A proposal for a construction of a Child Indicator System to certify Bolivian Municipalities as “Child Friendly”

ISCI 2009UWS, Australia

Bolivia in numbersPopulation (2009)

Total 10.227.289Under 18 yrs.

Total 4,376,220 (42.8%)Urban rural distribution (2001)

Rural 37.6% Vs. Urban 62.4%Indig-non indig (2001)

Indigenous 67.1% vs. Non indigenous 32.9%

GenderMen 5.101.735 (49.9%) Women 5.125.554 (50.1%)

Children population (48% <18 y.o.)

Boys 2,229,896 (51%) Girls 2,146,324 (49%)

Number of municipalities (2009)327

Demographic density1,098,581 Km2 Density 9.30

Annual Population Growth rate2.0 %

New Development Paradigm in Bolivia

• Particular new Political conditions: – New indigenous government– New political constitution

• Bolivia as a communitarian plurinational, intercultural, descentralized, and with autonomies, State.

• Humans Rights-Based approach– Child rights

• New Social Contract

National Development Plan

• “Vivir Bien” (‘Living Good’) concept and policy• Local & Community Development Plan• Decentralized Public Administration

(management)• Municipality as basic axis of public

management (15 years of experience)

A development model from the municipal level

• Municipalities have today more powers and duties (legislative, budgetary, political competences)

• They can be part of national policies in a voluntary capacity

• Municipal institutional development plan:– Local economic development– Social policies with an integral approach

• New development paradigm and new axis around municipalities give basis for MAN policy

Child Friendly Municipality (MAN)

• A public policy with meaning for municipalities:– Orders public supply– Centered in Human Capital– Political recognition to local authorities– Fiscal recognition– COMMUNITARIAN LOGIC

• Participation• Prestige

• Lines up with prevailing development approach

Municipal Infant, Child and Adolescent Rights Development Index – IDINA – GOB/UNICEF

Degree of compliance

# of municipalit

ies Thresholds

Low 54 0.000 - 0.401

Medium low 132 0.402 - 0.494

Medium high 79 0.495 - 0.609

High 54 0.610 - 1.000

Highest 0.804 La Paz (La Paz) 0.622 National AverageLowest 0.251 Alalay (Cochabamba)

Source: UDAPE-UNICEF, Índice de Desarrollo Municipal de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, 2008

Of 319 municipalities surveyed, close to 60% have a child rights compliance index of

low to medium-low

The IDINA is a composite index which documents progress at the municipal level, based on mortality, health, education and protection indicators. Values are established ranging from 0 to 1. The closer the result is to the value of 1, the greater the degree of child rights promotion and protection in a given municipality.

VulnerabilityAssessment

Monitoring (WFP)

Vulnerability% Municipios

1. Very low 2

2. Low 20

3. Medium 35

4. High 36

5. Very high 8

Source: UDAPE-PMA, Diagnóstico modelo y atlas de seguridad alimentaria en Bolivia, 2008

79% of Bolivia’s municipalities have medium to very high vulnerability to

food and nutrition insecurity. Children and pregnant women most

vulnerable.

# Municipios

Rural 267

Urbano 49

No cuenta con dato 11

Fuente: ÌNE CNPV 2001

Urban vs. Rural population

…Let’s situate ourselves

…Let’s situate ourselves

…Let’s situate ourselves

…Let’s situate ourselves

…Let’s situate ourselves

Child Friendly Municipality Index (CFMI) for Bolivia

1. Previous:– Define administrative unit: municipality– Select which municipalities will compete: voluntary selection

2. Incorporating HHRR-based approach in goals:– Multidimensional (MDGs-like) goals– CRC orientation

3. Identifying Dimensions for social promotion– Participative goals– SMART indicators – Participative deliberation method– Selecting social gaps with local meaning

4. Clustering in ‘alike’ municipalities

5. Selecting Indicators

6. Certifying as Child Friendly

Certification to improve living standards for children

Who Certifies?

