01.03.19microcomputerA digital computer whose processing unit consistsof one or more microprocessors, and includesstorage and input-output facilities.

01.03.20personal computerPC (abbreviation)A microcomputer primarily intended for stand-alone use by an individual.

01.03.21portable computerA microcomputer that can be hand-carried foruse in more than one location.

01.03.22laptop computerA battery powered portab/e computer small andlight enough to be operated on a person’s lap.

01.03.23minicomputerA digits/computerthat k functionally intermediatebetween a microcomputer and a mainframe.

01.03.24supercomputerAny of the class of computers that have thehighest processing speeds available at a giventime for solving scientific and engineeringproblems.

01.03.25MIPS (abbreviation)millions of instructions per secondA unit of measure of processing performanceequal to one million instructions per second.

01.03.26MFLOPS (abbreviation)megaflopsA unit of measure of processing performanceequal to one million floating-point operations persecond.

NOTE —This unit of measure is used in scientific computer

applications.

01.03.27connectivityThe capability of a system or device to be attachedto other systems or devices without modification.

01.04 Software

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01.04.01application softwareapplication programSoftware or a program that is specific to the solutionof an application problem.

Example: A spreadsheet program.

01.04.02system softwareApplication-independent software that supportsthe running of application software.

Example: An operating system.

01.04.03support softwaresupport programSoftware or a program that aids in the development,maintenance, or use of other software or providesgeneral application-independent capability.

Example: A compi/er, a database managementsystem.

01.04.04system documentationThe collection of documents that describe therequirements, capabilities, limitations, design,operation, and maintenance of an informationprocessing system.

01.04.05software packageA complete and documented set of programssupplied to several users for a generic applicationor function.

NOTE — Some software packages are alterable for a specific

application.

01.04.06portability (of a program)The capability of a program to be executed onvarious types of data processing systems withoutconverting the program to a different languageand with little or no modification.

01.04.07software engineeringThe systematic application of scientific andtechnological knowledge, methods, and experienceto the design, implementation, testing, anddocumentation of software to optimize itsproduction, support, and quality.

01.04.08operating system

lS14692(Pattl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

OS (abbreviation)Software that controls the execution of programsand that may provide services such as resourcea//ocation, scheduling, input-output cent rol, anddata management.

NOTE — Although operating systems are predominantly

software, partial hardware implementations are possible.

01.05 Programming

01.05.01programcomputer programA syntactic unit that conforms to the rules of aparticular programming Lmguage and that iscomposed of declarations and statements orinstructions needed to solve a certain function,task, or problem.

01.05.02to programto code (deprecated in this sense)To design, write, modify, and test programs.

01.05.03programmingThe designing, writing, modifying, and testingof programs.

01.05.04routineprogram (deprecated in this sense)A program, or part of a program, that may havesome general or frequent use.

01.05.05algorithmA finite ordered set of well-defined rules for thesolution of a problem.

01.05.06flowchartflow diagramA graphical representation of a processor thestep-by-step solution of a problem, using suitablyannotated gwmetric figures connected by flowlinesfor the purpose of designing or documenting aprocess or program.

01.05.07to debugTodetect, locateand eliminateerrors in programs.

01.05.08natural languageA language whose rules are based on currentusage without being specifically prescribed.

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01.05.09artificial languageA language whose rulesare explicitlyestablishedprior to its use.

01.05.10programming languageAn artif~cia/ /anguage for expressing programs.

01.06 Applications and end user

01.06.01simulationThe use of a data processing system to representselected behavioral characteristics of a physicalor abstract system.

Example: The representation of air streams aroundairfoils at various velocities, temperatures, andair pressures.

01.06.02emulationThe use of a data processing system to imitateanother data processing system, so that theimitating system accepts the same data, executesthe same programs, and achieves the same resultsas the imitated system.

NOTE — Emulation is usually achieved by means of

hardware or firmware.

01.06.03information retrievalIR (abbreviation)Actions, methods and procedures for obtaininginformation on a given subject from stored* data.

