Islam and Geograph

y Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

Deserts• Only a small strip of fertile land in

south of Saudi Arabia

•Few oases

•The rest is Desert

Bedouins• Nomads who live in the

desert• Organized into tribes

and clans– Clans give security and

support since they live in extreme conditions

– Defended themselves from other clans who wanted water, grazing territory, livestock or food supplies

Islamic Way of Life• Bedouin valued

–Courage

–Loyalty to family

–Warrior skills

• This would lead to Islamic way of life

Trade Routes• Many trade routes connected

Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes–Extreme south of the peninsula–To the Byzantine in the north–Caravan routes went to the Silk

Roads in the east–Transported spices to the west

Mecca• Located in Saudi Arabia

• Important stop on trade routes

• During holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca and this brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba

Kaaba* Over the years

many different gods and spirits were introduced here

• Had over 360 idols brought by many tribes

The Spread Of

Islam

100%Islam

Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

Crisis• Muhammad dies in

632 • Muslims now had

to find a new leader

• Muhammad did not name a successor

Solution• Muslims chose Abu-

Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad

• He became the first Caliph

• Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy

Abu-Bakr• After Muhammad died some

Muslims– Refused to pay taxes– Tried to say they were prophets

themselves– Some tribes abandoned Islam

• In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority.

Muslim State• By the time Abu died, the Muslim state

controlled all of Arabia• Under the next 2 caliphs they took:

– Syria – Lower Egypt– Parts of Persia

• By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

Muslim Troops• They were successful

because they were– Willing to struggle till

the end for Islam– Well disciplined– Expertly commanded

• Enemies were not used to their style of warfare

Byzantine and Persia

• The Byzantine and Persia were already weak from long time conflicts

• The people welcomed Islam

Treatment of Conquered People

• Muslims were tolerant of conquered people

• The Quran forbids forceful conversion–They let others keep their religion if they

paid a poll tax–People who did not convert were not

allowed to spread their own religions

The Spread Of Islam 2

100%Islam

Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

Internal Conflict• The 2 Caliphs

after Abu Bakr were assassinated

• After their assassinations, the elective system of choosing caliphs ended

Umayyads• A family that came

to power in 661 • They set up a

hereditary system of getting new leaders.

• They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus

Umayyads• Surrounded

themselves with riches

• Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split.

The Split• Muslims split into two groups:

SHI’A

• Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad

SUNNI• This group followed the Umayyad

rule and followed Muhammad’s example.

Sufi• Another group who

reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads

• They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam

• They meditated and chanted

• Focused on the Quran

Muslim Achievement

Cultural Contributions

Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

Muslim Architecture

Cultural Diffusion• It is in Architecture that the greatest

cultural blending can be seen• Already existing buildings were modified

by Islamic Ideals• Islamic Features:

–Multi-lobed interwoven arches–Domes–Minarets–Large courtyards

Multi-lobed interwoven arches

Domes

Dome of the Rock• Located in Jerusalem• Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from

where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven

Minarets• Towers built

from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day

Large Courtyards

Mosaics• Artwork created

using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles

• Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques

Arabic Alphabet• Arabic was first

used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam)

• Written from Right to Left

• Made up of 28 letters

Calligraphy• Art of beautiful

handwriting• In Islam, showing

living things in art was not allowed

• So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves.

• Turn to page 247 in books

Universities• Muhammad strongly believed in

the power of learning–This led to support of places of

learning by Muslim Leaders

• Qualified physicians = treat the sick

• Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer

Muslim Achievement

Part 2

Scientific Contributions

Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

Math• Arabic Numbers were

adapted from India– Included the number

ZERO

• Led to study of optics which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes

Medical Advances• The Comprehensive

Book – An encyclopedia of medicine using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge

Science• Relied on

Scientific observation and experimentation

• Translated and studied Greek texts

Pictures Cited

• Slide 2 – http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/History/Carnegie/newton/telescope1.jpg

• Slide 3 – http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/fr/i14_120.gif• Slide 4 – Clipart 2007• Slide 5 – http://www.zakariya.net/images/gallery/fullsize/Aramco-

Astrolabe-Face.jpg

Pictures Cited• Slide 2 – http://lloydi.com/travel-writing/turkey/wallpaper/blue-mosque-1x7.jpg

• Slide 4 – http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/772/551106.JPG

• Slide 5 – http://www.tomisimo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/cordoba-mosque.jpg

