islam in colombia. latin america. latin american muslims

8/9/2019 Islam in Colombia. Latin America. Latin American Muslims

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Detweeg tfe Oghes ogh tfe Cornddeog2

Cforocternzotnag al tfe @usin` Zresegce ng Caia`dno

Hneka Knavoggn Costeiiogas

Ogtfrapaiaknst, @oster al Orts ng Teinknaus Stuhnes

Teseorcfer Gotnagoi Ugnversnty al Caia`dno

Ngtrahuctnag

Xfns poper lacuses ag tfe curregt presegce al @usin` ca`ùgntnes ng Caia`dno,

stortngk wntf tfe cforocternzotnag ag tfe @usin` presegce ng tfot caugtry, oghpresegtngk tfeg o drnel ogoiysns al tfe pfegaègag. Xfns mngh al warm ns gecessory

decouse tfere ns gat ovoniodie ogy warm odaut tfe tapnc ng Egkinsf Iogkuoke.

Xa ha tfns, nt ngntnoiiy presegts og ngtrahuctnag ta tfe òng cforocternstncs al tfese

ca`ùgntnes ogh faw tfe tapnc fos deeg ngvestnkoteh. Gext, tfere ns o fnstarncoi

ngtrahuctnag ta tfe arnkngs ogh heveiapègt al tfe Nsio`nc presegce ng tfns port al

Sautf Oèrnco, ogh tfeg nt presegts og ogoiysns al tfe òbar ca`ùgntnes exnstngk ng

tfot caugtry, occarhngk ta sacna-keakropfnc cagtexts. Sa, tfe text lnrst hescrndes tfe

Nsio`nc hnversnty al Dakato, tfe copntoi cnty. Xfeg nt ogoiyzes tfe exnstegce al o

getwarm al Iedogese @usin` ca`ùgntnes spoggngk tfe sautferg Cornddeog. Ogh

lngoiiy, tfe text presegts tfe cose al og Olra-hesceghogt @usin` ca`ùgnty ng

Duegovegturo, o part cnty ag tfe Caia`dnog pocnlnc caost. Xfe text storts wntf tfe

cagsnherotnag tfot Nsio`, hespnte dengk stnii o `ngarnty reinknag ng tfe port al tfe warih,

ns o ca`piex sacnoi pfegaègag cforocternzeh dy o kreot feterakegenty ng deinels,

proctnces ogh sacnoi ospects.

Decouse tfe stuhy al Nsio` ng tfese reknag ns o reiotnveiy ugexpiareh tapnc, tfe useh

nglaròtnag àstiy caès lra` severoi seosags al lneihwarm. Fawever, wfere

gecessory, N reiy ag interoture heoingk wntf Orods ogh @usin`s `nkrotnag ta atfer ports

al tfe cagtngegt.

Docmkraugh

Saè outfars fove orkueh tfot tfe @usin` presegce ng tfe Oèrncos hotes docm ta


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prefnspognc tnès, dut tfese fypatfeses fove gat deeg carradaroteh (Modcfn, ?>>;2

3>). Lar tfns reosag, nt cog de sonh tfot tfe lnrst hoto odaut tfe @usin` presegce ng

tfe cose al Caia`dno, kaes docm ta tfe snxteegtf cegtury, goèiy tfe caiagnoi pernah.

Nt ns wartf gatngk tfot hurngk tfot pernah tfase terrntarnes were ugher tfe burnshnctnag al

tfe Spognsf Crawg, os port al tfe oh`ngnstrotnve egtntnes al Gew Mngkha` al

Krogoho, lnrst= ogh ioter al tfe \ncerayoity al Gew Krogoho. Ugtni gaw, tfe eoriy

presegce al @usin`s hurngk tfns pernah, rogkngk lra` tfe snxteegtf ta tfe eoriy

gngeteegtf cegtury, fos deeg estodinsfeh agiy tfraukf scottereh hoto. Xfere ns gat o

systeòtnc stuhy odaut tfe cforocternstncs al tfe @usin` presegce ng tfot tnè

(Costeiiogas, 4:?:2 4. Xfns cose opporegtiy wos gat og

exceptnag, os ng tfe ?58:¸s expehntnag al Keragnà Iedrag ta tfe soè reknag, 36survnvars al wfa` dnrtfpioce ns mgawg, ??, georiy o tfnrh, coè lra` Oghoiusno

(Oveiiogeho ?>>32 4>52 4>;4).


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Fawever, os orkueh odave, os àre extegsnve reseorcf ag tfe @usin` presegce ng

gartfwesterg Sautf Oèrnco ns peghngk, tfese ore bust nsaioteh locts, ogh loni ta de

lroèh ng ogatfer cagtext tfot tfe dreocf al tfe Iows al tfe Nghnes, wfncf expincntiy

prafndnteh tfe egtry al @usin`s, gew Cfrnstnogs, ar tfenr hesceghogts.

Os ng atfer Oèrncog caugtrnes, tfe cagte`parory presegce al @usin`s ng tfe cose al

Caia`dno ns reioteh ta Orod `nkrotnag ta tfe reknag, sngce tfe iote gngeteegtf cegtury.

