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Isaac NewtonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromSir Isaac Newton)

Sir Isaac Newton

Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (age 46).

Born

25 December 1642

[NS:4 January 1643][1]

Woolsthorpe-by-

Colsterworth,Lincolnshire,England

Died 20 March 1727 (aged 84)

[OS:20 March 1726

NS:31 March 1727][1]

Kensington,Middlesex,England,Great Britain

Resting place

Westminster Abbey

Residence

England

Nationality English(laterBritish)

Fields

o Physics

o Natural philosophy
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o Mathematics

o Astronomy

o Alchemy

o Christian theology

o Economics

Institutions University of Cambridge

Royal Society

Royal Mint

Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge

Academicadvisors

Isaac Barrow[2]

Benjamin Pulleyn

[3][4]

Notable

students

Roger Cotes

William Whiston

Known for Newtonian mechanics

Universal gravitation

Infinitesimal calculus

o Optics

o Binomial series

o Principia

o Newton's method

Influences Johannes Kepler

Henry More[5]

Polish Brethren[6]

Robert Boyle[7]

Influenced

Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

John Keill

Signature

Life ofIsaac Newton

Early life

Middle years
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics


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Later life

Writing Principia

Religious views

Occult studies

V

T

E

SirIsaac NewtonPRSMP(/njutn/;[8]

25 December 164220 March 1727[1]

)was anEnglishphysicistandmathematicianwho is widely recognised as one of the most influentialscientists of all time and as a key figure in thescientific revolution.His bookPhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), firstpublished in 1687, laid the foundations forclassical mechanics.Newton also made seminalcontributions toopticsand shares credit withGottfried Leibnizfor the invention

ofinfinitesimal calculus.

Newton's Principiaformulated thelaws of motionanduniversal gravitation,whichdominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. It alsodemonstrated that themotion of objectson Earth and ofcelestialbodies could be describedby the same principles. By derivingKepler'slaws of planetary motionfrom his mathematicaldescription of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectoriesofcometsand other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity oftheheliocentricmodel of the cosmos.

Newton built the first practicalreflecting telescopeand developed a theory of colour basedon the observation that aprismdecomposes white light into the many colours of thevisiblespectrum.He also formulated anempirical law of cooling,studied thespeed of sound,and

introduced the notion of aNewtonian fluid.In addition to his work on calculus, as amathematician Newton contributed to the study ofpower series,generalised thebinomialtheoremto non-integer exponents, and developedNewton's methodfor approximatingtheroots of a function.

Newton was a fellow ofTrinity Collegeand the secondLucasian Professor ofMathematicsat theUniversity of Cambridge.He was a devout but unorthodox Christianand, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to takeholyordersin theChurch of England,perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine oftheTrinity.In addition to his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton also dedicatedmuch of his time to the study ofbiblical chronologyandalchemy,but most of his work inthose areas remained unpublished until long after his death. In his later life, Newtonbecame president of theRoyal Society.He also served the British government as Warden

and Master of theRoyal Mint.

Contents

[hide]

1 Life

o 1.1 Early life

o 1.2 Middle years

1.2.1 Mathematics

1.2.2 Optics

1.2.3 Mechanics and gravitation
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aw_of_coolinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_coolinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_of_a_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_of_a_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_of_a_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Early_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Early_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Middle_yearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Middle_yearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Opticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Opticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mechanics_and_gravitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mechanics_and_gravitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mechanics_and_gravitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Opticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Middle_yearshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Early_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#Lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Minthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_ordershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_of_a_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_methodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_coolinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive_prismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Keplerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal_calculushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#cite_note-OSNS-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Isaac_Newton_sidebar&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Isaac_Newton_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Isaac_Newton_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_occult_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_religious_viewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_of_Principia_Mathematicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_life_of_Isaac_Newton


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o 1.3 Classification of cubics

o 1.4 Later life

o 1.5 After death

1.5.1 Fame

1.5.2 Commemorations

o 1.6 In popular culture

2 Personal life

3 Religious views

o 3.1 Effect on religious thought

o 3.2 End of the world

o 3.3 Alchemy

4 Enlightenment philosophers

5 Royal Mint

6 Laws of motion

7 Apple incident

8 Works

o 8.1 Primary sources

9 See also

10 References

11 Bibliography

12 Further reading

13 External links

Life

Early lifeMain article:Early life of Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was born (according to theJulian calendarin use in England at the time) onChristmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS4 January 1643

[1]), atWoolsthorpe

ManorinWoolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,ahamletin the county ofLincolnshire.He was bornthree months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton.Bornprematurely,he was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said thathe could have fit inside aquartmug ( 1.1 litres). When Newton was three, his motherremarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabus Smith, leavingher son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. The young Isaacdisliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him,as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening myfather and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them." Newton's mother hadthree children from her second marriage.

[9]Although it was claimed that he was once

engaged,[10]

Newton never married.
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Newton in a 1702 portrait byGodfrey Kneller

Isaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Men of Science. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889)

From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated atThe King'sSchool, Granthamwhich taught him Latin but no mathematics. He was removed fromschool, and by October 1659, he was to be found atWoolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,wherehis mother, widowed for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. He hatedfarming.

[11]Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, persuaded his mother to send him

back to school so that he might complete his education. Motivated partly by a desire forrevenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student,

[12]distinguishing

himself mainly by building sundials and models of windmills.[13]

In June 1661, he was admitted toTrinity College, Cambridge,on the recommendation ofhis uncle Rev William Ayscough. He started as asubsizarpaying his way byperformingvalet's dutiesuntil he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, which guaranteedhim four more years until he would get his M.A.

[14]At that time, the college's teachings were

based on those ofAristotle,whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers suchasDescartes,andastronomerssuch asGalileoandThomas Street,through whom helearned ofKepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of 'Quaestiones'aboutmechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalisedbinomialtheoremand began to develop a mathematical theory that later becameinfinitesimalcalculus.Soon after Newton had obtained his B.A. degree in August 1665, the universitytemporarily closed as a precaution against theGreat Plague.Although he had beenundistinguished as a Cambridge student,

[15]Newton's private studies at his home in

Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on

calculus,[16]optics,and thelaw of gravitation.In April 1667, he returned to Cambridge andin October was elected as a fellow of Trinity.

[17][18]Fellows were required to become
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ordained priests, although this was not enforced in the restoration years and an assertion ofconformity to the Church of England was sufficient. However, by 1675 the issue could notbe avoided and by then his unconventional views stood in the way.

[19]Nevertheless,

Newton managed to avoid it by means of a special permission fromCharles II(see "Middleyears" section below).

His studies had impressed the Lucasian professor,Isaac Barrow,who was more anxious todevelop his own religious and administrative potential (he became master of Trinity twoyears later), and in 1669, Newton succeeded him, only one year after he received his M.A.

Middle years

Mathematics

Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics thenstudied".

[20]His work on the subject usually
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