is it time to cry over cry1f control of western bean cutworm? · – feeding was seen, but low in...
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Is it Time to Cry Over Cry1F Control of Western Bean Cutworm?
Andy Michel, Associate ProfessorDept. of Entomology
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WBC-An Emerging Great Lakes Pest• History of WBC• Biology
– Identification, Trapping Scouting
• Cry1F: History for WBC & recent failures
• Best management practices for Great Lakes
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Western Bean Cutworm• Came from Western dry land states• Found in IA 2001, spreading ever since
<2001
>2001
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Western Bean Cutworm• Came from Western dry land states• Found in IA 2001, spreading ever since
2001
20022003
2004
20052006
20072008
2009
2010
2012
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Western Bean Cutworm 2006
: damage reported: economic damage reported
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: damage reported: economic damage reported
Western Bean Cutworm 2007
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Western Bean Cutworm 2008
: damage reported: economic damage reported
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Western Bean Cutworm, 2009
: damage reported: economic damage reported
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Western Bean Cutworm, 2010
Map credit: Tracey Baute, OMAFRA
In Ohio, little presence of larvae 2011-2013
2014: start of heavy and increasing pressure
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Why the rapid spread?
• Greenpeace: Bt corn– Corn earworm eats WBC– Bt reduced corn earworm– ↑ in WBC
• Replacement• Solution: stop planting Bt
corn!
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• >10 possible reasons• Conservation tillage
– Equipment & herbicide resistance
• Corn Phenology/Planting• Climate change• ↓ Insecticide use
Why the rapid spread
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WBC Biology-Adults• 1 generation per year• Adults emerge in mid-late June
– Fly at night, rest during day• Fly until late August/Sept
Purdue Ent
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WBC Biology-Eggs
• Eggs laid from July until August• Clumps of 25-100, 5-7 days• Start white, then tan/pink, then purple• Hatch w/in 24hrs when purple
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• Can be confused with stink bug eggs• WBC are more barrel-shaped, have
vertical lines• SB have “crown of thorns”
WBC Biology-Eggs
NYS-IPM-Cornell
T. Baute
STINK BUG
WBC
WBC
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• Can easily see with a nice hand lens
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WBC Biology--Larvae• 6 larval stages• 1st: Very small, spotty, black
heads• Move eat shells, pollen,
tassel
C. DiFonzo
C. DiFonzo
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First Instars
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C. DiFonzo
Where are 2
larva?
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WBC Biology--Larvae• Later stages move to ear• ID by 2 brown stripes• Chew on silk and enter• Enter through the side
K-State
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• Brown stripes not always apparent at 1-2 stages
John Obermeyer, Purdue
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WBC-Pupae
• Larvae last until late Sept
• Fall out and form cocoon deep in soil– Importance of sandier
soil
• Pupate in May, emerge in June
John Obermeyer
J. Bruggeman
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WBC-Damage• Most damage occurs on ear
– Some leaf feeding, but unimportant
• Tip and the middle• Multiple larvae can be found
T. Baute
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WBC-Damage• Find 1, find them all
– Infestations can be found down a row
– Lots of movement after egg hatch
J. Obermeyer
Marty Chilvers
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WBC-Damage• Kernels missing
– Chewed– Pollination
• “White Scraping”
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• Increase in moldy earsWBC-Damage
J. Obermeyer
B. MacKellar
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• Adults:– Pheromone traps– Gives you idea of when peak flight is– And when to scout– NOT WHEN TO SPRAY!!!
• Hang near edge of field• Check at least weekly• 2 methods:
– Bucket traps– IPM supply stores
Scouting
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• Milk jug trap– Same idea, but cheaper (and messier)– 1:4, antifreeze:water+dish soap– lure– Use goldfish net
Scouting
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Adult ID• Sometimes difficult:
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Egg Scouting
• When >1 adults are caught/night—scout!
