is this reality or just someone’s imagination of reality?
TRANSCRIPT
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VARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESS
Is this reality or just someone’s imagination of reality?
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CONSCIOUSNESS
The awareness of internal and external stimuli
Also includes: Awareness of self as unique Awareness of experiences
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VARIATIONS IN LEVELS OF AWARENESS William James---stream of
consciousness Freud believed that stream had depth
(unconscious) Conscious and unconscious are levels
of consciousness
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CONSCIOUSNESS AND BRAIN ACTIVITY Consciousness is not centered in one
structure EEG is the best measurement Records brain waves 4 principle waves: beta, alpha, theta,
and delta
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BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP
Biological rhythms: periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
Circadian rhythms: 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
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IGNORING CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Quality of sleep Crossing time zones causes jet lag Going to bed a couple of hours later
affects rhythm
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THE SLEEP AND WAKE CYCLE
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CONDUCTING SLEEP RESEARCH
Use EEG Electromyograph (EMG): records
muscular activity and tension Electrooculograph (EOG): records eye
movements
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STAGES OF SLEEP---STAGE 1
1: lasts 1-7 minutes; drowsiness; breathing and heart rate decrease; muscle activity declines
Hypnic jerks: brief muscular contractions
Primarily theta waves
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STAGES OF SLEEP---STAGE 2
10-25 minutes Sleep spindles: higher-frequency brain
waves Brain waves become higher in
amplitude and slower in frequency
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STAGES OF SLEEP---STAGES 3 AND 4
Lasts c. 30 minutes Slow-wave sleep: high amp, low
frequency delta waves prominent After: cycle reverses Before reaching stage one again, ….
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REM SLEEP
5th stage Irregular breathing and pulse Virtually paralyzed Beta waves High-frequency, low amp brain waves,
and vivid dreaming Non-REM (nREM): stages 1-4
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REPEATING THE CYCLE
Usually repeat c. 4 times REM periods get longer; peak at 40-60
min. NREM periods get shorter Young adults: 60% in light sleep (1 and
2); 20% in slow wave sleep (3 and 4); 20% in REM
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AGE AND SLEEP
Infants: 6-8 times in 24 hrs; 16+ hrs total
50% in REM As age increases, deep sleep decreases
in amt Total sleep increases w/age
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CULTURE AND SLEEP
Co-sleeping: children and parents sleep together
Discouraged in western societies Napping is cultural; siesta cultures
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NEURAL BASES OF SLEEP
Reticular Formation important in sleep and wakefulness
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS): afferent fibers running through the RF that influence physiological arousal
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NEURAL BASES OF SLEEP CONTINUED Pons assoc. with REM sleep Areas in medulla, thalamus,
hypothalamus, and limbic system assoc. with control of sleep and waking
NT’s involved: ACh, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA
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EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF SLEEP
Conserve energy Reduce exposure to predators Helps to restore energy and other
bodily resources Which do you believe?
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Complete deprivation negatively effects mood, cognitive and perceptual-motor tasks
Difficult to go past 3 or 4 days w/o sleep
Partial deprivation: losing substantially less sleep over a period of time; very common
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION CONTINUED
Selective deprivation Repeated disruption of sleep Experiments show rebound effect:
making up time in stages where sleep was interrupted
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INSOMNIA
Insomnia: chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
3 main types1: difficulty in falling asleep2: difficulty maintaining sleep3: persistent early-morning waking--assoc. w/ daytime fatigue, impaired functioning, reduced productivity, increased health problems
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INSOMNIA
Sleep state misperception: pseudoinsomnia
Causes: anxiety, stress, depression, various health problems
Treatment: sedatives for short term solution
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OTHER SLEEP DISORDERS
Narcolepsy: sudden onset of sleep during normal waking periods
Sleep apnea: frequent, reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep
Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM
Night terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied w/intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic
Sleepwalking: walking around while asleep