Fawever, àst al tfase troveiers were @oragnte Cfrnstnogs ogh agiy o `ngarnty

pralesseh Nsio`.

Xfese `nkrotnags taam pioce ng tnès al ecaga`nc, paintncoi ogh sacnoi crnsns tfot

ollecteh severoi al tfe pravngces ha`ngoteh dy tfe Attaòg E`pnre hurngk tfe

gngeteegtf cegtury, prahucngk snkgnlncogt hnspioceègts. Xfese evegts ollecteh gat

agiy Cfrnstnogs al vornaus hega`ngotnags, dut oisa @usin`s ogh Bews (Morpot, ?>65).

Xfns sntuotnag al hnsturdogce al sacnoi arher, caupieh wntf tfe eèrkegce al gew

passndnintnes hue ta àherg èogs al trogspart, os weii os tfe fape al n`pravngk

invngk caghntnags, ieh ta woves al `nkrotnag. [fnie àst @usin`s cfase ta settie ng

pioces wntf o òbarnty al @usin` papuiotnag, Cfrnstnogs tegheh ta seem o detter luture

ng tfe Cfrnstnog [est.

[feg ogoiyzngk `nkrotnag lra` tfe @nhhie Eost ta Iotng Oèrnco nt cog de percenveh

tfot nt fos gat deeg cagstogt ng tfe tnè, dut tfere fove deeg pernahs wfeg liux

ngcreoseh ar oiàst stappeh. Lowcett ogh Corda (?>>4) orkue tfot tfere wos agiy o

kreot Orodnc `nkrotary àveègt ta Caia`dno, wfncf taam pioce detweeg ?66: ogh

?>3:. Dy cagtrost, Gwenfeh hnvnheh tfe Orod `nkrotnag ta \egezueio, Caia`dno ogh

Ecuohar ngta tfree pernahs. Age tfot rugs lra` tfe iost twa hecohes al tfe gngeteegtf

cegtury ta tfe egh al tfe Lnrst [arih [or= og ngterwor pernah ogh, lngoiiy, rogkngk

lra` [arih [or NN ugtni tfe egh al tfe Iedogag [or (Modcfn2 ?>>;2 43;). Oitfaukf

tfese ore uselui pernahnzotnags, reliectngk cfogkes ng tfe terrntarnoi ogh paintncoi

ioghscope al tfe @nhhie Eost, tfey ha gat gecessorniy reliect tfe @usin` papuiotnag

liaws ta Caia`dno, wfncf ng Gwenfeh pernahnzotnag, oitfaukf nt wos gat very

snkgnlncogt ng tfe lnrst twa pernahs, nt decaès n`partogt ng tfe tfnrh.

Ngheeh, ng ?>86 dekog tfe Zoiestngnog `nkrotnag ta hnlleregt ports al tfe warih,

ngciuhngk gartferg Sautf Oèrnco, olter tfe dnrtf al tfe Stote al Nsroei ogh tfe

sudsequegt crnsns. Fawever, ng tfe Caia`dnog cose wos guèrncoiiy àre n`partogt

tfe Iedogese @usin`s tfot orrnveh lra` tfe sevegtnes. Xfns papuiotnag àveègtfos gat stappeh ca`pieteiy ogh, ng loct, fos decaè àre ca`piex aver tfe post


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twegty yeors, os hnscusseh deiaw.

Ng cagciusnag, tfe cagte`parory presegce al @usin`s ng Caia`dno requnres ogatfer

type al pernahnzotnag, wfncf sfauih hnlleregtnote detweeg o lnrst preha`ngogtiy Orod

ogh Cfrnstnog `nkrotnag pernah (?66:-?>3:), ng wfncf tfe docmkraugh al tfe lnrst

@usin` ca`ùgntnes were estodinsfeh= ogh o secagh pernah (?>86-?>>:) lroèh dy

tfe creotnag al tfe Stote al Nsroei ogh tfe egh al tfe Iedogese Cnvni [or, ng wfncf tfe

`nkrotnag al Zoiestngnog ogh Iedogese Suggn @usin`s ha`ngoteh. Ng aur vnew nt ns

passndie ta hnstngkunsf o tfnrh ter` olter ?>>:, ng wfncf tfe Zoiestngnog ogh Iedogese

`nkrotnag wos rehuceh, wfnie ngcreose tfe orrnvoi al @usin`s lra` eisewfere ng tfe

Nsio`nc warih. O tfnrh pernah ns cforocternzeh dy gew cagversnags, ieohngk ta o ronsngk

ngvaiveègt al tfe @usin` ca`ùgntnes ng Caia`dnog iacoi nssues. Hurngk tfns pernah

tfe @usin` ca`ùgntnes were ollecteh dy [arih Xrohe Cegter terrarnst ottocms ng

4::? ogh nts cagsequegces, dut olter tfns evegt tfe cagversnag rotes eveg ngcreoseh.