01.06.04hard copyA permanent copy of a disp/ay image generatedon an output unit such as a printer or a plotter,and which can be carried away.

01.06.05soft copyNonpermanent output of information in audio orvisual format.

Example: A cathode ray tube display.

01.06.06menuA list of options disp/ayed by a data processingsystem, from which the user can select an actionto be initiated.

01.06.07prompt

A visual or audible message sent by a programto request the user’s response.

01.06.08computer graphicsMethods and techniques for construction,manipulation, storage, and disp/ay of images bymeans of a computer.

01.06.09office automationOA (abbreviation)The integration of office activities by means ofan information processing system.

NOTE — This term includes in particular the processing

and communication of text, images, and voice.

01.06.10text processingword processingData processing operations on text, such asentering, editing, sorting, merging, retrieving,storing, displaying, or printing.

01.06.11compatibilityThe capability of a functions/ unit to meet therequirements of a, specified interface withoutappreciable modification.

01.06.12artificial intelligenceAl (abbreviation)The branch of computer science devoted todeveloping data processing systems that performfunctions normally associated with humanintelligence, such as reasoning, learning, andself-improvement.

01.06.13roboticsThe techniques involved in designing, buildingand using robots.

01.06.14computer-aidedcomputer-assistedCA (abbreviation)Pertaining to a technique or process in whichpart of the work is done by a computer.

01.06.15electronic publishingcomputer-aided publishingcomputer-assisted publishingThe production of typeset-quality documentsincluding text, graphics, and pictures with the

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lS14692(Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

assistance of a computer. 01.06.22user-friendly

NOTE — In some instances, electronic publishing is Pertaining to ease and convenience of use byaccomplished through the use of application programs and humans.in other instances it is achieved through the use of a

dedicated system.

01.06.16desktop publishingElectronic publishing using a microcomputer,

01.06.17electronic mailE mailCorrespondence in the form of messagestransmitted between user termina/s over acomputer net work.

01.06.18knowledge baseK-base (abbreviation)A database that contains inference rules andinformation about human experience and expertisein a domain.

NOTE — In self-improving systems, the knowledge baseadditionally contains information resulting from the solution

of perviously encountered problems.

01.06.19expert systemES (abbreviation)A computer system that provides for expertlysolving problems in a given field or applicationarea by drawing inferences from a know/edgebase developed from human expertise.

01.07 Computer security

01.07.01data protectionThe implementation of appropriate administrative,technical or physical means to guard againstunauthorized intentional or accidental disclosure,modification, or destruction of data.

01.07.02computer crimeA crime committed through the use, modification,or destruction of hardware, software, or data.

01.07.031. hackerA technically sophisticated computer enthusiast.

01.07.042. hackerA technically sophisticated computer enthusiastwho uses his or her knowledge and means togain unauthorized access to prot ected resources.

01.07.05software piracyIllegal use or copying of software products.

01.08 Data Management

NOTES 01.08.01

1 The term is sometimes used synonymously with, though information managementit is usually taken to emphasize expert knowledge. In an information processing system, the functions

2 Some expert systems are able to improve their /mow/edgeof controlling the acquisition, analysis, retention,

base and develop new inference rules based on theirretrieval, and distribution of information.

experience with previous problems.

01.06.20image processingpicture processingThe use of a data processing system to create,scan, analyze, enhance, interpret, or disp/ayimages.

01.06.21spreadsheet programA program that disp/ays a table of cells arrangedin rows and columns, in which the change of thecontents of one cell can cause recomputationof one or more cells based on userdefined relationsamong the cells.

01.08.02data managementIn a data processing system, the functions t hatprovide access to data, performs or monitorsthe storage of data, and controls input-outputoperations.

01.08.03access methodA technique to obtain the use of data, the useof storage in order to read or write data, or theuse of an input-output channe/to transfer data.

Example Random access method, indexed accessmethod, sequential access method.

11

lS14692(Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

01.08.04data bankA set of data related to a given subject andorganized in such a way that it can be consultedby subscribers.

