is 5785-2 (1970): methods for performance tests for

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IS 5785-2 (1970): Methods for performance tests for surfaceactive agents, Part 2: Relative emulsifying power [CHD 25:Soaps and other Surface Active Agents]

IS:5785(PartIl)-1970

Indian Standard METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE TESTS

FOR SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS

PART II RELATIVE EMULSIFYING POWER

( Third Reprint MAY 1990 )

UDC 661.185.001.42 :541.18.051.3

@ Copyright 197 1

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC

NEW DELHI 110002

Cr2 March 1971

IS : 5785 ( Part II ) - 1970

Indim Standard METHODS FOR PERFORMANZE TESTS



Soaps and Other Surface Active Agents Sectional Committee, CDC 35

Chairman RePresenting

DR B. P. GODREJ Godrej Soaps Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Members

SHRI V. M. PAI (Alternate to Dr B. P. Godrej )

SHRI V. J. BAKRE Central Board of Revenues, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi

SHRI N. K. CHO~~HURI (Alternate) SHRI N. BHOWMIK Directorate General of Technical Development, New

Delhi SHRI P. K. CHAKRAVARTY Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals, New

Delhi SHRI G. S. SAVKAR ( Alternate )

SHRI M. L. DHIR Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) SHRI P. N. AGARWAL ( Alternute )

SHRI S. C. Gaom Indian Soap and Toiletries Makers’ Association, Calcutta

DR B. P. GODREJ Indian Chemical Manufacturers’ Association, Bombay DR G. S. HATTIAN~DI Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay DR j. G. KANE In personal capacity ( Department o Chemical Techno-

logy, University of Bombay, Born d Swastik Oil Mills Bombay

ay ) DR C. B. KIXANPARA SHRX K. S. &ISHNAN Oil Technologists Association of India, Kanpur SHRI S. M. ML~TRY Ahura Chemical Products Pvt Ltd, Bombay

SHRI M. S. MHIU~KAR ( Alternate ) DR N. L. MURTHY Tata Oil Mills Co Ltd, Bombay

SHRI T. S. RAMA~WAMY ( Alternate ) DR M. V. N~MKAR Indian Cotton Mills Federation, Calcutta SHRI~S. C. PANDE Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries,

New Delhi SHRI N. C. SSN GIJPTA National Test House, Calcutta SHRI P. V. SHRIKANTA RAO Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Bombay

SHRI P. V. GUJARATHI ( Alternate )

( Continued on page 2 )

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

IS:5785(PartlI)-1970

( Continuedfrom @gt 1 )

Members Representing

SHRI B. K. THUNCAPPA Government Soap Factory, Bangalore SHRI M. N. SUBBA RAO ( Allcrauts )

SHRI I); DAS GUPTA, Director General, ISI ( Ex-o&ho ~Membtr ) Director ( Chem )

Secretaries DR G. M. SAXENA

Deputy Director ( Chem ), IS1 &RI S. SWRAHMANYAN

Deputy Director ( Chem ), IS1

Surface Active Agents Subcommittee, CDC 35 : 3

Convener DR N. R. BHOW Swastik Oil Mills, Bo&y

A~*.!,,.““~-

SHRI M. A. BHATT Kusum Products Ltd, Calcutta SHRI B. APPU RAO ( Alternate )

Strru N. BHOWMIK Dire;ct;;ezieneral of Technical Develc

Sr.rm M. D. DHAMANKAR Hico Products Pvt Ltd, Bombay SHRI J. R. PATEL ( Altemati )

DR G. S. HATTIANGDI Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay DR J. G. KANE In personal capacity ( Department of Chemical

logy, University of Bombay, Bombay ) Smu S.M. MISTRY Ahura Chemical Products Pvt Ltd, Bombay

SHRI M. S. MHAISKAR ( Altemak ) DR N. L. MURTHY Tata Oil Mills Co Ltd, Bombay

SHRI T. S. RAMASWAMY ( Alternate ) DR K. I. NARSIMHAN Office of the Textile Commissioner, Bombay

SHRI K. S. BHUJANCJ ( Al&m& ) :X&M+ VMNpy Millowners’ Association, Bombay

. . Godrej Soap Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Panel for Performance Tests, CDC 35 : 3 : 3

