is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in russia? · the nature of cohabitation in russia photo...

19
Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? Alyona Artamonova Bachelor student of the Higher School of Economics (HSE), Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Sociology, member of the Research and educational group for Fertility, Family formation and dissolution of HSE Ekaterina Mitrofanova Master of Sociology, postgraduate student, Junior Research Fellow of the Higher School of Economics (HSE), Research Fellow of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, member of the Research and educational group for Fertility, Family formation and dissolution of HSE Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014 www.hse.ru

Upload: others

Post on 27-Jul-2020

7 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia?

Alyona ArtamonovaBachelor student of the Higher School of Economics (HSE), Faculty ofSocial Sciences, School of Sociology, member of the Research andeducational group for Fertility, Family formation and dissolution ofHSE

Ekaterina MitrofanovaMaster of Sociology, postgraduate student, Junior Research Fellow ofthe Higher School of Economics (HSE), Research Fellow of the RussianPresidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration,member of the Research and educational group for Fertility, Familyformation and dissolution of HSE

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

www.hse.ru

Page 2: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The structure of presentation

photo

photo

photo

Theoretical pre-conditions

The research goal

Data description

Data cleaning

Data restrictions

Main results

References

Page 3: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Theoretical pre-conditions

photo

photo

photo

Non-marital unions is a substitute for the institution of legal marriage (Gerber 2009)

Before becoming a substitute, a cohabitation had to go a long evolutional way away

from a ‘deviant’ relationship to a legal ‘alternative’ to marriage, or a selection process

to filter weak unions (Mills 2004)

Russia, much in contrast to Western European countries, was characterized by an

early and universal marriage (Avdeev and Monnier, 2000; Puur et al., n.d.; Scherbov

and van Vianen, 2004; Zakharov, 2008). The age at the first marriage started to

decrease (Philipov and Jasilioniene, 2008) and decreased between 1960 and 1993

The average ages of marriage have been rising since then because of the broad and

long-term changes in norms and values that many other countries faced between the

mid-1960s and the end of the 1980s (the late Second Demographic Transition coming

to Russia (Zakharov, 2008))

Cohabitation as a symbol of a new freedom of thinking and behaving comes to

represent a legitimate alternative to marriage rather than just a trial marriage or the

first step to marital union (Gerber, 2009).

Page 4: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The research goal

photo

photo

photo

The Hypothesis

Cohabitation is not an independent social institution in Russia but the perception of

cohabitations is changing from Soviet generations to modern ones

• The average ages of entry to the first matrimonial unions change from generation to

generation: the age of the first cohabitation decreases while the age of the first marriage

increases

• The probability to start the first cohabitation is higher and the risk to have a marriage is

lower for modern generations than for Soviet ones

• Cohabitation turns into the first marriage more often than finishes as an independent

institution

• The proportion of people for whom the first cohabitation does not turn into a marriage

increases for the representatives of the generations born after the 1960s

The major goal of this research is to find out whether the cohabitation is an independent social institution or just the first

step on the path to marriage

Page 5: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Data description

photo

photo

photo

The questionnaire distinguishes two types of unions: marriages and

cohabitations. Marriages are legally registered unions and cohabitations

are not registered ones

The panel data of the Russian part of Generations and Gender

Survey (GGS-panel: 2004, 2007, and 2011)

5451 cases: generations born between the 1930 and the 1986

Male32%

Female68%

Page 6: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The amount of cohabitations and dissolutions

before and after the data cleaning

photo

photo

photo

An order of unions Before the cleaning After the cleaning

Cohabitation

1 5138 2151

2 1130 482

3 175 90

4 26 15

5 6 4

Dissolutions

1 2375 1085

2 527 244

3 86 41

4 11 8

5 3 3

Page 7: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The data

restrictions

photo

photo

photo

1. The percentage of respondents of

the panel who have a unionThe most typical model of matrimonial

behavior of Russians is to have only one

union of both types or one type we will

pay the most of attention to the first unions

2. The numbers and shares of unions

started under the age of 25, 30, 35

years

An order

of unions

Under the age of 25 Under the age of 30 Under the age of 35

Number of unions Share of unions Number of unions Share of unions Number of unions Share of unions

Cohabitations

1 1395 65% 1708 79% 1859 86%

2 387 80% 450 93% 471 98%

3 79 88% 88 98% 89 99%

4 15 100% 15 100% 15 100%

5 4 100% 4 100% 4 100%

Marriages

1 3944 83% 4517 95% 4737 100%

2 515 92% 549 98% 560 100%

3 28 100% 28 100% 28 100%

4 1 100% 1 100% 1 100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cohabitations Marriages

38,1%

84,0%

8,5%9,9%

1,6%0,5%0,3% 0,0%0,1% 0,0%

1st union 2nd union 3d union 4th union 5th union

Page 8: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The share of the first matrimonial events in the

total number of people of the same gender and

generation

photo

photo

photo

Without restrictions With restrictions

Cohabitations

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

16% 17%21%

30%

43%

35%

17%22%

26%

32%

48% 47%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

20% 20%24%

33%

45%

35%

20%25%

30%35%

50%47%

Male

Female

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

96% 97%91% 88%

76%

29%

84% 88% 89% 88%82%

48%

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

78%83%

79% 81%72%

29%

72%77% 75%

81% 79%

48%

Marriages

Page 9: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The average ages of the first unions in the

perspective of gender and generations

photo

photo

photo

Categories 1st cohabitation 1st marriage

Gender

male 22.66 23.15

female 21.24 21.12

Generations

1930-1939 22.45 22.63

1940-1949 22.32 22.00

1950-1959 22.16 21.85

1960-1969 21.97 21.67

1970-1979 21.20 21.01

1980-1986 20.10 21.11

Total 21.67 21.76

Page 10: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The age of the first unions in the

perspective of gender

photo

photo

photo

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

First cohabitation Males First cohabitation Females

First marriage Males First marriage Females

Page 11: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The age of the first unions in the

perspective of generations

photo

photo

photo

Cohabitation

Marriage

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Page 12: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Hazard curves for the first unions

