is the image black and white? - brian r pritchard film identification version 3.2.pdf · start is...

START

Is the imageBlack and White?

YES

NO

1

Meaning of SymbolsMeaning of Symbols

Identifying 35mm Films

ByBrian R Pritchard

© 2011

Go to 0Go to Page 10

Go to Page 2Go to Page 2

To identify Formats go to Page 33To identify Formats go to Page 33

Version 3.2 Jan 2013

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Is ImagePositive

NO

YES

Does it haveclear perforation

area

Is theperforationarea black

YES

YES

NO

NO

Does the filmhave edge numbers

in black and neg perforations

NO

YES

2

To check perforations






Go to Page 15

Black and WhiteReturn to Start

Return to Start

Copyright © Brian Pritchard 2011

Black and White Positive

Is therepicture only?

Does it occupythe completearea between

the perforations?

YES

YES

Silent Print

NO

NO

YES

NO

Mute Print

Is theresound only?

Combined Print

3

Go to Page 6 for Sound track IdentificationGo to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Go to Page 21 for further identificationGo to Page 21 for further identification

Return to StartReturn to Start

Go to 0Go to Page 30

Is there morethan one image

per frame?NO

YES Go to Page 26Go to Page 26


Black and White Reversal Positive

Is there

picture only?


the perforations?

YES

YES

Silent Reversal Print

NO

NO

YES

NO

Mute Reversal Print

Is there

sound only?

Combined Reversal Print

Sound Print

4



If the maximum density is lowand the print reads throughthe base it could be a directpositve print. Used to make

'slash dupes' and dubbing printsFrom cutting copies

Go to Page 34

For further informationon Reversal

prints


Is the baseLavender or Blue

YES

NOFine Grain

Duplicating Positive

Lavender Fine GrainDuplicating Positive

Duplicating Positives5

Note printedthrough (White)Edge numbers

Fromoriginal negative



Positive Sound Tracks

Is the track Variable Area

YES

NO

Single Bilateral

Dolby encoded Stereo

Bilateral Multi-hump

PhotophoneTwin Bilateral with centre septum

noise reduction

Class B Push-Pull

Class A Push-PullLeevers-Rich Twin Unilateral

Twin Unilateral

Visatone

6



Negative tracks are blackwhere the positive are white

and white where they are black

Twin Bilateral Negative track


Unilateral Negative with shutter noise reduction

Sound Tracks

Is the track Variable Density

YES

NO

Variable Density

Twin Squeezed Variable Density

Variable Density on tinted stock

Technicolor Variable Density

Gasparcolor Variable Density

7




Digital Tracks

Control Track

SDDS Digital Track

Analogue Dolby Stereo

Dolby Digital

SDDS Digital Track

8



B/W Negative

Does it have picture only?

YES


the perforations?

NODoes it have

Picture and Sound?

YES

NO

Mute NegativeSilent Negative

YES

NO

Combined Negative

Sound Negative

9

Is there morethan

one image ina frame?

NO

YES






Is ImagePositive

NO

YES

Does it haveClear Perforation

Area

Is thePerforationarea Black

YES

YES

NO

NO

10



ColourReturn to Start

Return to Start




Is thePerforationarea Black?

NO

Colour Negative

Colour ReversalIntermediate

Is thePerforation

area Orange?YES

YESNO

Does it havea sound track?

YES

Positive stockused

as a leader whenmaking a colour

negative

NO

11

Combinedcolour Internegative

Does it havea sound track?

YES

NO




Colour Positive

Is therepicture only?


the perforations?

YES

YES

Silent Print

NO

NO

YES

NO

Mute Print

Is theresound only?

Combined Print

Sound Print

12Return to Start

Return to Start


Go to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrackGo to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrack

Go to Page 20 for identifying two colour systemsGo to Page 20 for identifying two colour systems


13Perforation Area Coloured

Tinted Print

Image goesfrom colour

to black

Are the darkestdensities coloured?NO

YES

Tinted andToned Print

Image goesfrom colour

of tint(perforation area)

to colour oftone (densest areas)



14Identification using sound tracks

Is the sound trackand any edge

printingBlack and White?

YESTechnicolor

Print

NO

Is the trackblack or

dark blue?

YES

Colour printEastman, Agfa

Fuji

NOIs the track

Neutral/Brown?

YES

Colour printOrwo or Sovcolor

NO



Likely to be a non-substantivecolour system; possibly Gasparcolor, Dufaycolor or a two colour system

Such as Cinecolor

Negor

BH Perforations

Posor

KS Perforations

DH PerforationsCinemascope

orCS Perforations

Perforations

PathePerforations

Early Perforations

15Return to Start

Return to Start


16

CinecolorDufaycolor Print


CheckFor

Reseau

The Dufaycolor reseauis a series of crossed

red, green and blue lines

NoteBlue Trackand Pink

Perforations


17

Can you seea reseau?

YES

Dufaycolor Negative

NO

Unmasked Negative


Enlargementof the reseau




Note the baseis clear. This sample

the image hasfaded to magenta

18

Is the imagein colour?

YES

NO

Does it haveoriginal black

edge numbers andneg perforations?

