ISE 308 GROUP PRESENTATION

ON

LIPIDS, VITAMINS AND

SYNTHETIC POLYMER

 

NAMES MATRIC NUMBER1. AWOSADERE ADEOLA 0902240252. AJEWOLE YETUNDE 090224043. ORDIA COLLINS 0902240204. ILEMOBAYO JUSTINAH 09022445. AREMU F. ADEYEMI 090224016

The four classes of organic compounds in living things are carbohydrate, lipids , protein and nucleic acidsThe word ‘lipid’ come from the Greek word ‘lipos’, which means fat.

Lipids are heterogeneous group of naturally occurring organic compounds, classified together on the basis of their common solubility properties, lipids are insoluble in water but they tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ether and chloroform, this property sets them apart from biological substances such as carbohydrate and protein.  

They have various uses in the human body that ranges from energy production to controlling hormones.Experts recommend that your fat intake makes up less than 30% of your daily calorie intake of food. Although excessive dietary fat is harmful, you do need some fat in your diet to stay healthy. Fat provides an efficient way for your body to store energy. It is also needed to keep your cell membranes healthy.

FACTS• Lipids are substances that are found in both plant

and animal cells.• They contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen.• They are important in maintaining the structure of

cells and providing, a source of fuel to the body.• Lipids come in the form of fatty acids, waxes,

steroids, and neutral fats.• They can also be in compound form, which occurs

when the lipids combine with another chemical compound. Under the latter category are lipolipids, glycolipids and phospholipids.

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Natural ‘triglycerides’ are fats and oils that are triesters of glycerol with fatty acids which are long chains carboxylic acids (C12 through C24).Triglycerides are important as the long term storage form of energy in the human body.The difference between fats and oils is simply that fats are solid at room temperature and oils are liquids. Most fats such as lard are obtained from animals. The fats from palm kernel and coconuts, however are exceptions, most oils, such as olive oil are plant products.

From the organic chemist’s point of view, however fats and oils are both esters, they are easily hydrolyzed in the presence of acids and bases. The hydrolysis of oils or fats by boiling with an aqueous solution of an alkali-metal hydroxide is called SAPONIFICATION, SAPONIFICATION is a process used to make soap

USES OF LIPIDSLipids play three major roles in human biology, namely-1. Lipids are used by the body to store

energy, this is accomplished through the use of triglycerides, a kind of unsaturated fat, triglycerides are able to carry 9kilocalories of energy as opposed to the 4kilocalories that carbohydrates can.

2. Lipids in form of phospholipids are the water-insoluble components from which biological membranes are constructed.

Types of lipids Triglycerides: is the ester of a

glycerol that contains three fatty acids molecules.

Phospholipids: A phospholipid is composed of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit, a phosphate group and a polar molecule. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes which enclose the cytoplasm and other contents of a cell.

3. Steroids: have a carbon backbone that consists of four fused rings like structures. Steroids include cholesterol, sex hormones(progesterone, estrogen and testosterone) and cortisone4. Fatty acids: is a long chain of monocarboxylic acid, natural fatty acids generally have an even number of carbon, they can be saturated or unsaturated.

5.waxes: are water-repelling solids that are part of the protective coatings of a number of living things, including the leaves of plants, the fur of animals. They are usually mixtures of esters in which both the alkyl and acyl group are unbranched and contain a dozen or more carbon atoms. comprised of an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid, many plants have leaves and fruits with wax coatings to help prevent water loss, another example is ear wax.

STRUCTURE OF A TRIGLYCERIDE

VITAMINSThe term “vitamins” is used to describe certain organic compounds that are needed, but cannot be manufactured by the body. They mainly serve as catalysts for certain reactions in the body by the body. If these catalysts are missing leads in a vitamin deficiency, normal body functions can break down and make a person more susceptible to disease. Sometimes the compound is a vitamin for human but not for some animals, for example, vitamin C(ascorbic acid) is a vitamin for human but not for dogs, because dogs can produce enough for their own needs, while humans cannot.

The amount of vitamins required are very small, perhaps hundredth of grams, vitamins are mainly obtained from our foods, but there are some special cases , for instance, vitamin K is manufactured in our bodies in certain bacteria in our intestines, and vitamin D is produced with the help of ultraviolet radiation on our skin.

Put simply, a vitamin is both: An organic compound (contains carbon) An essential nutrient the body cannot produce

enough on its own, so it has to get it(tiny amounts) from food and fruits.

We have water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.  Fat-soluble vitamins: are stored in the fat tissues

of our bodies, as well as the liver. Fat-soluble vitamins are easier to store than water-soluble vitamins, and can stay in the body as reserves for days, some of them for months. Examples are vitamins A, D, E and K. fat- soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of fats (lipids)

Water-soluble vitamins: they get easily dissolved in water, they do not get stored in the body; they soon get expelled through urine. Water-soluble vitamins need to be replaced more often than fat soluble ones. Examples are Vitamin C and all the B Vitamins.