01.08.05databaseA collection of data organized according to a

conceptual structure describing the characteristicsof these data and the relationships among theircorresponding entities, supporting one or moreapplication areas.

01.08.06filea named set of records* stored or processed asa unit.

.. ...“

.

12

#’ ,

—-

i

BEFORE PROCESSING

OBJECTS

as

FACTS,

EVENTS,

ID SY

I

QKnowledge

concerning

objects...

IS 14692( Part 1 ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993 ‘

PROCESSINGI

AFTER PROCESSING

IOBJECTS

asFACTS,

EVENTS,

IDEASw?Subject of

information

~,

I1

I INFORMATION 101.01.01

1 I

!~

I

,. !

II

DATA I I DATA01.01,02 I ! 01.01.02

1

Figure 1- Interrelationships

I

between information and data

13

IS 14692 ( PartlSO/lEC 2382-1

1 ) :1999:1993

English alphabetical index computer program ..,., ........01......... Ol.O5.Olcomputer graphics..., ..........06........ Ol.O6.O8computer-aided, ........................... Ol. O6.l4computer-assisted,.,,., .................. 01,06.14computer-aided publishing ...........01 .06.15computer-assisted publishing ....... 01.06.15computer crime ............................ Ol.07. O2computerization ............................ 01.01.16to computerize ...................... .,..,.,01 ,01,15computing system ........................ Ol.Ol.2Oconfiguration ................................. Ol.Ol .26connectivity .................................. 01.03.27hard copy ..................................... Ol.O6.O4soficoPy ....................................... Ol.O6.O5CPU(abbreviation) .,., ............01.03.01l.O3.Olcomputer crime .,,., ....................... Ol.O7.O2

A

access toaccess .....................................Ol. Ol. O4access method ..............................Ol.O8.O3ADP (abbreviation) ........................Ol.Ol.O6Al (abbreviation) ............................Ol.O6.l2computer-aided ............................Ol. O6.l4computer-aided publishing ,.,.........01.06.15algorith m... ..01.05 .05alphanumeric. ............................01 .02.05analog ......... .....................01 .02.06analog computer ...........................Ol. 03. O5application software, ....................Ol. O4.Olapplication program ....................01.04 .01computer architecture ...................01 .03.18local area network .........................Ol.Ol .46artificial language .........................Ol. O5.O9artificial intelligence ........... ...........01.06 .12computer-assisted., .......................Ol. O6.l4computer-assisted publishing ........Ol .06.15asynchronous ..........................01.01 .29to automate ..... . ......................01.01 .13automatic data processing ............01 .01.06automatic ......................................Ol.Ol.l2automation ...................................Ol. Ol.l4offlceautomation ., ........................01.06. O9

computerizationcomputerizeADP

Alaided

computingconfigurationconnectivitycopyalgorithm

alphanumericanalog CPU

crime

architectureareaartificial

D

data data .............................................. Ol.Ol.O2data pro~ssing ............................ Ol.Ol.O6automatic data processing.,...,,,,.,, 01.01.06data processing center ..............01.01.19.l9data processing system .......... ,.,..01.01.20input (data) ................................... Ol.Ol.3Ooutput (data),,,..,..,.O1 ..................... Ol.Ol .33data communication ..................... Ol.Ol .39data medium ................................ Ol.Ol.5ldata management ........................ Ol.O8.O2data bank ..................................... Ol.O8.O4database ...................................... Ol.O8.O5todebug ....................................... Ol.O5.O7desktop publishing ........................ Ol.O6.l6storage (device) ..,.,..,., ................. Ol.Ol.l Oblock diagram ............................... Ol.Ol .27flow diagram ................................. Ol.O5.O6bina~digit .................................... Ol.O2.O8digit ..............................................ol.o2.l2digitaL ........................................... Ol.O2.O4digital computer...,,.,,.,.,,., ............. Ol.O3.O4discrete ........................................ Ol.O2.O2disk 01.01.52video display terminal,, ................. Ol.O3.l6visual display terminal .................. Ol.O3.l6visual display unit., ....................... Ol. O3.l6system documentation ................. 01.04.04todownload .................................. Ol.Ol .36DP(abbreviation) ......................... Ol.Ol.O6dumb terminal .............................. Ol.O3.l5

