islam and the muslim psychology

7/23/2019 Islam and the Muslim Psychology

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ISLAM

AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE MUSULMAN

BY

ANDRE SERVIER

TRANSLATED BYA. S. MOSS-BLUNDELL

WITH A PREFACE BY LOUIS BERTRAND

LONDON

CHAPMAN HALL LTD.

1924

PREFACE

I have !" "he h!!#$ !% M$. A&$' Se$v(e$)* +e$*!a, a#a("ae/ I !,0 ! LaP*0h!,!3(e M#*#,a5 !% h(h he ha* 6ee (& e!#3h "! *e& e "he a#*$(+". The

!$ (+$e**e* e a* e7e,,e"5 &e*"(e& "! $e&e$ "he 3$ea"e*" *e$v(e "! "he F$eh a#*e"h$!#3h!#" N!$"he$ A%$(a5 a& a" "he *ae "(e "! e,(3h"e "he a"(ve* "he*e,ve* a* "!

"he($ ! +a*" h(*"!$0.

Wha" I a&($e !*" !% a,, (* h(* v(3!$!#* a**a#," #+! "he 3$ea" a** !% F$eh (3!$ae.Oe !% "he +$e8#&(e* !*" ,(e,0 "! ,ea& #* "! &(*a*"e$ ,(e* ( "he 6e,(e% "ha" !#$ A%$(a $#,e (*!"h(3 !$e "ha a ((&e" ( "he h(*"!$0 !% "he !#"$05 ( "he *ae a0 a* e ,!! #+!

"he R!a &!((!. The$e (* a #6e$ !% $("e$* h! +e$*(*"e",0 a("a(* "ha" R!ea&e 6#" a *h!$" *"a0 ( A%$(a5 "ha" *he $ea(e& "he$e 6#" a e"#$0 !$ "!. Tha" (* a!*"$!#* e$$!$. The e%%e"(ve e+($e !% R!e ( A%$(a 6e3a ("h "he &e*"$#"(! !%

Ca$"ha3e5 14 B.C.5 a& (" !,0 ae "! a e& ("h "he Va&a, (va*(! a6!#" "he 0ea$ 4:; !%"he Ch$(*"(a e$a < *a05 *(7 h#&$e& 0ea$* !% e%%e"(ve $#,e. B#" "he Va&a,* e$e Ch$(*"(a*h! a$$(e& ! "he R!a (v(,(=a"(! ( ("* ("e3$("05 a& h! *+!e a& $!"e La"(. I "he*ae a05 "he B0=a"(e* h! *#ee&e& "he5 eve (% "he0 &(& !" *+ea La"( !%%((a,,05

e$e a6,e "! $e3a$& "he*e,ve* a* "he ,e3("(a"e he($* !% R!e. Tha" e" ! #"(, "he e& !%"he *eve"h e"#$0.

S! "ha" A%$(a ha& e(3h" h#&$e& a& %(%"0 0ea$* !% e%%e"(ve La"( &!(a"(!. A& (% e!*(&e$ "ha" #&e$ "he he3e!0 !% Ca$"ha3e "he h!,e $e3(!5 %$! "he S0$"e* >3#,% ea$

T$(+!,( - ?C@ "! "he P(,,a$* !% He$#,e*5 a* !$e !$ ,e** He,,e(=e& !$ La"((=e&5 e a$$(ve a""he !,#*(! "ha" N!$"he$ A%$(a ha& "h($"ee h#&$e& 0ea$* !% La"(("05 he$ea* (" a !,0

$e! "e,ve h#&$e& 0ea$* !% I*,a.


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The #e$!#* a& ve$0 (+!$"a" $#(* "ha" eve #+ "! "he +$e*e" "(e !ve$ "he !#"$06ea$ ("e** "! "he &ee+ +ee"$a"(! !% ?$e!-La"( (v(,(=a"(! ("! "he *!(, !% A%$(a. O% a,,

"he*e &ea& ("(e* "he !,0 !e "he #(*"$#"e& F$eha !$ eve "he A,3e$(a !* (*T(3a&. B#" "he #$6a e"!$ $ea"e& 60 "he R!a* e6$ae& "he h!,e !% N!$"h A%$(a

#+ "! "he e&3e !% "he Saha$a a& (" (* ( "he*e ve$0 $e3(!* 6!$&e$(3 ! "he &e*e$" "ha" R!a