• Slide 6 – http://taprobiz.com/pipeline/photo_contest/herit_mosquedome_hashirM.jpg, http://www.getreligion.org/wp-content/photos/Jameh_mosque_dome.JPG

• Slide 7 – http://www.blessingscornucopia.com/islammuslimislamicsunnahdomeoftherockjerusalem.jpg

• Slide 8 – http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/images/domeofrockint.jpg

• Slide 9 – http://www.efratnakash.com/galleries_l_pics/israel/jerusalem/11-0011.jpg

• Slide 10 – http://www.biblelieux.com/images/Dome_du_Rocher_vu_de_l_est,_tb042403.jpg

• Slide 11 – http://www.socwel.ku.edu/candagrant/Gallery/HFC-Thumbnail/Islam/Islamic%20Center%20of%20Greater%20Kansas%20City,%20Kansas%20City,%20MO,%2004,%20AK/Minaret%20and%20Dome.jpg

• Slide 12 – http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/images/2005/01/17/minaret_gallery_352x470.jpg, http://www.nmazca.com/cairo/al-fath_mosque_minaret.jpg

• Slide 13 – http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/4/4.615/images/3/1009.jpeg

• Slide 14 – http://farm1.static.flickr.com/22/27024065_863da4a255.jpg

• Slide 15 – http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/800px-Selimiye_Mosque%252C_Dome.jpg

• Slide 16 – http://l.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/travel/tg/lp/0d/500x500_0d8424b66f65b3bbb6f59c9b935356df.jpg

• Slide 17 – http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/images/arabic1.jpg

• Slide 18 – http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/images/calligraphy/islamic.calligraphy9.gif, http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/eastwest/images/calligraphylion.jpg

• Slide 19 –http://creativebits.org/files/zoomorphic_calligraphy.jpg

Pictures Cited• Slide 1 – Clipart 2007• Slide 2 – http://www.subrosa.com.tr/internet/alcimizm/alcimizm_clip_image005.jpg• Slide 3 –http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/f/fb/250px-

Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg• Slide 4 –

http://www.blessingscornucopia.com/angelsangelicorderscorrectionomniangelsstjohnshrineinummayadmosquedamascus.jpg

• Slide 5 - http://blogs.bootsnall.com/Shan+Lee/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/Umayyad%20Mosque.JPG

• Slide 7 – http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/72474807.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=17A4AD9FDB9CF19390335F8FA9CA92A6610049A500283EBA8BC3F87336C851A1, http://watch.windsofchange.net/pics/r1066618488.jpg

• Slide 8 – http://www.omanet.om/english/oman2004/images/5.1.jpg• Slide 9 –

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44137000/jpg/_44137198_sufi_prayer_ap203.jpg, http://bp1.blogger.com/_5Ul3kvGr10s/RwBYKXzuG4I/AAAAAAAABX0/nR_F--qUS1c/s400/doa.jpg

• Slide 10 – clipart 2007

Pictures Cited• Slide 1 – Clipart 2007• Slide 2 – Clipart 2007• Slide 3 – http://www.mainlesson.com/books/baldwin/people/zpage036.gif• Slide 4 – Clipart 2007• Slide 6 – http://www.alphanewsdaily.com/Israel%20Islam%20World%20Map%20Crop.gif• Slide 7 – • Slide 8 – Clipart 2007• Slide 9 – Clipart 2007• Slide 10 – Clipart 2007

Pictures Cited• Slide 1 – http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/02/12/22571202.jpg• Slide 2 – http://www.expatexchange.com/images/photo_Desert_flat.jpg• Slide 3 – http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t235/

T235541A.jpg• Slide 4 – http://www.dotrez.com/NerdyShit/saudi4.jpg• Slide 5 – http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cbc.ca/news/photogalleries/marriage/

images/12_16108.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cbc.ca/news/photogalleries/marriage/12.html&h=350&w=539&sz=66&hl=en&start=47&tbnid=d8wpLNkBEWKXgM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaudi%2Barabian%2Bbedouin%26start%3D36%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Slide 6 – http://www.dakhlabedouins.com/img/25_by_bedouin_life.jpg• Slide 7 – http://lahavnet.co.il/joalon/eng/awoman.jpg• Slide 10 – http://instapunk.com/images/mecca.jpg• Slide 11 –

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_locator_map.png/612px-Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_locator_map.png

• Slide 12 - http://i5.photobucket.com/albums/y168/Arweto01/mecca-beat_b2.jpg