Nt ns passndie ta cotekarnze tfe vornaus stokes tfraukf wfncf o @usin` ca`ùgnty cog

poss, ng nts heveiapègt pracess os `ngarnty ng tfe Iotng Oèrncog cagtext.

Lnrst ns tfe dnrtf al tfe arnkngoi kraup, wfncf usuoiiy dekngs dy cagtngueh n``nkrotnag

al @usin` peapie ta o caugtry ng wfncf tfe òbarnty pralesses atfer reinknag. Xfns care

seems ta cagtngue tfenr trohntnagoi inlestyie, wfnie strukkingk lar estodinsf ogh ocfneve

saè success ng tfe gew sacnoi cagtext. Xfese cares cog oisa de larèh dy

cagversnag pracesses, ng wfncf saè gew @usin`s bangeh ng o kraup, tryngk ta

arkognze lar òme eosy tfe reinknaus proctnce wfnie heepeg tfe hactrnge. Ng datf

coses, tfe n`èhnote cagcerg ns ta seem o pioce ng wfncf ta de odie ta èet ag

Lrnhoy ta proy taketfer, ogh lar hnscussngk ca`àg nssues. [fotever tfe cose,

ngntnoiiy tfe kraup seems o sòii spoce ng o fause ar regts o pioce. Agce tfot spoce

exnsts, tfe krawtf al tfe ca`ùgnty alteg requnres ohbustègt ta occa`àhote ta

atfer proctnces tfot ore oisa port al Nsio`nc inle, sucf os lugerois, òrrnokes ar lostngk

ng tfe faiy àgtf al Toòhog. Xfese àègts oisa renglarce tfe tnes al tfe kraup

ogh ioy tfe laughotnag lar o true ca`ùgnty inle. Lar tfns reosag, nt ns gecessory ta

hesnkgote wfa ns àre quoinlneh ta ieoh tfese tosms, os weii os ta egsure tfot

reinknaus proctnce ns carrect.

Ng o secagh stoke, tfe kraup decaès iorke egaukf ta requnre o lnxeh ogh exciusnve

pioce, wfncf serves os o proyer foii, sngce ot tfns stoke ns gat passndie (ar gecessory)

tfe exnstegce al o reoi àsque. Ot tfns tnè ronses tfe creotnag al og arkognzotnag taegsure tfe potrnàgy ogh tfe ngterests al tfe ca`ùgnty al deinevers, tfus


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estodinsfngk og ossacnotnag. Xfns usuoiiy cagsnsts al òie darg @usin`s, feohs al

fausefaih, dut evegtuoiiy tfe arkognzotnags cog ngciuhe waèg ogh gew deinevers.

Ng tfe tfnrh stoke tfe ca`ùgnty fos sucf n`partogce tfot nt ògokes ta dunih o

àsque, ogh ns oppangteh o persag wfa serves os Nò`, prelerodiy ng luii tnè. Fe ns

usuoiiy o reinknaus specnoinst ar o tfeaiaknog lra` o @usin` caugtry. Ot tfe soè tnè,

tfey seem ta ehucote cfnihreg ogh yautf al tfe ca`ùgnty wntfng tfe trohntnagoi

reinknaus ogh cuituroi voiues, sa tfey usuoiiy on` ot tfe creotnag al og Nsio`nc-

arnegteh scfaai.

[feg o ca`ùgnty reocfes tfns ievei al cagsainhotnag, tfey alteg decaè o paie al

ottroctnag ar pangt al releregce lar atfer @usin`s kraups ng geordy cntnes ar `ngar

vniiokes. Evegtuoiiy òy accur, dut gat gecessorniy, tfot tfe àsque decaè o cegter

al Nsio`nzotnag, corryngk aut Ho„wof warm oàgk ngteresteh iacoi peapie, os weii os

oàgk ocohe`ncs ogh reseorcfers (Hevoi, ?>>42 4>). Xfns ciossnlncotnag pravnhes og

nheoi scfeè ogh haes gat n`piy tfot oii ca`ùgntnes ng Iotng Oèrnco fove laiiaweh

tfe soè pracess, os ògy mgaw ropnh heveiapègt ogh sudhnvnsnag, wfnie atfers

fove gat deeg odie ta heveiap ogh eveg fove weomegeh aver tnè.

O kegeroi ospect ng Caia`dno ns tfot Nsio` fos deeg og urdog pfegaègag. Ot

presegt oiàst oii tfe cntnes al lnrst ar secagh n`partogce ng tfns caugtry fove age ar

àre @usin` kraups, saè darg ng tfe sevegtnes, dut àst al tfe` stodinsfeh ng tfe

iost twegty yeors. Cntnes tfot fove o kreoter @usin` cagtngunty ore ngterèhnote cntnes,

parts ogh darher tawgs, wfncf hue ta tfenr caghntnag ottrocteh tfe lnrst wove al

`nkrotnag. Oàgk tfese ng Caia`dno ore @oncoa, Duegovegturo ogh Dorrogquniio.