Members DR N. R. BHOW Swaatik Oil Mills, Bombay

SHRI I. A. MEHTA ( Ahmats) DR N. F. DE~AI Sandoz ( India) Ltd, Bombay DR N. L. MURTHY Tata Oil Mills Co Ltd, Bombay

SHRI F. E. DARWVALLA ( Ahmule) DR K. I. NARSIMHAN

Sum K. S. BH~JAIW ( Altemak ) Office of the Textile Commissioner, Bombay

DR S. M.~PATJZL DR G. SRIMVASM ( Altanotr )

Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay

f&n-K. S. SRXNWASAN Sssu~Y. H. DEEA ~( Altmak )

I. C, I. (India) Private Ltd, Cahtta

>pment,

T&w-

2

IS : 5785 ( Part II ) - 1970

Indian Standard METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE TESTS



0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 27 August 1970, after the draft finalized by the Soaps and Other Surface Active Agents Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical ‘Division Council.

0.2 For a practical and realistic evaluation of quality of the class of products known as surface active agents, performance tests constitute the ideal yardstick. Physico-chemical analysis alone is not inadequate. However, in actual practice uniform procedures have not been evolved so far for carry- ing out these tests and the results obtained are therefore not reproducible. The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this standard felt that publication of the test methods in the form of an Indian Standard would promote adoption of uniform procedures within the country. The test methods, which are based on available data and current practices, are expected to be revised from time to time to improve their precision and accuracy.

0.2.1 In view of the poor reproducibility of these methods, these are presently published as a starting point for collection of experience and data. It is expected after that these have been adequately improved upon, they will form the basis of corresponding requirements in the material specifica- tions for surface active agents.

0.3 The tests for dispersing power and foaming power of surface active agents are covered in Part I and Part III respectively of this standard. Other tests will -be covered in subsequent -parts of the standard.

0.4 In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

l Rda for rounding off numerical values ( ruvhd ) .

3

IS : 5785 ( Part II ) - 1970

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard ( Part II ) prescribes the method of test for evaluating the relative emulsifying power of surface active agents used in the textile industry.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply.

2.1 Surface Active Agents - Organic compounds or products used for such purposes as washing, scouring, wetting, penetrating, emulsifying, dispersing, etc. These auxiliary products are capable of modifying the surface or the boundary between two phases which may be entirely different in physical state; for example, between the textile fibre or water insoluble powder and aqueous solution, or between two non-miscible liquids, such as water and oil.

3. OUTLINE OF METHOD

3.1 The surface tension of a solution of a surface active agent and of oil and the interfacial tension between the oil and the solution are measured with interfacial tensiometer. The spreading co-efficient of the system of oil and solution is calculated. The different values for spreading co-efficient of systems of oil and different solutions are compared to determine the relative efficiency of different surface active agents.

4. REAGENTS

4.0 Quality of Reagents - Unless ,specified otherwise, pure chemicals and distilled water ( see IS : IWO-1960* ) shall be used in tests.

NOTE - ‘ Pure chemicals ’ shall mean chemicals that do not contain impurities which affect the results of analysis.

4.1 Liquid Paraffin

5. APPARATUS

5.1 Interfacial Tensiometer - An instrument ( Du Nouy Interfacial Tensiometer ) which measures the surface tension of oil and of a solution containing the surface active agent, and the interfacial tension between the oil and the solution of surface active agent, shall be used for this test.

5.1.1 The instrument consists essentially of a ring carried on one vertical limb of an articulated parallelogram one corner of which is clamped to the torsion wire. The other three corners have delicate, pure jewel bearings.

*Specification for w&er, dirt&d qUi&y (rUui66d).

4

fSt578!5(PartII)-1970

The horizontal arms are‘independently adjustable in lengths by means of finely threaded screws, the adjusting heads of which are marked such that the measurement may be made accurately on both. This adjustment permits the scale of the instrument to be standardized by means of a liquid whose surface tension at a particular temperature is known. The scale thereby becomes direct reading in dynes per cm for subsequent measure- ments. The vernier scale permits the reading of 0.01 dyne and, therefore, estimation of force to O-05 dyne is possible.

