Islam ExpandsIslam Expands

Taken from InternetTaken from Internet

Islam ExpandsIslam Expands

In spite of internal In spite of internal conflicts, the conflicts, the

Muslims create a Muslims create a huge empire that huge empire that includes land on includes land on three continents.three continents.

VocabularyVocabularyKhalifa (caliph) Highest political and religious leader in a Muslim governmentUmayya Dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750Shi’a Branch of Islam whose members believe the first four caliphs are the rightful successors of MuhammadSunni Branch of Islam whose members believe Ali and his descendants are the rightful successors of Muhammad

VocabularyVocabularySufi Muslim who tries to achieve direct contact with GodAbbasi Dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258al-Andalus Muslim-ruled area in what is now SpainFatimi Member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

Muhammad’s Successors Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamSpread Islam

A New LeaderA New Leader– In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-

Bakr to be the first Khalifa (caliph) .Bakr to be the first Khalifa (caliph) .– Khalifa (Caliph)—title for a Muslim leader—Khalifa (Caliph)—title for a Muslim leader—

means “successor” or “deputy.means “successor” or “deputy.

Muhammad’s Successors Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamSpread Islam

““Rightly Guided” Khalifa (Caliph) Rightly Guided” Khalifa (Caliph) – The first four Caliphs are guided by the Quran The first four Caliphs are guided by the Quran

and Muhammad’s actions.and Muhammad’s actions.– Jihad—an armed struggle against unbelieversJihad—an armed struggle against unbelievers

—is used to expand Islam.—is used to expand Islam.– Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies

conquer Syria and lower Egypt.conquer Syria and lower Egypt.– By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the

Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.

Muhammad’s Successors Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamSpread Islam

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success– Muslim armies are well disciplined and Muslim armies are well disciplined and

expertly commanded.expertly commanded.– Byzantine and Sassani empires are weak Byzantine and Sassani empires are weak

from previous conflict.from previous conflict.– Persecuted citizens of these empires Persecuted citizens of these empires

welcome Islam.welcome Islam.– People are attracted to Islam’s offer of People are attracted to Islam’s offer of

equality and hope.equality and hope.

Muhammad’s Successors Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamSpread Islam

Treatment of Conquered PeoplesTreatment of Conquered Peoples– Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.– Christians and Jews receive special Christians and Jews receive special

consideration as “people of the book.”consideration as “people of the book.”

From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on camels were successful in conquering lands in the name of Allah.

Internal Conflict Creates a Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisCrisis

Rise of Benu UmayyaRise of Benu Umayya– Struggles for power end the elective system of Struggles for power end the elective system of

choosing a caliphchoosing a caliph– A wealthy family, the Umayya, take power and A wealthy family, the Umayya, take power and

move the capital to Damascus.move the capital to Damascus.

Internal Conflict Creates a Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisCrisis

Sunni—Shi’a SplitSunni—Shi’a Split– Shi’a “party” of Ali—Claim the Khalifa should Shi’a “party” of Ali—Claim the Khalifa should

be a descendant of Muhammad.be a descendant of Muhammad.– Sunni followed Benu Umayya, willingly and Sunni followed Benu Umayya, willingly and

unwillingly.unwillingly.– Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and

spirituality. They reject the Umayya rule.spirituality. They reject the Umayya rule.– In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasi—topple the In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasi—topple the

Umayya.Umayya.

Control Extends Over Three-Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsContinents

Fall of the UmayyaFall of the Umayya

The Abbasi destroy Umayya dynasty; one The Abbasi destroy Umayya dynasty; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahmanprince escapes, Abd al-Rahman– He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayya He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayya

caliphate in al-Andalus.caliphate in al-Andalus.– al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain

settled by North Africans.settled by North Africans.

Control Extends Over Three-Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsContinents

Abbasi Consolidate PowerAbbasi Consolidate Power– In 762, Abbasi move Muslim capital from In 762, Abbasi move Muslim capital from

Damascus to Baghdad.Damascus to Baghdad.– Location provides access to trade goods, Location provides access to trade goods,

gold, and information.gold, and information.– Abbasi develop a strong bureaucracy to Abbasi develop a strong bureaucracy to

manage empire.manage empire.

Control Extends Over Three-Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsContinents

Rival Groups Divide Muslim LandsRival Groups Divide Muslim Lands– Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a

Muslims form new caliphateMuslims form new caliphate– Fatimi caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, Fatimi caliphate—claim descent from Fatima,

daughter of Muhammad.daughter of Muhammad.– The Fatimi caliphate begins in North Africa The Fatimi caliphate begins in North Africa

and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.and Syria.

Control Extends Over Three-Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsContinents

Muslim Trade NetworkMuslim Trade Network– Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and

EuropeEurope– Muslim merchants use Arabic, single Muslim merchants use Arabic, single

currency, and checks.currency, and checks.– Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of

Muslim culture.Muslim culture.

Thank youThank youMay God Bless youMay God Bless you