Fawever, tfe kreotest hnversnty al @usin` kraups exnsts ng Dakato, tfe copntoi cnty. Ng

eocf al tfese cntnes tfere ore severoi @usin` arkognzotnags ar ossacnotnags, usuoiiy

wntfaut o ca`àg arnkng ogh wntf ga ciase reiotnag detweeg tfe`. Lar tfot reosag,

saè reinknaus ngterpretotnags ogh tfe nheo al wfot nt èogs ta de @usin` cog vory

wnheiy. Xfns ns cieor wfeg exo`ngngk tfe reiotnags tfey fove wntf tfe @usin` [arih,

tfe woy tfey ugherstogh tfenr nhegtnty, ogh wfot tfey cagsnher "rnkft" ar "true" ng

Nsio`. Oitfaukf saètnès tfese hnlleregces cog de voiueh os port al tfe rncfgess al

tfe Nsio`nc trohntnag, lar atfers nt cog de ng tfe luture o saurce al hedote ogh hnvnsnag.

Tekorhngk tfe gu`der al @usin`s exnstngk ng Caia`dno, nt ns gat passndie ta pravnhe

reinodie hoto. Lnrstiy decouse gentfer ogy arkognzotnag gar reseorcfer fos ever hage

gentfer o caugt wntfng ca`ùgntnes, gar tfe cegsus al Caia`dno caiiects nglaròtnagag reinknaus ollninotnag. Lar tfns reosag tfe estnòtes ore alteg corrneh aut cagsnherngk


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tfe passndie percegtoke al Orod hesceghogts, oitfaukf ògy al tfe` ore Cfrnstnogs.

Xfns stroteky oisa n`pines ugoworegess odaut @usin`s lra` gag-Orod caugtrnes, ogh

cagverts ta Nsio`. Fawever, o uselui gu`der cog de estodinsfeh wfeg estnòteh tfe

ollninotnag ta Nsio`nc arkognzotnags ogh tfe otteghogce ta àsques, hespnte lneihwarm

fos sfawg tfot ògy @usin`s ha gat bang o portncuior ngstntutnag (os ns tfe cose al

@usin` waèg), ogh eveg ògy àre ha gat ottegh àsques rekuioriy. Eveg wntf

tfese hnsohvogtokes, we cagsnher tfot tfe gu`der al @usin`s sfauih de oraugh

?


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gatfngk. Ag tfe atfer fogh, tfe ruroi arnkng al saè n``nkrogts ogh eveg tfenr

niinterocy, per se hnh gat sukkest o stragk mgawiehke al hactrnge ar rntuoi. Lar tfns

soè reosag, ogh ng arher ta ovanh pradie`s wntf tfe Cfrnstnog òbarnty, ng tfns

pernah tfere wos gat o wniingkgess ta sfore tfe Nsio`nc creeh. Sngce tfere were ga

reinknaus teocfers gar reinknaus ngstntutnags, @usin`s ng tfe eoriy hecohes al tfe

twegtnetf cegtury lacuseh ag tryngk ta ughertome tfenr honiy proctnce, sngce tfe ère

loct al fovngk capnes al tfe _ur„og wos ng ntseil o rotfer hnllncuit egterprnse.

Nt wos lra` tfe lnltnes tfot tfe ngcreose ng @usin` n``nkrotnag regeweh ngterest ng

reinknag oàgk tfe Orods ng Dakato. Lurtferàre, tfns gew papuiotnag foh o kreoter

ugherstoghngk al reinknaus precepts, ng port resuit al tfe sacnapaintncoi cfogkes tomngk

pioce ng tfe @nhhie Eost ng tfe Xwegtnetf Cegtury. Dy tfeg, tfe pncture al tfe Nsio`ncpresegce ng Dakatï dekog ta hnversnly. Laiiawngk tfe cnvni wor ng Iedogag (?>;5 -

?>>:), os weii os o krohuoi dut snkgnlncogtiy kreoter ngtekrotnag al Caia`dno ta tfe

ngtergotnagoi scege, Zoiestngnogs ogh Iedogese òrmehiy ngcreoseh ng gu`der ogh,

stnii dengk tfe ha`ngogt @usin` papuiotnag ng tfe caugtry, were occa`pogneh dy

deinevers lra` atfer Orod caugtrnes inme Ekypt ar Oikerno, ogh ioter eveg lra` gag-

Orod @usin` reknags.

Snùitogeausiy, tfe Nsio`nc warih wos expernegcngk o rnse al Nsio` os o reinknag

kegerote al nhegtnty ogh àroi voiues, knveg tfe loniure al ògy reknès doseh ag o

gotnagoinst potergoins` tfot foh gat èt àst al tfe heveiapègt ogh heàcrocy

expectotnags al tfenr papuiotnags. Xfns pfegaègag wos renglarceh dy tfe vnctary al

tfe Nsio`nc Tevaiutnag al Nrog ogh tfe Savnet ngvosnag al Olkfognstog, datf al wfncf

accurreh ng ?>;>. Xfe Nsio`nc revnvoi oisa coè ta Dakatï, wfncf ieh ta tfe dnrtf al

tfe lnrst arkognzeh @usin` ca`ùgnty.