$ea(* a$e !*" a6#&a". I% e e$e (,,(3 "! 3! "! "he "$!#6,e a& e7+e*e !% e7ava"(3"he5 e$e (" !,0 "! 6$(3 "! ,(3h" "he ,a(* !% La"(("0 ( A%$(a5 e *h!#,& 6e a*"!(*he&60 "he 3$ea" #6e$ !% "he*e "!*5 a& a* !%"e a* !" 60 "he($ 6ea#"0. M$. A&$' Se$v(e$ (*e,, aa$e !% a,, "h(* 6#" he 3!e* a 3!!& &ea, %#$"he$. W("h a +a"(ee a& (#"ee** e#a,,0!&e$%#,5 he +$!ve* *(e"(%(a,,0 "ha" "he A$a6* have eve$ (ve"e& a0"h(3 e7e+" I*,a

< "ha" *e$e"(! !% "he A$a6 6$a(5 "ha" "he0 have a&e a6*!,#"e,0 ! a&&("(! "! "hea(e" he$("a3e !% ?$e!-La"( (v(,(=a"(!.

I" (* !,0 a *#+e$%((a, !,e&3e "ha" ha* 6ee a6,e "! ae+" ("h!#" $("(a, e7a(a"(! "he6e,(e% #$$e" a!3 Ch$(*"(a* $(3 "he M(&&,e A3e*5 h(h a""$(6#"e& "! I*,a "he ?$ee*(ee a& +h(,!*!+h0 !% h(h Ch$(*"(a("0 ha& ! ,!3e$ a0 !,e&3e. I "he e"#$(e*

"ha" have %!,,!e&5 "he Se"a$(a *+($(" ha* %!#& (" "! 6e "! ("* ("e$e*" "! !%($ a&+$!+a3a"e "h(* e$$!$. I ("* ha"$e& !% Ch$(*"(a("0 (" ha* ha& "! 3(ve I*,a "he h!!#$ !% ha"

a* "he (ve"(!5 a&5 (% e a0 *! e7+$e** ("5 "he +e$*!a, +$!+e$"0 !% !#$ ("e,,e"#a,ae*"!$*. Ta(3 I*,a %$! ("* %($*" 6e3((3* &! "! !#$ ! &a05 M. A&$' Se$v(e$

+$!ve*5 3(v(3 ha+"e$ a& ve$*e5 "ha" a,, "ha" e 6e,(eve "! 6e A$a6 !$ M#*,(5 !$5 "! #*ea eve va3#e$ !$&5 O$(e"a,5 ( "he ae$*5 "he "$a&("(!* a& "he #*"!* !% N!$"h

A%$(a5 ( a$" a* e,, a* ( "he !$e a"e$(a, "h(3* !% ,(%e < a,, "ha" (* La"(5 #!*(!#*,05!$ #! "! "he !#"*(&e !$,& < (" 6e,!3* "! "he M(&&,e A3e* e have ,e%" 6eh(&5 !#$! Me&(eva,(* "ha" e ! ,!3e$ $e!3(=e a& "ha" e a(ve,0 $e&(" a* a (ve"(! !%

I*,a.

The !e a& !,0 $ea"(! !% "he A$a6* (* "he($ $e,(3(!. A& (" (* "h(* $e,(3(! "ha" (* "he h(e%!6*"a,e 6e"ee "he a& !#$*e,ve*. I "he ("e$e*"* !% a 3!!& #&e$*"a&(3 ("h !#$M#*,( *#68e"*5 e *h!#,& *$#+#,!#*,0 av!(& eve$0"h(3 "ha" !#,& have "he e%%e" !%*"$e3"he(3 "he($ $e,(3(!#* %aa"((*5 a& ! "he !"$a$0 e *h!#,& e!#$a3e "he

!,e&3e !% eve$0"h(3 "ha" !#,& h$(3 #* ,!*e$ "!3e"he$ < e*+e(a,,0 !% a0 "$a&("(!* ea0 have ( !!.

I" (* e$"a(,0 !#$ "0 "! $e*+e" "he $e,(3(!#* !+((!* !% "he a"(ve* 6#" (" (* (*"ae +!,(0%!$ #* "! a++ea$ !$e M#*,( "ha "he0 "he*e,ve*5 a& "! 6! &! ( a 0*"(a, *+($("

6e%!$e a %!$ !% (v(,(=a"(! "ha" (* ve$0 #h ,!e$ "ha !#$ ! a& a(%e*",0 6aa$&

a& $e"$!3$a&e. The "(e* a$e "!! *e$(!#* %!$ #* "! (,3e a0 ,!3e$ ( "he a"(* !%&(,e""a"(* !$ !% +,a0e&-!#" (+$e**(!(*.

