ise 412 1 the information processing model a model for understanding human cognition. from:...
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ISE 412 1
The Information Processing Model A model for understanding human cognition.
from: Wickens, Lee, Liu, & Becker (2004) An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering. p. 122
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Assumptions in the IP Model Each stage transforms data and takes some time
Sensory processing• visual, auditory, kinesthetic• quality and quantity of input depend on limits of senses
Short-term sensory store• temporary storage at the sensory channel• requires no conscious attention
Perceptual encoding• stimulus is assigned to single perceptual category (from LTM)• levels of complexity of perceptual decisions
– absolute judgement (1 dimension)– loudness of a tone, crowd size
– pattern recognition (2 or more dimensions)– medical diagnosis, Sherlock Holmes
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Stages (cont.) Decision making
• what to do with perceived information• critical point in information processing
Memory• Working memory (short-term memory)• Long-term memory
Response execution• calling up and releasing necessary muscle commands to
perform actions• very complex
Feedback• monitoring the consequences of actions• not necessarily conscious
Assumptions in the IP Model
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Stages (cont.) Attention
• searchlight - which information source to monitor• resource of limited availability
Model not to be taken literally• Implies passivity; where are the goals?• Stages not sharply defined; overlap in time• Stages are not really "boxes" in the brain• Information flow may be right to left;
• e.g., expectations can influence perceptions
Assumptions in the IP Model
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The Information Processing Model The traditional driver for research and understanding. A useful organization scheme.
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Sensory Register, Part I: The Visual Sensory System
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The Visual Receptor System(see chapter 4)
The lens cornea – protective surface
pupil – opens (dilates) in darkness, closes (constricts) in light
accomodation: _______________________________• measured in diopters
The retina cones: ___________________________
rods: ____________________________
fovea: ___________________________
acuity: ___________________________
scotopic vision: ______________________
photopic vision: ______________________
adaptation: _________________________
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Example: driving at night
Specific hazards caused by: Glare Reduced contrast sensitivity Loss of color vision
Particularly bad for older drivers due to: Loss of contrast sensitivity due to age Loss of accomodation
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What affects Visibility?
1. Of print…
Good Bad
Good Bad
Good
Good
Bad
Bad
BAD Bad
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What affects Visibility?2. Characterizing and Measuring Light
Color• hue
– pure wavelength– visible spectrum ~400 – 700 nm
• saturation– amount of achromatic light mixed in
• brightness– amplitude
Design considerations • use color as a secondary source of information• design for monochrome first• consider
– simultaneous contrast– negative afterimage
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2. Characterizing and Measuring Light (cont.) Brightness measures (review)
• luminous intensity, luminous flux– energy at the source, candela
• illuminance– amount of energy striking an object, lux or foot-
candles (fc)• luminance
– amount of energy reflected from an object, foot-lambert (FL)
• reflectance– ratio of the amount of light striking the object to the
light reflected from the object,– illuminance
luminance
What affects Visibility?
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3. Characteristics of Visual Displays
Visual angle,• VA = tan-1(H/D)• VA = 3438H/D min
Example: reading ‘Good’ text from your notes page,
H = ______
D = ______
VA = ___________________________
What affects Visibility?
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3. Characteristics of Visual Displays (cont.)
Contrast,• Luminance of light areas, LL
• Luminance of dark areas, LD
• Contrast =
Spatial frequency• cycles of light and dark per degree of VA
Polarity• dark on light vs light on dark
(LL – LD)
(LL + LD)
What affects Visibility?
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4. Characteristics of Observers
Visual Acuity Age Contrast sensitivity Night vision
5. Characteristics of Environment
Ambient light • e.g., daylight vs night, glare, etc.
Movement Distractions
What affects Visibility?
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Your turn …
Define system requirements for your project based on this understanding of the visual sensory system.
Typical statements could include:1. The system must accommodate ____________________.
2. The system should allow for _______________________.
3. The system should include mechanisms that will _____________________.
Be careful not to start designing yet!