assisted

asynchronousautomateautomatic

automation

databaseB debugdesktopdevicebank

basedata bank ......................................Ol.O8.O4knowledge base ...........01....18.........Ol.O6.l8K-base (abbreviation) ....................Ol.O6.l}bina~diglt ....................................Ol.O2.O8bit 01.02.088-bit byte .....................................-041)2.10block diagram .,...,,,,, .....................01.01 .27byte ........ ......................................01.02 .098-bit byte .......................................01.02.1 O

diagram

binarybit

digit

digitalblockbyte discrete

diskdisplay

cdocumentationdownloadDPdumb

CAcalculatorcenter

CA (abbreviation) .,.., .....................01.06. t~calculator,., ............. ..,.,.,...,., ........01.03 17computer center ............................Ol 0~ 19data processing center ..................01.04 19central processing unit .................01.03 01character .......................................Ol.22.l 1numeric character ..,, ......02.............Ol.O2 12chip. ..Oi 03.10integrated circuit 01 03.10to code (deprecated inthis sense) ............ .....................01 05.02data communication. ..,.01 ,01.39compatibility .........01.06 .11computer generation .....................Ol.Ol.l7computer science ....... ., ................01.01 .18computer center ..........................Ol.Ol.l Frcomputer system ...................01.01 .20computer resource .......... .01 01 23computer network ,..........,01.01.45computer .,. ., 01.0303digital computer ....... . . .... .. ........01.03 .04analog computer . 01 03.05hybrid computer .,.,..,., 01,03.06computer architecture ..,..,01 0318personal computer ..........0103.20portable computer ,, 010321Iaptop computer ,,..,. ... 01 0322

centralcharacter E

chipcircuitcode

Eelectronic

Email ........................................... Ol.O6.l7electronic publishing ..................... Ol.O6.l5electronic mail .............................. 01.06.17emulation .....................................01.06 .02software engineering .................... Ol.O4.O7peripheral equipment ....................01 .03.07ES(abbreviation) .......................... Ol.O6.l9expedsystem ............................... Ol.O6.l9

emulationengineeringequipmentESexpert

communicationcompatibilitycomputer

F

filefirmwareflowflowchartfriendlyfunctional

file 01.08.06firmware . .... . . ... .01.01.09flow diagram ..... ....01 05.06flowchart ... . . ......01.05 .06user-friendly .. 01.06.22functional unit . 010140

14

._!l-

IS 14692 (Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

G megaflopsmemorymenumethodMFLOPSmicrochipmicrocomputermicroprocessormillion

megaflops ....................................01.03 .26memo~ ........................................ Ol.Ol.llmenu ............................................ 01.06.06access method ............................. Ol.O8.O3MFLOPS (abbreviation) ................ 01.03.26microchip ...................................... 01.03.10microcomputer ............................. 01,03.19microproUssor ............................. Ol.O3.O9millions of instructionspersecond ................................... Ol.O3.25minicomputer ................................ Ol.O3.23MIPS (abbreviation) ........03............ Ol.O3.25

generation computer generation .....................Ol.Ol.l7graphics computer graphics ........................01.06 .08

H

hacker 1. hacker .......................................Ol.O7.O32. hacker, ......................................Ol.O7.W

hard hard mpy ......................................Ol.O6.O4hardware hardware .......................................Ol.Ol.O7hybrid hybrid computer ............................Ol.O3.O6

minicomputerMIPS

N

I naturalnetwork

natural language ...........................network ........................................computer network .........................Iocal area network ................. .......nonprogrammable terminalnumeric ........................................numeric character .........................numerical