M$. A&$' Se$v(e$ ha* *a(& a,, "h(* ("h e#a, "$#"h5 a#"h!$("0 a& !++!$"#ee**. The !,0$e*e$ve* I !#,& ae $ee "he*e,ve* "! "h(*/ I have !" "he *ae $!6#*" %a("h a* he ha* (

"he #,(("e& a& !"(#!#* +$!3$e** !% h#a("0 a& I a a%$a(& "ha" he (* #&e$ *!e(,,#*(! ( $e3a$& "! "he T#$*5 h! a$e *"(,, "he ,ea&e$* !% I*,a5 a& a$e $e3a$&e& 60 !"he$

M#*,(* a* "he($ %#"#$e ,(6e$a"!$*. B#" a,, "ha" (* a #e*"(! !% +$!+!$"(!.

I a (,,(3 "! 6e,(eve ( +$!3$e** ( a e$"a( *e*e a& #+ "! a e$"a( +!(" a& I have !he*("a"(! ( a3$ee(3 "ha" "he T#$* a$e "he !*" !3e(a, !% O$(e"a,*5 #"(, "he &a0 he

e5 60 !#$ a" !% %!$e*(3h" a& !#$ *"#+(&("05 +$!v(&e "he ("h "he ea* !% 6e!(3!e !$e "he ee0 ("h h! e *ha,, have "! $e!.


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LOUIS BERTRANDPARIS5

2$& Se+"e6e$5 1922.

CHAPTER 1

France needs a Muslim policy inspired by realities and not by received opinions and legends We can only

understand any given portion of the Muslim people by studying Arab history, because of the solidarity of all

Muslims and because Islam is nothing but a secretion of the Arab brain There is no such thing as Arab

civilization The origins of the legend Ho modern historians and the scholars of the Middle Ages ere

deceived The Arab is a realist and has no imagination He has copied the ideas of other peoples, distorting

them in the process Islam, by its immutable dogmas, has paralysed the brain and !illed all initiative"

THAT F$ae (* a 3$ea" M!hae&a P!e$ a0 6e a !!+,ae5 6#" (" (* a "$#"h "ha"

ea*e* "! 6e a +,a"("#&e5 h!eve$ !%"e $e+ea"e&5 he e $ee6e$ "ha" !#$ !#"$0 h!,&* ("#"e,a3e !$e "ha "e"0 (,,(! M!hae&a* a& "ha" "he*e (,,(!* a$e %($,0 #("e& 60"he *!,(&a$("0 !% "he($ $e,(3(! "! "he %!$(&a6,e 6,! !% "h$ee h#&$e& (,,(! a&he$e"* !%"he P$!+he".

Th(* 6,! (* &(v(&e& *#+e$%((a,,0 60 $a(a, $(va,$(e*5 a& eve a" "(e* 60 !%,("(3("e$e*"*. B#" *#h (* "he (%,#ee e7e$"e& 60 $e,(3(! #+! (&(v(a,("05 *! 3$ea" (* ("* +!e$!% &!(a"(!5 "ha" "he a** %!$* a "$#e a"(! ( "he (&*" !% !"he$ +e!+,e*5 a a"(! h!*eva$(!#* +!$"(!*5 e,"e& ( "he *ae $#(6,e5 !6e&(e" "! "he *ae (&ea,5 *ha$(3 "he *ae

+h(,!*!+h( !e+"(!*5 a$e a(a"e& 60 "he *a 6(3!"e& 6e,(e% ( "he e7e,,ee !% "he($*a$e& &!3a5 a& 60 "he *ae h!*"(,e (*"$#*" !% "he %!$e(3e$ < "he (%(&e,.

S#h (* "he M#*,( a"(!.