•Certifier•Legitimated•Recognized•Respected

Why Compete?

•Improve quality of life•Recognition, prestige•Develop abilities•Improve self-steem

Who competes?

•Competitors•(Administrative units, municipalities, etc.)

Certification to improve living standards for children

Vertical Competition: internal to the municipality; to improve positive indicators, management and participation

Horizontal Competition: Fair competition with similar municipalities (CLUSTERING)

“Why to cluster”Produce

scenarios with

leveled playing fields:

grouping like-

minded municipalities to be

judged against equals.

Competition

produces

positive externali

ties: social

mobilization,

prestige, team spirit.

Clustering

provide

benchmarks

to compare to

Clusters of municipalities

Like-minded municipalities

Different criteria for selection

“How to cluster”

Criteria for grouping

The process of certification• Criteria for clustering is not the CFMIndex• Establish a simple ‘easy to understand’ methodology• Defining goals: geared towards improving lives of

children & adolescents: based in a children rights-based approach

• Defining activities to reach goals• Selection of indicators: life cycle approach from

pregnancy to adolescence• Building capacity: beginning with a few number of goals

and activities

Constructing the index (selecting dimensions and grouping indicators)

Child Rights-dimensions : to be alive, play, security, parents care, education, health, healthy environment, participation, protection, freedom of

expression, be part of a democratic community

Establish goals and measure their achievement through indicators

Grouping goals in “child promotion areas”: social demand, public responsibility, social control & participation, democratic living together : a

child friendly municipality is one that promotes all those areas

Measuring advances of each promotion area and weighting them in a final index

Evaluation for the CertificationClustering provides averages over each

indicator and Municipality compares

to those averages

Goals are set through indicators (one goal can

have one or more indicators) and child promotion areas are composed by goals

A municipality advances in an area if advances in the goals

set in that area

A municipality reaches it goals if performs

equal or better than average performance

of indicators

A Child Friendly Municipal Index

weights child promotion areas with a

rights-based criteria

Municipaity certified as Child Friendly

Goals, indicators, dimensions and rightsGoal Indicator Social Promotion area Rights dimension

Teenage participation in local decisions

Number of projects promoted by adolescents approved in local organizations

Social control and participation

To information, freedom of expression, cultural identity and meeting other people

Promote sport activities

1. Number of sport events organized for children community2. Number of playing and sport fields

Social control and participation To health and play

Promote participative and social budgets

Organize budgetary discussions with local authorities grassroots organizationsNumber of activities to promote child rights included in budget

Social control and participation

To be provided economic means for human development

Goals, indicators, dimensions and rightsGoal Indicator Social Promotion area Rights dimension

Promote education with cultural identity

1. Number of inschool intercultural projects2. Number of intercultural cultural manifestions

Democratic living together (protection and human agency)

To education, information, freedom of expression, cultural identity and meeting other people

Community participates in local political decisions

1. Child Friendly Municipal committee in operation2. Children organizations operating in schools

Democratic living together (protection and human agency)

To freedom of expression, cultural identity and meeting other people

Social environment free of violence against children

1. Number of cases of sexual abuse and violence reported2. % of heads of households and spoused participated in training courses on preventing violence3. Perception on police duties (questionnaire)

Democratic living together (protection and human agency)

To be free of harm

Children learn to democratic and civic practices

1. Democratic and civic training at school2. Parents promote peaceful intrahousehold ways of living (questionnaire)

Democratic living together (protection and human agency)

To information, freedom of expression and cultural identity

Goals, indicators, dimensions and rightsGoal Indicator Social Promotion area Rights dimension

All children under 1 year old vaccinated

1. Percentage of children under 1 year with tetravalent vaccine.2. Percentage of children under 1 year old vaccinated against the measles.