(stratification by gender)

photo

photo

photo

The probability to start the first union after reaching 15 years

Cu

mu

lati

ve h

azard

fu

ncti

on

Cu

mu

lati

ve h

azard

fu

ncti

on

Gender

male

female

months from 15 years to start the first

cohabitation

months from 15 years to start the first

marriage

Page 13: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Hazard curves for the first unions

(stratification by generations)

photo

photo

photo

The probability to start the first marriage after reaching 15 years

Cu

mu

lati

ve

ha

zard

fu

nct

ion

Generations

Cu

mu

lati

ve

ha

zard

fu

nct

ion

1920-29

1930-39

1940-49

1950-59

1960-69

1970-79

1980-89

months from 15 years to start the first

cohabitation

months from 15 years to start the first

marriage

Page 14: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The ways of the first cohabitations

development

photo

photo

photo

1st cohabitation(2089)

Has been finished(1900)

Disruption(216)

1st marriage(93)

1st marriage (861)

Disruption(728)

Has not been finished (189)

2

A cohabitation is an independent

social institution

A cohabitation is only the first step

on the path to a marriage

Page 15: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The nature of cohabitation in Russia

photo

photo

photo

The patterns of matrimonial

behavior proved that cohabitation

is a “trial marriage”

The patterns of matrimonial

behavior proved that cohabitation

is an independent social

institution

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

28%26% 27%

29%32%

11%

26% 27%

32% 32%37%

21%

Male Female

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1986

1% 1%

3%4%

8% 8%

4%5% 5% 5%

9%

15%

Page 16: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Main results

photo

photo

photo

There is an increase in cohabitations and decrease in marriages for modern generations in comparison with the Soviet ones.

Males start their both events later than females and in a different order: their marriages are occurring 6 months later than their first cohabitations.

Women have a higher probability to experience the first union than men.

Young people are starting cohabitations with higher probability than previous generations, but the youth is not in a hurry to register their relationships.

83% of the first finished cohabitations were just a “trial marriage” while only 16% had the characteristics of an independent social institution

The proportion of Russians for whom cohabitation does not grow into a marriage rises for the representatives of the generations born from the 1970s to the 1980s

Cohabitations are becoming widespread among young people and slowly but surely becoming more distant from marriages

Page 17: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

References

photo

photo

photo

1. Avdeev, A., Monnier, A., 2000. Marriage in Russia: A Complex Phenomenon Poorly Understood.

Popul. Engl. Sel. 12, 7–49.

2. Gerber, T.P., Berman, D., 2010. Entry to Marriage and Cohabitation in Russia, 1985–2000: Trends,

Correlates, and Implications for the Second Demographic Transition: La mise en couple en Russie,

1985–2000: tendances, facteurs associés et implications par rapport à la seconde transition

démographique. Eur. J. Popul. Rev. Eur. Démographie 26, 3–31.

3. Mills, M., 2004. Stability and change: the structuration of partnership histories in Canada, the

Netherlands, and the Russian Federation. Eur. J. Popul. Eur. Démographie 20, 141–175.

4. Mitrofanova, E.S., 2013. Demographic behavior of Russians: family and fertility patterns across

generations. Macrotheme Rev. 2, 71–80.

5. Philipov, D., Jasilioniene, A., 2008. Union formation and fertility in Bulgaria and Russia: A life table

description of recent trends. Demogr. Res. 19, 2057–2114.

6. Scherbov, S., van Vianen, H., 2004. Marriage in Russia: a reconstruction. Demogr. Res. 10, 27–60

7. Vikat, A., Spéder, Z., Beets, G., Billari, F.C., Bühler, C., Désesquelles, A., Fokkema, T., Hoem, J.M.,

MacDonald, A., Neyer, G., 2008. Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): Towards a better

understanding of relationships and processes in the life course. Demogr. Res. 17, 389–440.

8. Vishnevsky, A.G., 1998. Demographic Changes in Russia - Past and Future. Yearb. Popul. Res. Finl.

XXXV, 39–75.

9. Vishnevsky, A.G., 2009. A new stage of Russian demographic development. Russ. Facing Demogr.

Chall. Natl. Hum. Dev. Rep. Russ. Fed. 18–25.

10. Zakharov, S., 2008. Russian Federation: From the first to second demographic transition. Demogr.

Res. 19, 2008. 907–972.

Page 18: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

20, Myasnitskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 101000

Tel.: +7 (495) 628-8829, Fax: +7 (495) 628-7931

www.hse.ru

Page 19: Is cohabitation an alternative to marriage in Russia? · The nature of cohabitation in Russia photo photo photo The patterns of matrimonial behavior proved that cohabitation is a

Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

The structure of presentation

photo

photo

photo

Theoretical pre-conditions

The research goal

Data description

Data cleaning

Data restrictions

Main results

• The average ages of the first unions

• The age of the first unions in the perspective of gender

• The age of the first unions in the perspective of generations

• Hazard curves for the first unions

• The ways of the first cohabitations development

• The nature of cohabitation in Russia

References