I*,a (* !" !,0 a $e,(3(!#* &!"$(e "ha" (,#&e* e("he$ *e+"(* !$ $ee3a&e*5 1 (" (* a!#"$0 a& (% "he $e,(3(!#* a"(!a,(*5 ("h h(h a,, M#*,( 6$a(* a$e (+$e3a"e&5 ha*!" a* 0e" *#ee&e& ( "h$ea"e(3 h#a("0 ("h *e$(!#* &a3e$5 (" (* 6ea#*e "he va$(!#*

+e!+,e*5 a&e !e 60 v($"#e !% "h(* 6!&5 have %a,,e ("! *#h a *"a"e !% &e$e+("#&e a&&ea&ee "ha" (" (* (+!**(6,e %!$ "he "! *"$#33,e a3a(*" "he a"e$(a, %!$e* +,ae& 60*(ee a& +$!3$e** a" "he &(*+!*a, !% We*"e$ (v(,(=a"(!. 2 I" (* "! "he ve$0 $(3(&("0 !% ("*&!3a5 "he e$(,e** !*"$a(" (" e7e$(*e* !ve$ "he($ (&*5 a& "he ("e,,e"#a, +a$a,0*(*

("h h(h (" *"$(e* "he5 "ha" "h(* ,! e"a,("0 (* "! 6e a""$(6#"e&.1 De Ca*"$(e*5 L)I*,a.

2 A&$' See$5 Le Na"(!a,(*e M#*#,a

P. A"!a$!h(5 Le Na"(!a,(*e E30+"(e

He$( Ma$ha&5 L)E30+"e e" ,e Na"(!a,(*e E30+"(e.

B#" eve *#h a* (" (*5 I*,a (* 60 ! ea* a e3,(3(6,e e,ee" ( "he &e*"(0 !% h#a("0.

The a** !% "h$ee h#&$e& (,,(! 6e,(eve$* (* 3$!(3 &a(,05 6ea#*e ( !*" M#*,(!#"$(e* "he 6($"h-$a"e e7ee&* "he &ea"h-$a"e5 a& a,*! 6ea#*e "he $e,(3(!#* +$!+a3a&a (*


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!*"a",0 3a((3 e a&he$e"* a!3 "$(6e* *"(,, ( a *"a"e !% 6a$6a$(*.

The #6e$ !% !ve$"* $(3 "he ,a*" "e"0 0ea$* ( B$("(*h I&(a (* e*"(a"e& a" *(7(,,(!* a& a *((,a$ +$!3$e** ha* 6ee !6*e$ve& ( Ch(a5 T#$e*"a5 S(6e$(a5 Ma,a0*(a5 a&A%$(a. Neve$"he,e** "he a"(ve +$!+a3a&a !% "he Wh("e Fa"he$* (* *#e**%#,,0 !6a"(3

M#*,( +$!*e,0"(* ( "he Da$ C!"(e". I" 6eh!!ve* #* "he5 a* Le Cha"e,(e$ *a0*5 "! aea ("e,,(3e" *"#&0 !% I*,a5 a& "! %!#& "he$e! a M#*,( +!,(0 h!*e 6ee%(e" a"(!a0 e7"e& !" !,0 !ve$ !#$ A%$(a !,!(e* 6#" !ve$ "he h!,e M#*,( !$,&.

We have 3!" "! $ea,(=e "he ee**("0 !% "$ea"(3 !ve$ "e"0 (,,(! a"(ve* ( *!e 6e""e$ a0"ha "a(",0 (3!$(3 "he. F!$ "he0 (,, a,a0* 6e "he !,0 a"(ve +!+#,a"(! !% !#$ Ce"$a,a& We*" A%$(a !,!(e*5 h(,*" "he($ +$e*e" #e$(a, *#+e$(!$("0 ( A,3e$(a5 T#(*(a a&M!$!! a!" %a(, "! ($ea*e a* "(e 3!e* !.

A,%$e& Le Cha"eI(e$5 La P!,("(#e M#*#,ae.

O,0 60 a "h!$!#3h #&e$*"a&(3 !% "he e"a,("0 a& +*0h!,!30 !% "he M#*,(5 a& 60&(*a$&(3 +$e8#&(e a& ,e3e&5 a e ah(eve a0 $ea,,0 #*e%#, a& +e$ae" !$.

I" !#,& 6e +#e$(,e "! (a3(e "ha" e a *a%e,0 !%(e "h(* *"#&0 "! !#$ ! M#*,(*#68e"*5 ("h "he !68e" !% 3!ve$(3 "he (*e,0. A* e have a,$ea&0 $ea$e&5 "he M#*,((* !" a (*!,a"e& (&(v(a, "he T#(*(a5 "he A,3e$(a5 "he M!$!a5 "he S!#&ae*e a$e !"(&(v(a,* h!*e h!$(=! *"!+* a" "he a$"(%((a, 6!#&a$(e* $ea"e& 60 &(+,!a"(*"* a&3e!3$a+he$*. T! ha"eve$ +!,("(a, %!$a"(! "he0 a0 6e,!35 "he0 a$e %($*" a& %!$e!*"("(=e* !% I*,a. The0 6e,!3 !$a,,05 $e,(3(!#*,05 ("e,,e"#a,,0 "! "he 3$ea" M#*,(Fa"he$,a&5 !% h(h "he a+("a, (* Mea5 a& h!*e $#,e$ < "he!$e"(a,,0 #&(*+#"e& < (*"he C!a&e$ !% "he Fa("h%#,. The($ e"a,("0 ha* ( "he !#$*e !% e"#$(e* 6ee *,!,0