01.05.0801.01.4401.01.4501.01.4601.03.1501.02.0301:02.1201.02.03

Icimageininformation

lC(abbreviation) ...........................Ol.O3.lOimage processing ..........................Ol.O6.2Oto log in .........................................Ol.Ol .53inforrnat ion(in information processing) ............Ol ,01.01information processing ..................Ol .01.05information processing system ......Ol ,01,21information system ........01.22...........Ol. Ol.22information retrieval ......................01 .06.03information management ..............01 .08.01input (data),.,.,..,.,..,..,.,..,....,.,.,.,....Ol.Ol,3Oinput (process) ..............................Ol.Ol.3linput (adjective) ., ..........................01 .01.32millions of instructions persecond ..........................................Ol.O3.25integrated circuit ...........................01.03 .10artificial intelligence .......01.06.12........Ol.O6.l2intelligent terminal .........................Ol. O3.l4intefiace ........................................Ol. Ol.38interoperability ..,...,..,.,, .................01.01 .47lR(abbreviation) ...........................Ol.O6.O3

non programmablenumeric

oinput OA

octetoff

OA(abbreviation) .........................octet .............................................off-line /GB/ (adjective) .................to log off...,., .................................office automation,..,...,., ................offline (adjective) ..........................on-line /GB/ (adjective) .........to log on .......................................online (adjective)..................,...,,,operating system ..........................OS (abbreviation) .........................to log out .....................................output (data) .................................output (process),.,.,., ....................output (adjective) ..........................

01.06.0901.02.1001.01.4201.01.5401.06.0901.01.4201.01.4101.01.5301.01.4101.04.0801.04.0801.01.5401.01.3301.01.3401.0135

instruction

officeofflineonintelligence

intelligentinterfaceinteroperabilityIR

onlineoperating0soutoutput

K

Kknowledge

K-base (abbreviation) ........06..........Ol.O6.l8knowledge base ............18..............Ol.O6.l8

P

L packagePcper

software package .............01.......... Ol.O4.O5PC(abbreviation) ......................... Ol.O3.2Omillions of instructionspersecond ................................... Ol.O3.25peripheral equipment .................... 01.03.07personal computer ........................ Ol.O3.2Opicture processing ................'........ Ol.O6.2Osotiare piracy ............................. Ol.O7.O5portability (of a program) ..............01 .04.06portable computer .,,, ............21...... Ol.O3.2ll.process .................................... Ol.Ol .242. process (in data processing) ....01 .01.25input (process),.,.,.,.,.,.,., .............. Ol.Ol.3loutput (process) ........................... Ol.Ol .34information processing .................01 .01.05data pro=ssing ............................ Ol.Ol.O6automatic data processing ............ 01.01.06data processing center .,.,,,.,., .......19. Ol.l9data processing system ................ Ol.Ol.2Oinformation processing system ..,,, 01.01.21processing unit.,.,.,.,,,,,,,, ....... ..,..,01 .03.01central processing unit, ................. 01.03.01text processing ............................. 01.06.1 Oword processing ................... .... ... 01.06.10image processing ....................... .01.06 .20picture processing,., .... ., .............01.06 .20

LANlanguage

LAN (abbreviation) ., ......................Ol.Ol .46natural language ...........................Ol.05. O8artificial language ..........................Ol.O5.O9programming language .................Ol.O5.lOlaptop computer ............................Ol.O3.22on-line /GB/ (adjective) .................01 .01.41off-line /GB/ (adjective) ... ..............01 .01.42local area network .........................Ol.Ol .46tologon ........................................Ol.Ol .53tologin .........................................Ol.Ol .53tologoff ........................................ol.ol .54tologout .......................................ol.ol .54

15

peripheralpersonalpicturepiracyportabilityportableprocess

laptopline

locallog

machine virtual machine ..............................Ol. Ol.5Omail electronic mail.,.,,., ........................Ol.O6.l7