5.1.2 The ring is made of platinum-iridium wire of welded construction so that it may be cleaned by flaming. The scale of the instrument is graduated with the ring of known circumference and the same type of ring shall have to be used for the particular dial. A specialclamping device is attached to the frame of the instrument by means of which the parallelogram is firmly clamped when the ring is to be attached or removed from the vertical limb.

5.1.3 The torsion wire is a fine steel piano wire secured at both ends in torsion heads, each of which is driven by a wormgear arrangement which permits very ~precise adjustment. One warm of the parallelogram is clamped near the middle of the torsion wire. The forward torsion head extends through the scale and carries the vernier. The graduated dial reads in both the directions and ~a double vernier is provided. This enables one to read whether the measured face is due to interfacial tension downward or upward.

5.2 Glass Dish - of suitable size for holding liquid and large enough so that curvature of the glass surface has no effect upon the shape of the liquid column raised.

6. PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTION

6.1 Dissolve separately 10 g of different~surface active agents under test in sufficient amounts of water and make up the volume of each to one litre.

7. PROCEDURE

7.1 Level the instrument properly and tighten the torsion wire. Adjust the zero of the scale and vernier. Adjust the ring until the index level of arm is opposite to the reference line of the mirror.

7.2 Take sufficient amount of water in the dish and measure the surface tension of water on the instrument and note the reading; If the recorded reading is greater than the calculated value of surface tension of water at that temperature, shorten the torsion arm (or lengthen, if the recorded value is less ). Repeat the procedure of readjusting to the zero position after each change of torsion arm length until the dial reading corresponds to the surface tension of water.

IS:5785(PartII)-1970

7.3 Take sufficient amount of liquid paraffin in the glass dish. Immerse the- ring in it and note the reading on the scale when the ring is detached from the oil. Repeat the procedure three times more, every time taking liquid paraffin afresh.

7.3.1 Calculate the average of all the four values obtained in 7.3.

7.4 T&e a calculated amount of one of the solutions ( see 6.1) and dilute it with distilled water such that the final concentration of surface active agent is 0.1 percent. Take sufficient amount of 0.1 percent solution of surface active agent in the glass dish. Immerse the ring in the liquid and note down the reading on the scale when the ring is detached from the liquid surface. Repeat the procedure three times, using every time fresh solution of the same surface active agent.

7.4.1 Calculate the average of all values obtained in 7.4.

7.5 Take in the dish sufficient amount of 0.1 percent solution of surface active agent. Immerse the ring in the aqueous layer, then carefully flow a sufficient amount of liquid paraffin over the aqueous surface such that the inverted V-shaped wire of the ring remains immersed in the oil. Deter- mine the interfacial ~tension between the oil and the aqueous solution of the surface active agent.

NOTE -Because of the preferential wetting of the ring in the oil. it shall he cleaned between eadh determination by immersing in carbon tetrachloride and dilute hydro- chloric acid solution followed by flaming.

7.6 Repeat the test given in 7.4 to 7.5 for 0.2, 0.5 and 1 percent solutions of the same surface active agent.

8. CALGULATION AND REPORTING

8.1 Calculate the spreading coefficient of the system by the formula given below:

S=A-((B+C)

where

S = spreading coefficient of the system of oil and solution;

A = surface tension, in dynes per cm, of the oil;

B = surface tension, in dynes per cm, of the solution.; and

C = interfacial tension, in dynes, between the oil and the solution.

6

8.3 Calculate the spreading coefficient of the different systems by the formula given in 8.1 for the different concentrations of surface active agent ( see 7.6 ).

8.3 Repeat the test as given in 7.3 to 7.6 using the remai.Gng solutions of surface active agents ( see 6.1) and calculate and report the spreading coefficient of the systems as given in 8.1.

8.4 If required, compare the results to determine the relative efficiency of different surface active agents bearing in mind that for the same concentration, the higher the spreading coefficient, the more efficient is the corresponding surface active agent.

8.5 The relative efficiency of different surface active agents may also be compared bearing in mind that, for the same spreading coefficient, the lesser the amount of surface active agent used, the more efficient is the corresponding surface active agent.

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