Xfe arnkngoi ngtegtnag wos sn`piy ta knve @usin`s o pioce wfere tfey cauih òme

ca`àg proyer ogh atfer rntuois, ogh teocf tfe Nsio`nc hactrnge. Xfese ellarts ieh ng

tfe iote ;:s ta tfe ocqunsntnag al o pioce geor tfenr sfaps, wfncf wos allncnoiiy

hesnkgoteh os Io @usoio (proyer foii). Xfns wos tfe lnrst step lar tfe arkognzotnag tfot

ng ?>;> wos coiieh Osacnocnóg Degîlnco Nsiï`nco (Nsio`nc Degevaiegt Ossacnotnag) ng

Dakato. Dy tfns tnè tfe gu`der al @usin`s al iacoi arnkng wos vnrtuoiiy gagexnstegt.

Oitfaukf saè iacoi peapie cauih de ngteresteh ng reinknag, kegeroiiy tfe agiy woy lar

saèage ta coè ng cagtoct wntf Nsio` ogh tfeg ta cagsnher tfe passndninty al


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cagversnag, wos hurngk averseos troveis, ar lar ciase reiotnag wntf saè Orod

`nkrogts.

Ng tfe ?>>:s snkgnlncogt cfogkes dekog lar tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty ng Dakatï, ugtni

tfeg al Zoiestngnog òbarnty. Ot tfe soè tnè tfot @usin`s lra` atfer ports al tfe

warih dekog ta settie ng Dakato, tfe gu`der al Caia`dnog cagverts ngcreoseh

snkgnlncogtiy. Xfns, al caurse, èogt tfe krawtf al tfe ca`ùgnty ogh tfus, tfe

eèrkegce al vnews ngcreosngkiy hnverse. Age al tfase cfogkes wos ng reiotnag cag

oppeorogce al Sfn'o Nsio`, ngexnstegt ugtni tfe enkftnes. Dy tfe gngetnes, tfe Sfnnte

presegce ngcreoseh, ngntnoiiy lar tfe orrnvoi al saè Nrognog ogh Iedogese peapie, os

weii os lar ngcreosngk al Sfnnte Nsio`nc prapokogho ogh pudincotnags, spagsareh dy

Nrognog arkognzotnags. Sngce hurngk tfot tnè tfe Nsio`nc interoture, oitfaukf nt fohdeeg ngcreosngk stnii reòngeh ngsullncnegt, saè @usin`s ng tfe cnty sow wntf

pieosure tfe orrnvoi al tfns gew stuhy òternoi. Oisa hurngk tfns tnè Caia`dno

estodinsfeh gew hnpiaòtnc reiotnags wntf @usin` caugtrnes, wfncf locnintoteh ta gew

@usin` cagverts tfe appartugnty ta cagtoct ogh eveg lar stuhy ng qurognc scfaais ar

Nsio`nc ugnversntnes. Xfese expernegces ngliuegceh tfe oppraocf ta Nsio` al saè

deinevers, wfa ngtrahuceh treghs ogh scfaais al tfaukft prevnausiy ugmgawg ng tfe

caugtry, sucf os Soiolns`, Sulns` ogh Sfn'ns`.

Sn`nioriy ogh àre gatarnausiy, tfe gu`der al Caia`dnog @usin`s lra` dekog ta

ngcreose. Xfase cagversnags, dy nts iaw gu`der òhe passndie tfot oiàst oii

@usin`s ng tfe cnty mgew eocf atfer, dut evegtuoiiy dekog ta ngcreose ng gu`der ogh

hnversnty al ngterpretotnags. Nt wos ng tfe gngetnes wfeg Sulns àveègts, ga oii al

tfe` ngsnhe tfe @usin` artfahaxy, dekog ta ottroct saè `nhhie cioss Caia`dnog

peapie.

Ng recegt yeors tfe tregh al krawtf ogh hnversnlncotnag os presegteh ng tfe prevnaus

twa hecohes fos deeg stregktfegeh. Gew kraups al n``nkrogts settieh eg Dakatï,

alteg iaamngk lar dusngess ar ehucotnag. Xfese ngciuhe Nghagesnog, Xurmnsf, Zomnstogn

ar [esterg Olrncog @usin`s. Ot tfe soè tnè cagversnag ngcreoseh, portncuioriy

sngce 4::?, wfeg tfe presegce al Nsio` ng tfe èhno òhe lo`ninor ta iacoi peapie

nssues al tfe @usin` [arih. Ot atfer ievei, tfe soè sntuotnag cagtrnduteh ta

ocohe`nc spoces lar ogoiyzngk tfe @usin` [arih ng tfe Caia`dnog ugnversntnes,

especnoiiy ng Zaintncoi Scnegce locuitnes.


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Oii tfase pfegaègo fove ieh ta tfe creotnag ogh seporotnag al gew Nsio`nc

arkognzotnags= ògy al tfe` hnsoppeor olter o sfart exnstegce, dut nt ns passndie ta

nhegtnly laur kraups tfot fove ocfneveh cagtngunty ogh recakgntnag.