E mail. ...........................................Ol.O6.l7mainframe mainframe .....................................Ol. O3.O2management information management ,..,..,.......01.08,01

data management,, .......................Ol.O8.O2medium data medium .................................Ol.Ol.5l

lS14692(Partl ) :1999lSO/lEC 2382-1:1993

processorprogram

programmableprogramming

promptprotectionpublishing

retrievalroboticsroutine

sciencesecond

sharingsignal

softsoftware

spreadsheetstoragesupercomputersupport

symbolsynchronoussystem

terminal

processor ......................................Ol.O3.O8application program ......................01.04 .01suppoti program ............................Ol.O4.O3portability (of a program) ...............01 .04.06program ........................................Ol.O5.Olcomputer program .........................Ol.O5.Ol.toprogram .......... ..........................Ol.O5.O2program (deprecated in this sense)Ol .05.04spreadsheet program ....................Ol.O6.2lprogrammable terminal .................01 .03.14programming .................................Ol.O5.O3programming language .................01 .05.10prompt ..........................................Ol.O6.O7data protection ..............................Ol.O7.Olelectronic publishing .....................01 .06.15computer-aided publishing ............01 .06.15computer-assisted publishing ........01 .06.15desktop publishing ........................01 .06.16

R

resource ........................................Ol.Ol .23computer resource ........................Ol.Ol .23information retrieval ......................01.06 .03"robotics .........................................Ol.O6.l3routine ...........................................Ol.O5.O4

s’

computer science ..........................Ol.Ol.l8millions of instructionspersecond ....................................Ol.O3.25time shaflng ..................................Ol.Ol .43signal ............................................Ol.O2.Olsimulation .....................................01.06 .01time slicing (deprecatedinthissense) .................................Ol.Ol .43soRcopy .......................................Ol.O6.O5sotiare ........................................Ol.Ol.O8application software ., ....................Ol.O4.Olsystem software ............................Ol.O4.O2suppodsoftwaie ...........................Ol.O4.O3software package ..........................Ol.O4.O5software engineering .....................Ol.O4.O7sofiware piracy ..............................Ol.O7.O5spreadsheet program ....................Ol.O6.2lstorage (device) ............................Ol.Ol.l Osupercomputer ..............................Ol.O3.24support software ...........................Ol.O4.O3support program ...........03...............Ol.O4.O3symbol ..........................................Ol.O2.O7synchronous .................................01.01 .28data processing system ................01 .01.20.computer system ..........................01.01 .20computing system .........................Ol.Ol.2Oinformation processing system ......Ol .01.21information system ........................Ol.Ol .22turnkey system ..............................Ol.Ol .48system software ............................Ol.O4.O2system documentation ..................01 ,04.04operating system ..........................01.04 .08expetisystem ...............................Ol.O6.l9

T

terminal .........................................Ol.O3.lluserterminal .................................Ol.O3.l2programmable terminal .................01 .03.14intelligent terminal .........................Ol. O3.l4nonprogrammable terminal ...........01 .03.15

text

time

unit

uploaduser

VDTVDUvideovirtual

visual

VMwordworkstation

dumb terminal .............................. 01.03.15video display terminal ................... Ol.O3.l6visual display terminal .................. 01.03.16text ............................................... Ol.Ol.O3textpromssing ............................. 01.06.1 Otime shaflng .................................. Ol.Ol .43time slicing (deprecatedinthissense) ................................ Ol.Ol .43turnkey system ............................. Ol.Ol .48

ufundional unit ............................... Ol.Ol.4Oproussing unit..,.., ....................... Ol.O3.Olcentral processing unit .................01 .03.01visual display unit ......................... Ol.O3.l6toupload ...................................... Ol.Ol .37userterminal ................................ Ol.O3.l2user-friendly ................................. Ol.O6.22

v

VDT(abbreviation) ....................... Ol.O3.l6VDU(abbreviation) ....................... Ol.O3.l6video display terminal, .................. Ol.O3.l6vitiual ........................................... Ol.Ol .49viflual machine ............................. Ol.Ol.5Ovisual display terminal .................. Ol.O3.l6visual display unit..,., .................... Ol.O3.l6VM(abbreviation) ......................... Ol.Ol.5Oword processing ........................... 01.06.1 Owo*station ................................... Ol.O3.l3

16

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau o~lndian Standard,rAcf, 1986 to promote harmoniousdevelopment of the activities of standardization, maf~ing and quality certification of goods and attending toconnected matters in the country.

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