is men’s out-migration empowering women farmers in rural nepal?
TRANSCRIPT
Is men’s out-‐migra0on empowering women farmers in rural
Mohanraj AdhikariResources, Environment and Development
Crawford School of Public Policy
ANU
Background
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
Consequences -‐ family leN behind
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
Consequences -‐ family leN behind
Background
MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
Consequences -‐ family leN behind
Consequences on women farmers
Consequences
• FeminizaEon of agriculture
Nepal IntroducEon
Nepal IntroducEon
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
• Culturally diverse
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
• Culturally diverse
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
• Culturally diverse
Nepal IntroducEon
• 3 countries in one
• Ecologically diverse
• Culturally diverse
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Study AreaThree loca*ons (districts)
Sample
Sample• Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
Sample• Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
• 50% women headed households selected
Sample• Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
• 50% women headed households selected
• 150 respondents – each district
Sample• Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
• 50% women headed households selected
• 150 respondents – each district
• Target to include 110 each
Sample• Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
• 50% women headed households selected
• 150 respondents – each district
• Target to include 110 each
• Individual interview -‐326 households (HHs)
Sample HHs
MigraEon statusDistrictDistrictDistrict
TotalMigraEon status Kalikot Dailekh Bardia TotalHHs having at least one male migrant member
Non Migrant HH
Total
Migrant HH percentage
74
35
109
68
71
36
107
66
59
51
110
54
204
122
326
63Na*onal average (%) (NLSS, 2011)
44
Sample HHs
Frequency PercentMan 215 66.0
Woman 111 34.0
Total 326 100.0
Household Head by Sex
Women Empowerment in Ag Index
Women Empowerment in Ag Index
• ObjecEvely measures Women empowerment in Ag
Women Empowerment in Ag Index
• ObjecEvely measures Women empowerment in Ag
• Five domains– Produc*on– Resources – Income
– Leadership– Time
WEAI IndicatorsIndicator Weight
Input in produc*ve decisions 1/10Autonomy in produc*on 1/10
Ownership of assets 1/15
Purchase, sell and transfer of assets 1/15
Access and decision about credit 1/15
Control over use of Income 2/10
Group member 1/10
Speaking in public 1/10
Workload 1/10
Leisure 1/10
Analysis and cutoff
• Total score range from 0-‐10
• 3.5 cutoff point
ResultsIndex, by districtsMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentMigraEon and empowermentDistrict KalikotKalikot DailekhDailekh BardiaBardia TotalTotalIndex/MigraEon Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No0.0 -‐ 3.49 25 14 6 17 17 16 48 473.5-‐7.49 48 21 63 19 40 34 151 747.5 -‐ 9.99 1 0 2 0 2 1 5 1
Total 74 35 71 36 59 51 204 122Empowered % 66 60 92 53 71 69 38 22Not Empowered %
34 40 8 47 29 31 24 39
ResultsWomen headed household Vs Man headed
KalikotHH Head ManMan WomanWoman
Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0 -‐ 3.49 20 11 5 33.5-‐7.49 38 11 10 107.5 -‐ 9.99 0 0 1 0
Total 58 22 16 13Empowered % 66 50 69 77Not Empowered % 34 50 31 23
ResultsWomen headed household Vs Man headed
DailekhHH Head ManMan WomanWoman
Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0 -‐ 3.49 4 12 2 53.5-‐7.49 39 12 24 77.5 -‐ 9.99 0 0 2 0
Total 43 24 28 12Empowered % 91 50 93 58Not Empowered % 9 50 7 42
ResultsWomen headed household Vs Man headed
BardiaHH Head ManMan WomanWoman
Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0 -‐ 3.49 12 13 5 33.5-‐7.49 21 22 19 127.5 -‐ 9.99 0 0 2 1
Total 33 35 26 16Empowered % 64 63 81 81Not Empowered % 36 37 19 19
Discussion
Discussion
• Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households.
Discussion
• Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households.
• The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed.
Discussion
• Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households.
• The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed.
• Presence of men in the households does NOT endanger women empowerment
Discussion
• Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households.
• The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed.
• Presence of men in the households does NOT endanger women empowerment
• Longer term migraEon and relaEvely higher economic acEvity boost empowerment
Story
Thank You