Nsio`nc Degevaiegt Osacnotnag – @asquee al Dakatï

Xfe òng Nsio`nc cegter reòngs tfe age creoteh dy tfe Orods ng tfe sevegtnes,

wfncf oh`ngnsters tfe @asque Odau Domr Ossnhnq, wfncf ns tfe òng àsque ng tfe

cnty. Xfns @usin` ca`ùgnty fos deeg feoheh lar severoi yeors dy Sfenmf Ofèh

Xoyei, ogh oitfaukf tfey ore nhegtnlneh os Suggn, tfey ore gat ollninoteh ta ogy

òhffod (scfaai) ng portncuior. Os o resuit àre tfog lnve fughreh @usin`s ng Dakato

recakgnze nt os tfe ngstntutnag tfot nhegtnlnes tfe`, oitfaukf tfe garòi otteghogce

doreiy reocfes o fughreh deinevers.

Decouse tfe Orods fove lugheh àst al tfe Nsio`nc octnvntnes sucf os tfe

òngtegogce al tfe @usoio, tfe pudincotnag al daams ar po`pfiets, ar tfe

perlarògce al evegngk hnggers hurngk Toòhog, tfe Caia`dnog @usin`s wos iagk

exciuheh lra` tomngk hecnsnags. Oitfaukf tahoy tfe Caia`dnog cagverts fove kongeh

n`partogce ogh ore gatarnausiy octnve, o pratectnagnst onr persnsts oàgk @usin`s dy

dnrtf, gat agiy Orods, dut tfase pradie`s ore cfogkngk ropnhiy.

Oi _urtudn Stuhnes Cegter

Nt ns o Suggn ngstntutnag al Ho'wof ogh heveiapngk al Nsio`nc mgawiehke, exnstngk sngce

4:?4. Ns hnrecteh dy Iyes @orzaukun, o Lregcf cntnzeg al Xugnsnog arnkng. Ng tfns pioce

gat agiy ocohe`nc warm ns hage, dut nt fos o proyer raa` ogh outfarnty ta nssue foioi

certnlncotes.

Caglessnag Nsio`nc Cegter al Dakatï

Xfns kraup al Soioln teghegcy allncnoiiy hnsdogheh ng 4::; al tfe Nsio`nc Degevaiegt

Ossacnotnag, oitfaukf tfe hnlleregces foh dekug severoi yeors eoriner. Ng tfot yeor,

tfogms ta cagtrndutnags al saè @usin` Xurms, tfey daukft ogh ohequote o fause lar

reinknaus purpases, wfncf wos regoèh "Nstogdui @asque. Xfns ca`ùgnty ns ieoh dy

Corias Sogcfez, o Caia`dnog wfa e`droceh Nsio` àre tfog twa hecohes oka,

oitfaukf tfe allnce al Nò` ns usuoiiy exercnseh dy atfer @usin`s.

Sfn„o Arkognzotnags


10/22

Xfe Sfnntes, wfa cagstntute o `ngarnty, ore alteg ngvaiveh ng ògy reinknaus octnvntnes

wntf tfe Suggns. Fawever, ng iote 4::; tfraukf tfe bangt ellarts al Caia`dnog ogh

Nrognog Sfnnte @usin`s, tfey ngstntuteh oi - Tezo @asque. Ng tfns dunihngk tfey perlar`

oii tfenr reinknaus adservogces except Lrnhoy proyers, ta wfncf tfey usuoiiy ottegh tfe

@asque al Dakatï. Ng ohhntnag ta tfe èetngks ag Xfurshoy lar recntotnag al huo

Mfuèni, tfey ca`èàrote tfe lestnvoi al Osfuro, èetngks ore feih ogh stuhy

hoys, ogh oggnversornes sucf os tfe Nrognog Nsio`nc Tevaiutnag. Xfe àsque ns rug

dy o caugcni al Caia`dnog ogh Nrognog @usin`s, ogh ns supparteh dy lughngk al gag-

kavergègtoi arkognzotnags ng Nrog. Atfer Sfn„nte cegter fove deeg estodinsfeh wntf

suppart al tfe Nrognog Ofiui Dont arkognzotnag.

Nsio`nc Cuituroi Cegter

Xfns cegter ns hehncoteh ta spreohngk mgawiehke odaut Nsio` ogh tfe cuiture al

@usin` caugtrnes, sa nt coggat de cagsnhereh o @usin` ca`ùgnty dy ntseil. Nt wos

laugheh ng ?>>3 dy o kraup al Caia`dnog @usin`s, dut wos stregktfegeh ng ?>>>

wfeg Buinog Ropoto ogh Loggy Acfao taam tfe ieohngk al tfe cegter olter ca`ngk

docm lra` stuhyngk ng Nrog. Ughegnodiy tfe Nsio`nc Cuituroi Cegter fos pioyeh og

n`partogt raie dy pravnhngk o àre occessndie nòke al Nsio` tfraukf tfenr warm wntf

ugnversntnes ogh ng ngterlontf hnoiakue. Ng recegt yeors tfns cegter fos portncnpoteh ng

pudinc laru`s lar hnscussnag odaut tfe rnkfts al reinknaus `ngarntnes ng Caia`dno, ogh

ng hnscussnags ogh cagsuitotnags wntf tfe Stote ng tfot oreo.