ea&e&5 !,&e& a& (+$e3a"e& 60 "he $e,(3(!#* &!"$(e !% "he P$!+he"5 a& a* "h(*&!"$(e (* !"h(3 6#" a *e$e"(! !% "he A$a6 6$a(5 (" %!,,!* "ha" e #*" *"#&0 A$a6h(*"!$0 (% e a" "! ! a& #&e$*"a& a0 +!$"(! !% "he M#*,( !$,&.

S#h a *"#&0 (* &(%%(#,"5 !" %$! a0 &ea$"h !% &!#e"* < ! "he !"$a$05 "he0 a6!#&5%!$ I*,a a* 6!$ a& 3$e #+ ( "he %#,, ,(3h" !% h(*"!$0 < 6#" 6ea#*e "he M#*,( $e,(3(!a& "he A$a6* a$e ve(,e& %$! !#$ *(3h" 60 *! va*" a ,!#& !% ae+"e& !+((!*5 ,e3e&*5e$$!$*5 a& +$e8#&(e* "ha" (" *ee* a,!*" (+!**(6,e "! *ee+ (" aa0. A& 0e" "he "a* #*"

6e #&e$"ae (% e (*h "! 3e" !#" !% "he &e+"h* !% (3!$ae ( h(h e a$e ! *# ($e3a$& "! M#*,( +*0h!,!30.

G#,e* Lea("$e a* !e a,,e& #+! "! ("$!e "! "he +#6,( "he !$ !% a 0!#3 E30+"(a$("e$ ! A$a6 +!e"$0. The a#"h!$5 a !v(e5 &e,a$e& ("h %(e a**#$ae "ha" A$a6 ,("e$a"#$ea* "he $(he*" a& "he !*" 6$(,,(a" !% a,, ! ,("e$a"#$e*5 a& "ha" A$a6 (v(,(=a"(! a*"he h(3he*" a& "he !*" *+,e&(&. G#,e* Lea("$e5 h! ( h(* 8#&3e"* $e*e6,e& Sa("e-Be#ve ( h(* +$e%e$ee %!$ !&e$a"e !+((!*5 %e," *!e $e,#"ae "! !#"e$*(3 *#h a*"a"ee". O "he !"he$ ha& "he !6,(3a"(!* !% !#$"e*0 +$eve"e& h( %$! ,a0(3 "!! #h*"$e** #+! "he +!ve$"0 a& 6a$ee** !% A$a6 ,("e$a"#$e. He 3!" !#" !% "he &(%%(#,"0 ve$0,eve$,0 60 "he %!,,!(3 *!eha" $e*e$ve& *"a"ee"/

I" (* &(%%(#," "! #&e$*"a& h! a (v(,(=a"(! *! !6,e5 *! 6$(,,(a"5 h!*e a(%e*"a"(!*have eve$ ,!*" "he($ ha$5 a& h(h ( "(e* +a*" ha& *! $ea$a6,e a +!e$ !% e7+a*(!5


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*ee* "! have ,!*" ("* v($"#e ( "he*e ,a""e$ &a0*. I" (* !e !% "he *!$$!* a& 0*"e$(e* !%h(*"!$0.

A* "he !6*e$va"(! !% a *#6",e (&5 a#*"!e& eve$ "! ae+" 6,(&,0 #$$e" !+((!* a*

*#h5 "h(* (* +e$%e",0 8#*"(%(e&. F!$ (% e a&(" a,, "he #a,("(e* "ha" a$e ha6("#a,,0 a""$(6#"e& "!A$a6 (v(,(=a"(!5 (% e a$e $ea&0 "! 6! ( +(!#* ae 6e%!$e "he %a*(a"(3 *+,e&!#$ ("hh(h +!e"* a& h(*"!$(a* have a&!$e& ("5 "he (" (* (&ee& &(%%(#," "! e7+,a( h! "heE+($e !% "he Ca,(+h* a have %a,,e ("! "he *"a"e !% &e$e+("#&e ( h(h e *ee (" "!&a05&$a33(3 &!a$& ( ("* %a,, a"(!* h!5 #&e$ !"he$ 3!ve$ae5 ha& *h!##e*"(!a6,e a+"("#&e* %!$ (v(,(=a"(!.