Vitamin A (fat soluble):-Chemical name: retinol, retinal, beta carotene-Good sources: eggs, milk, apricots, carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes. -Importance: It helps a great deal in improving your eyesight, also aids in maintaining healthy skin.-Deficiency: may cause night blindness and keratomalacia (eye disorder that results in a dry cornea)

Vitamin B(water-soluble): is a list of multiple vitamins like : Vitamin B1(THIAMINE) Deficiency: may cause beriberi Vitamin B2 (RIBOFLAVIN) Deficiency: ariboflavinosis Vitamin B3(NIACIN)Deficiency: may cause pellagra Vitamin B5(PANTHOTHENIC  ACID)Deficiency: may cause paresthesia Vitamin B6(PYRIDOXINE, PYRIDOXAMINE)Deficiency: anemia

Vitamin B7(BIOTIN)Deficiency: Dermatitis Vitamin B9(folic acid) Deficiency: pregnancy deficiency linked to birth defects.  Vitamin B12(HYDROXYCOBALAMIN, METHLCOBALAMIN) 

Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemiaGood sources: include whole grains, such as wheat and oats, fish and seafood, leafy green vegetables, dairy products like milk and yoghurts, beans and peas.

Importance:  It helps or aids in generating energy that the body utilizes in carrying out its activities, it also participates actively in the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen to different parts of the body

Vitamin C (water soluble): Chemical name: ascorbic acidGood sources: found in citrus fruits

like oranges, foods rich in vitamin C also include tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage e.t.c

Importance: It helps in strengthening your bone and also aids in healing wounds. It enables you to overcome infection.

Deficiency: Scurvy

Vitamin D (FAT-SOLUBLE):Chemical name: ERGOCALCIFEROL, CHOLECALCIFEROL

Good sources: produced in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet B light from the sun, fatty fish and mushrooms,

Importance: it works towards strengthening your bones and teeth, it also aids in absorbing calcium required by the body.

Deficiency: Rickets

VITAMIN E (FAT-SOLUBLE):

Chemical name:  TOCOPHEROLS, TOCOTRIENOLS

Good sources: Includes whole grains, such as wheat and oats, leafy green vegetables, egg yolk, nuts etc.

Importance: it takes care of your lungs and also aids in formation of red blood cells.

Deficiency: Deficiency is uncommon. may cause mild hemolytic anemia in new born

VITAMIN K (FAT-SOLUBLE)Chemical name: PHYLLQUINONE,

MENAQUINONESGood sources: Includes leafy

green vegetables, dairy products like milk and yoghurt, pork, parsley contain a lot of vitamin k.

Importance: it helps in the maintenance of normal levels of blood clotting proteins.

Deficiency: may cause bleeding diathesis

SYNTHETIC POLYMERSPolymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called “mer”. The term polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” and “mers”, meaning “many parts”. A polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules; the smaller molecules that combine to form a polymer are called monomers. The reaction that joins monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization.

Polymers are synthesized naturally and artificially to perform a wide variety of specialized tasks. We have natural and synthetic polymers.Synthetic polymers are artificially made polymers (i.e. human made polymers) and are referred commonly to as industrial polymer. They are commonly found in variety of consumer products such as money, super glue, etc.Some familiar house-hold synthetic polymer include Nylons in textile and fabric, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride in pipes, plastic kits and covers from polythene and tires from Buna rubbers.

TYPES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERSFrom the utility point of view, they can be classified into four main categories: ELASTOMERS: elastomers are polymers possessing

chemical and physical crosslinks; these crosslinks allow the stretched, deformed, segments to return to their original location after the force is removed. As the force is removed has a tendency to return to its original disorganized state and therefore its pre-stretched shape.

THERMOSETS ANDF THERMOPLASTICS: thermosets are materials that have sufficient crosslinking presents that they are prevented from being soluble and melting when heated, such materials are therefore difficult to recycle. Thermoplastics are materials that melt on heating and generally contain little or no crosslinking; they can be recycled more easily through heating and reforming.

Synthetic fibers: fibers require materials with a high tensile strength and high modulus ( high force required for elongation). This requires polymers with strong forces between the chain and chains that are symmetrical to allow for good crystalline formation. Fibers are normally linear and drawn (pulled) in one direction, producing higher mechanical properties in that direction.

Plastics: plastics require properties that are intermediate between elastomers and fibers. Engineering plastics can be readily machined, cut, and drilled. Examples include Acrylics, fiber glass, nylons, polyesters, olefins

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