• High-risk area should begin scouting 1-2 week of July
• Focus on pre-tassel corn– Females preference
• Eggs are laid on uppermost 2 leaves
• In vertical position
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• Where’s the Egg Mass?
• Use shadow method
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Economic Thresholds• Inspect 10 plants in 10 locations
– Check pre-tassel corn, replant areas
• If ≥5%-8% have egg mass, treatment necessary– Many chemicals available– Beware of resistance
• Spray after egg hatch, but before larvae enter ear– Watch for purpling, will have 24-48 hrs before hatch– Use products with good residuals
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There’s an App for that….
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• Field name and size• Different thresholds:
– 4%: >$3.50– 8%: <$3.50– 20%: at or above mid-milk
state
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@8%:0: Resample 2-3 days1-3: Sample 10 more plants>4: Treat
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Bt: The rest of the story• WBC: Not an initial target of any above-
ground traits– Not a primary pest like ECB, or CEW– Limited in acreage (<2000 not really found east of
Missouri River)• Cry1F approved 2001
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• Biopesticide Registration Action Document (BRAD) for Cry1F Bt:– “The registrant-submitted data indicate that Cry1F
protected corn offers excellent control of European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, fall armyworm, black cutworm, and suppression for the corn earworm.”
Bt: The rest of the story
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IRM Section
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Products with Cry1F
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WBC and Bt
• >2001: Early field trials showed only Cry1F had some efficacy against WBC
• 2006: First published efficacy data
2000, 2003, 2004
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• WBC 2003: Cry1F protected much better than other products
% Infested
# Kernels Damaged
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Cry1F Controls Western Bean Cutworm!!!!
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WBC and Bt• By 2005/2006: only Cry1F had
some level of efficacy– Feeding was seen, but low in
comparison– 2006: First found in Ohio
• Reports of “substantial damage” as early as 2008 (70-90% control)
• 2009: We knew damage would occur– Not high-dose– Provide economic control
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• 2010-2013– WBC populations “settling in” Great Lakes– Increased reports of higher damage to Cry1F
Decreased Cry1F efficacy
J. Smith, 2013
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• 2016: Worst year yet• Reports from ON, MI, IN, OH, NY and NE• Open Letter (C. DiFonzo, C. Krupke, K. Tilmon,
J. Tooker, E. Shields, A. Michel):“We strongly urge seed companies to remove the designation of “control” for this pest with
regard to this toxin”
Decreased Cry1F efficacy
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Is Cry1F being expressed?
• Damage is only on the refuge plants (RIB)
• Expression is less under stress?• Plants are too old?• Check strips are too old?• Strips: able to detect 1% of Bt
in bulk grain sample
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• Cannot depend on Cry1F for WBC control– No longer providing economic control– At very least, these fields need to be scouted
Decreased Cry1F efficacy
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WBC Best Management Practices
• WBC is the primary Lep pest in Great Lakes• Trap and Scout
– Regardless of what your management plan is
• Bt: Only Viptera provides control– Few varieties in right maturity group are available– Should also control other Leps
• Bt without VIP? Scout your fields– Other AG-Bt’s will control most other pests
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• If not Bt, scout for eggs, spray at 5-8% infestation– Start scouting 2nd week of July to mid-August– 95% tassel emergence and when the majority of egg
masses are purple or hatching– Refuge management: if sprayed, Bt field has to be
sprayed– Watch for European Corn Borer and other Lep pests
• Plant early– Post-tassel are less likely to be damaged– Use early maturity groups
WBC Best Management Practices
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More Information• Search Journal of Integrated Pest
Management for Western Bean Cutworm
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Acknowledgements
• Chris DiFonzo (MSU), Christian Krupke & John Obermeyer (Purdue), Tracey Baute & Jocelyn Smith (OMAFRA), Kelley Tilmon (OSU), John Tooker (PennSt), Elson Shields (Cornell, NYS-IPM)
• North Central Regional IPM