H! (* (" "ha" "he S0$(a*5 "he E30+"(a*5 "he Be$6e$*5 a* *!! a* "he0 6eae I*,a(=e&5 ,!*""he ee$305 "he ("e,,(3ee a& "he *+($(" !% (("(a"(ve "he0 e7h(6("e& #&e$ "he &!(a"(! !%?$eee a& R!e H! ha* (" !e a6!#" "ha" "he A$a6* "he*e,ve*5 h!5 a!$&(3 "! "heh(*"!$(a*5 e$e "he +$!%e**!$* !% *(ee a& +h(,!*!+h0 ( "he We*"5 a have %!$3!""e a,,

"he($ 6$(,,(a" a!+,(*he"* a& have *# ("! a *"a"e !% (3!$ae "ha" "!&a0 $e,e3a"e*"he "! "he 6a$6a$!#* a"(!*

I% e +e$*(*" ( a*(3 "he*e #e*"(!*5 (" (* %!$ "he *!,e $ea*! "ha" e have eve$ $ea,,0 3!" "!"he 6!""! !% "he a#*e* !% "he $a+(& e7+a*(! !% A$a6 !#e*"5 "ha" e have eve$ +,ae&"h(* !#e*" ( ("* +$!+e$ h(*"!$(a, %$ae5 ( a ($,e !% e7e+"(!a,,0 %av!$a6,e($#*"ae*. We have eve$ +ee"$a"e& "he +*0h!,!30 !% "he M#*,(5 a& a$e !*e#e",0!" ( a +!*("(! "! #&e$*"a& h! a& h0 "he (e*e E+($e !% "he Ca,(+h* e" "!

+(ee* h! a& h0 (" a* %a"e& "! !,,a+*e h!5 *"$(e 60 +a$a,0*(* a& &ea"h 60 a $(3(&$e,(3(!#* &!"$(e "ha" &!(a"e& a& !"$!,,e& eve$0 a" !% &a(,0 ,(%e5 eve$0 a(%e*"a"(! !%a"(v("05 hav(3 ! !e+"(! !% a"e$(a, +$!3$e** a* a (&ea, !$"h0 "! 6e +#$*#e&5 h! "h(*

6ae%#, (%,#ee ha* e+" ("* a&he$e"* a+a$" %$! a& !#"*(&e !% "he 3$ea" #$$e"* !%(v(,(=a"(!.

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14 $ee$5 H(*"!($e ha,(%a"

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+$(*!e$ 60 "he P$!+he"5 a& !&ee& "! &ea"h5 he ha& $(e&/ Wh! (,, "ae a$e !% 0h(,&$e a%"e$ e a& M!hae& ha& $e+,(e&/ The %($e !% he,, The v("()* *!5 "heh(,& !% he,, a* he ha& 6ee a,,e&5 *eee& a7(!#* "! 8#*"(%0 "h(* +$e&("(!. Oe (3h"5 a%"e$ a*#++e$ a&e e$$0 60 (e a& "he +$e*ee !% *!e +$e""0 *(3(3-3($,*5 a* "he &a a*a++$!ah(3 he hea$& "he #e==( ("!e "he a,, "! +$a0e$ %$! "he "!+ !% a (a$e".

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48/135

2 E* Sah!#&(5 H(*"!($e &e M'&(e

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*#h e7a"(!* "ha" "he +e!+,e5 &0(3 "! 3e" $(& !% "he5 e,!e& "he M#*,(.(va*(!.

29 Ta6a$(5 Aa,e*

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49/135

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"he *!$&)* +!(". Ah"a$ $e%#*e& "! !6e0. The a e "##," a$!*e. A,( $e+ea"e& h(* !$&e$.

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&$(ve 60 +!ve$"0 a& "he ,#*" !% +,#&e$5 ,e%" "he($ &e*e$"* a& $#*he& #+! !#"$(e* !%?$e!-La"( (v(,(=a"(!. I Pe$*(a5 S0$(a5 a& E30+"5 "he0 ae ("! ,!*e !"a" ("h

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