YES

Colour Interpositive

NO

tocheck perforations




Colour Interpos Return to StartReturn to Start


19


Decision BoxAdditional InformationAbout the illustrations

Advice forfurther Identification

Hyperlink toreturn to start

Hyperlink toreturn to start Hyperlink

Hyperlink

Film Type Identified

Legend


Two Colour Systems using tones (dye and metallic)

Look for tracesof the two coloursaround the frameor in and aroundthe perforations

Check also forduplex films –

those with emulsionon both sides

20

Dascolor

Duplex

Technicolor (2 colour)

Cinecolor

Technicolor (2 colour)



Further Identification of B/W Positives21

Are adjacentframes identical?

YES

NO

Kinemacolor Friese-Green Lee-Turner 3 Colour

Look for differencesin densities of

things such as treesor here, the colour

of the parrot

Are there two or threerolls that are identical

but with densitydifferences forthe colours?

YES Separation Positives

NO





Separation Positives22

Are theseparationsof normaldensity?

YES

Do they have TechnicolorCMY Logos?

NO Separation Positives

YES

TechnicolorProtection Masters

NO TechnicolorRGB Matrices

If the matrices have beenused there will be traces ofYellow, Cyan and Magenta

dye left in the emulsion

Red Green and Blue Separation Positives



Further Identification of B/W Negatives23

Are adjacentframes identical?

YES

NO

Kinemacolor 2 colour sequential

Lee-Turner3 Colour Sequential

Look for differencesin densities of

things such as treesor here, the colour

of the parrot

Are there two or threerolls that are identical

but with densitydifferences forthe colours?

YES Separation Negatives

NO

Technicolor system2 colour red and green




Check page 25if the negative

might be anorphan

Separationnegative

Note the density differencesbetween the frames and

that alternate framesare inverted. Also becausethe frames are shot in pairs

the different framelines


Is the imagein colour?

(Is there morethan 1 colour?)

YES

NO

Toned Print

Edge printing,Stock manufacturer

for example,will also be the same

colour

24

Toning can eitherbe metallic

or dye toned

Toned Prints Return to StartReturn to Start



B/W Separation Negatives

Look for information on the leaderthat might identify for example

a red separation negative.

25

Technicolor three strip cameranegatives have an ink edge number

printed in the sound track areaand the red record will read

through the emulsion, the blueand green through the base

Do you havethree records?

NO

YES


Note the ink edge numbers printed in the track area also that the numbers from the red separation

(the sample on the left) are reading the other way round,this separation reads through the emulsion.

Are there ink edgenumbers in the track

Area?

YES

NO

Separation Negatives

Technicolor Three StripCamera Negatives


Are the images identical? YES

Multiple printing formats

NO

Early two and three colour systems

Francitacolor Horst

26Mutiple Images Return to Start

Return to Start

Are the perforationsfor another format?

YES

NO

Stereo (3D) Images


Colour Reversal Systems

27

Gasparcolor

Film has emulsion onboth sides, track

is usually red

Anscochrome, Kodachrome.Ektachrome Gevachrome,

Agfachrome

Traditionalcolour reversal

Look for the reseau

Dufaychrome




Look for edge printingto identify manufacturer


28

Is there only one setof edge numbers?

NO

Duplicate Negative

YES

Original Negative

The edge numbers willbe dark from the

original negative andwhite from the interpos

and dark on the duplicatenegative

The original negativewill have one set ofedge numbers andwill be dark on aclear background



29

Can you see mouldedlines on the base and

does the print readthrough the base?

YES

Lenticular Colour Print

NO

Normal B/W positivebut check with page 22in case it is an orphan

separation positive


Does it appearto be very thin and

blueish by reflection?NO

YES

Viscalar Film

Viscalar Film is anon-silver base process


Can you seescan lines in the

Image?

NO

YES



30

YES

Double-sidedSound PrintNO

Sound Print

Is theresound on

both sides>




31

YES

NO

Combined Tele-recording PrintIs thereSound?



Mute Tele-recording Print

Note the frame showing thescan lines

Tele-recordings arealso called Kinescoperecordings


32

YES

NO

Combined Tele-recording NegIs thereSound?



Mute Tele-recording Neg

Tele-recordingsare also called

Kinescoperecordings

Note the sample which shows

a scene change ina tele-recording


35mm FormatsReturn to Start

Return to Start33

Silent or Full frame

Academy

Wide screen

Vistavision

Techniscope

Cinemascope

Technirama

Superscope


Cinerama

Three projectors were usedTo show the three images

Side by side

IMPORTANT!The Sigma printer, unlike most printers, prints the area between the perforations. This makes the print appear to be reversal. Look for white original edge print (i.e. KODAK Safety Film) to confirm it as a reversal print or find black original edge print to verify it is a positive print. If the reversal print has been made from a normal print or a duplicating positive then the print through of the stock edge print from those stocks will be black on white.

If the film stock is polyester then it is very unlikely that the film is B/W reversal there have not been any reversal processes in this country since the 70's; before polyester stocks were introduced.

If you can find an area that has not been exposed then if it is normal positive it will be white or black if it is reversal.


Notes on Black and White Reversal Prints

34

Return to Page 4Return to Page 4


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