Public responsibility To be alive and health

All children are exclusively breastfed until 6 months old

Percentage of children exclusively breastfed until 4 months old Public responsibility To be alive and

health

All pregnant women receive attention from the Family Health Program Family Health Program coverage in the city Public responsibility To be alive

Families of children and adolescents participate in school Management

Operationality of School Councils.2. Percentage of students enrolled in schools with local School Councils

Public responsibility To education

Children and adolescents attend certified schools Characterization index of schools Public responsibility To education

All municipalities have adequate systems of notification and information about violence and exploitations

Existence of the systems.2. Percentage of uninformed Deaths Public responsibility To education

Municipalities with supply systems for water for human consumption

Percentage of households served by supply systems of water for human consumption Public responsibility

To health and healthy environment

All children and all adolescents protected from HIV/AIDS

1. Availability of HIV testing for pregnant women.2. Availability of anti-retroviral treatment to pregnant women that are 0 positive, and prophylaxis toprevent vertical transmission.3. Protocol for the Prevention of Vertical transmission.

Public responsibility To health and be alive

Increase the public municipal budget for children and adolescents

Percentage of the municipal budget implemented in the last year and made public in the domains of education, health, and social care

Public responsibility

To be provided economic means for human development

Goals, indicators, dimensions and rightsGoal Indicator Social Promotion area Rights dimension

All children up to one year of agesurvive. Infant mortality rate Social demand To be alive

All families, especiallypregnant women, have access to basic primary health care, and pregnant adolescents receive specific care

1. Percentage of pregnant women with seven or more pre-natal care visits.2. Percentage of pregnant adolescents from 10 to 14 years of age.3. Percentage of pregnant adolescents from 15 to 19 years of age.

Social demand To Health

All children under 2 years are well nourished.

Percentage of children under 2 years of age who are malnourished. Social demand To Health and be

alive

All children and all adolescents have access to clean water.

Percentage of households with access to water for human consumption. Social demand To health and

health environment

All children 4 and 5 years old in pre-school Pre-school attendance rate of 4 and 5 year olds Social demand To education

All children and all adolescents have access to school and completethe primary school (7-14 yrs), with a guarantee of permanence andlearning.

1. Net enrolment rate of 6 to 14 year olds in primary school.2. Percentage of adolescents 14 and 15 years old who have completed primary school.3. Disparity between age and grade in daytime primary school.

Social demand To education

All children and all adolescents grow up without violence andexploitation.

Mortality rate of children and adolescents up to 19 years old due to external causes.2. School drop-out rate from primary schools (7-14 yrs) in the municipality.

Social demand To be free of harm

All children have free civil registration.

Percent of 1 year olds with civil registration out of the total live births. Social demand To identity

Child Friendly Municipality IndexExample: comparing to a benchmark indicator and benchmark = average

𝑖𝑓 𝐼𝑖 ≥ 𝐼ҧ => 𝐼𝑖 = 1

𝑖𝑓 𝐼𝑖 < 𝐼ҧ => 𝐼𝑖 = 0

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑎𝑙𝑖 = 𝐺𝑖 = 𝐼𝑗𝑖𝑚𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝐼 ≥ 𝐼ҧ => 𝐺𝑖 = 1

𝑖𝑓 𝐼< 𝐼ҧ => 𝐺𝑖 = 0

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑗 ሺ𝑗=1…4ሻ= 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 = 𝐺𝑖𝑗𝑛𝑖

𝑖𝑓 ሺ𝐻𝑅𝐵𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑ሻ 𝐺= #𝐺 => 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 = 1

𝑖𝑓 ሺ𝐻𝑅𝐵𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑ሻ 𝐺< #𝐺 => 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 = 0

𝐶𝐹𝑀𝐼𝑘 = 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 4

𝑗=1 => 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝑃𝐴 ≥ 3 => 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝑃𝐴< 2 => 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑

Final questions

• Simplicity versus gathering relevant information (social impact)

• Clustering methods: mobile or fixed groups of municipalities through the process?

• Different requirements/benchmarks for different clusters according to level of development?

• How to weight of indicators and promotion areas into a composite index?