Letfuiiof Kùieg @aveègt

Letfuiiof Kùieg ns o àveègt al Xurmnsf arnkng, wfncf fos deeg estodinsfeh ng Iotng

Oèrnco hurngk tfe iost teg yeors. Curregtiy nt fos allnces ng severoi Iotng Oèrncog

cntnes, sucf os Dakato, @eheiing, Corocos, Sogtnoka, Cfnie, @exnca Cnty, Duegas

Onres ogh Soa Zouia. Xfese allnces usuoiiy creoteh os scfaais al Xurmnsf cuiture, os

weii os locnintotars al trohe reiotnags detweeg Xurmey ogh egtrepregeurs ng tfe reknag.

Fawever, oii è`ders ore laiiawers al Fabo Eleghn Letfuiiof Kùieg, sa tfey heveiap

o strnct Nsio`nc inle ogh tfey quncmiy estodinsfeh reiotnags wntf tfe Nsio`nc ca`ùgntnes

ng tfe cntnes wfere tfey ore iacoteh, wntfaut octuoiiy lar`ngk tfenr awg Nsio`nc

cegters. Ng tfe cose al Dakato, tfey estodinsfeh tfe lnrst tfe lnrst ocohe`nc cegter ng

4::5, ogh olter tfot tfey ocfneveh presegce ng severoi pudinc ogh prnvote ugnversntnes.


11/22

Iedogese Ca`ùgntnes ng tfe Cornddeog

Ng tfe gartferg Sautf Oèrnco ogh tfe Cornddeog tfere ore severoi @usin`

ca`ùgntnes al Iedogese arnkng wfa fove ciase cagtoct wntf eocf atfer. Os sucf,

tfey cagstntute o getwarm al ca`èrcnoi ingms spoggngk severoi cntnes ng \egezueio,

Caia`dno, Zogoò, ogh eveg Drozning. Dut ng ohhntnag tfey ore port al o kraup al

lo`nines wntf ciase mngsfnp reiotnags, ogh lrequegtiy ca`ngk lra` tfe soè pioces. Os

sucf, tfey ore tfe àst n`partogt @usin` presegce ng tfe reknag.

Xfese ca`ùgntnes arnkngoteh ng tfe `nkrotnag àveègt couseh dy tfe deknggngk al

tfe Iedogese Cnvni [or, wfncf hevostoteh tfe caugtry detweeg ?>;5 ogh ?>>:.

[fnie saè ore Sfnntes al sautferg Iedogag, àst al tfe` ore Suggns lra` tfe

Demoo \oiiey reknag. Ngntnoiiy tfns `nkrotnag wos lacuseh ta òbar part cntnes sucf os

Dorrogquniio, @orkornto Nsiogh ar Caiag, dut sudsequegtiy extegheh ta iess

cagvegtnagoi pioces lar `nkrotnag, sucf os @oncoa ng Caia`dno ar \oiegcno ng

\egezueio. Xahoy tfey fove extegheh ta vnrtuoiiy oii papuiotnags wntf snkgnlncogt

ca`èrcnoi octnvnty ng tfe Cornddeog, ogh tfenr presegce ns recakgnzeh eveg ng tfe

Xrnpie Lragtner, detweeg Drozni, Zorokuoy ogh Orkegtngo. Xfns foppegeh decouse

trohe wos o krawngk ecaga`nc octnvnty ng tfe reknag, ogh ng tfns woy tfe gewcaèrs

cauih ovanh tfe caglincts ngvaiveh ng àgapaiy lar okrncuituroi ar `ngeroi resaurces,

tfot ns tfe saurce al sacnoi tegsnags ng caugtrnes al tfe reknag. Xfus, wntf tfe

spreohngk al vnaiegce ng tfe @nhhie Eost, ògy Iedogese lorèrs dekog ta ieove tfe

caugtry, ogh mgawngk tfe Cfrnstnog expernegce al tfe eoriy twegtnetf cegtury, saè

hecnheh ta trovei ta tfe Oèrncos. Xfese troveiers estodinsfeh tfe arnkngotngk gucien

ogh suppineh tfe trovei, occa`àhotnag ogh ropnh ecaga`nc ngtekrotnag al tfenr

lo`niy è`ders wfa wegt olter tfe`. Xfns success couseh eocf lo`niy tegheh ta

specnoinze ng o specnlnc sectar al trohe2 textnies, laatweor, ar fausefaih oppinogces.

Xfns oisa oiiaweh tfe` ta reprahuce ta saè extegt tfenr trohntnagoi woy al inle, sa

tfey creoteh ca`ùgntnes wfere Nsio` fos deeg seeg os o stregktfegngk eieègt al

etfgnc nhegtnty.

Ngheeh, age al tfe òng leotures al tfese ca`ùgntnes ns tfenr eghako`nc teghegcy,

os Iedogese lo`nines alteg ngteròrry, prelerodiy wntf peapie lra` tfe soè tawg.

Lar tfns parpanse tfey fove òngtongeh o ciase reiotnag wntf atfer Iedogese peapie

ng Cornddeog cntnes ogh wntf tfenr arnkngoi lo`nines ng tfe Demmo \oiiey. Xfns wos


12/22

passndie dy datf trogspartotnag ogh ca`ùgncotnag ovoniodie tahoy, ogh lar tfenr

reiotnve ecaga`nc success, ot ieost ca`poreh wntf tfe iacoi papuiotnag. Sucf

success feipeh tfe` ta òngtong tfenr nghepeghegce lra` ngstntutnags ogh

kavergègts ng tfe @nhhie Eost, sa tfey tegh ta lacus ag tfenr awg ngterests, ng wfncf

tfe perpetuotnag al tfe lo`niy ns alteg tfe òng kaoi. Eocf ca`ùgnty fos oisa

saukft ta creote tfenr awg reinknaus ogh ehucotnagoi spoces, laiiawngk arkognzotnagoi

àheis tfot fove decaè ca`àg oàgk tfe`. Every kraup fos og Nsio`nc

ossacnotnag tfot drngks taketfer o represegtotnve kraup al òie, feohs al fausefaih,

usuoiiy tfe àst prestnknaus oàgk eocf ca`ùgnty. Xfase arkognzotnags tome

hecnsnags rekorhngk reinknaus ogh cuituroi octnvntnes, òngtegogce al tfe iacoi àsque

ar tfe Nsio`nc scfaai, caiiodarotnag wntf ca`ùgnty è`ders, ogh oh`ngnstrotnag al

tfe resaurces ponh dy tfe ca`ùgnty lar sucf purpases.

Lra` tfe àègt tfey orrnve, tfe @usin`s were cforocternzeh dy relusngk ta knve up

tfenr trohntnags ogh reinknaus deinels, sa tfey dunit òsoios, ogh ioter @asques.

Iaamngk lar woys ta ehucote tfenr allsprngk ng Nsio`nc ogh Orodnc voiues, eocf

ca`ùgnty trneh ta creote nts awg Nsio`nc ngstntutnags, òngiy àsques, scfaais ogh

Nsio`nc cegters. Xfus, lra` tfe 6:'s tfey dekog ta creote ngstntutnags tfot represegt

tfe` loce tfe Caia`dnog sacnety. Lar ngstogce, ng ?>65 coè ngta aperotnag tfeCaia`dnog-Orodnc Scfaai "Hor oi - Ormo`" ng @oncoa, ogh ng ?>>; tfe àsque,

"Aòr Ndg Oi - Mfottod". Lra` tfot tnè, àsques were oisa dunit ng Sog Oghrîs (Og

Gaar), Caiag (Cegtra Cuituroi Nsiï`nca), \oiegcno (Fagarodie @ezqunto he

Berusoie`), ogh Dorrogquniio (Aòr Ndg Olluog).

Fawever, o cieor adbectnve al tfese ca`ùgntnes wos oisa tfe use al reinknaus

hnscaurse ng arher ta egsure tfe reprahuctnag al etfgnc voiues. Lar tfns reosag,

reinknaus ieohers egkokeh ng eocf al tfe cegters oiàst ngvornodiy caè lra` tfe

Nsio`nc Ugnversnty Oi - Ozfor, wfncf ovanhs recreote tfe tegsnags tfot exnst detweeg

iacoi papuiotnags ng Iedogag. Fawever, nt ns exceptnagoi tfot saè al tfe sfenmfs

decaè pralncnegt ng Spognsf, o iogkuoke spameg dy àst al tfe Iotng-Oèrncog

papuiotnag, piocngk o sernaus adstocie ta ogy pracess al Ho„wof. Xfus, wfnie lar og

ngfodntogt al cntnes sucf os Corocos ar Dakato Nsio` ns o ugnversoi reinknag, lar tfe

ngfodntogts al tfe sòii cntnes wfere @usin`s ore preha`ngogtiy Iedogese, Nsio` ns o

reinknag lar Orods.


13/22

Xfns type al pasntnags fos ieh ta o teghegcy ta paintncnze reinknaus speecf wfeg

ohhressngk @nhhie Eost nssues, wfncf fos ieh ta `nsugherstoghngks wfeg sucf

apngnags ore mgawg autsnhe tfe ca`ùgnty. Age al tfe àst ca`ègteh wos odaut

passndie ingms detweeg Iedogese ca`ùgntnes ogh terrarnst kraups ng tfe @nhhie

Eost, os ns tfe cose al Fezdaiiof. Saè segsotnagoinst ar nheaiakncoiiy ngvaiveh

èhno fos oisa specuioteh odaut tfe passndie presegce al terrarnst ceiis al oi - _oeho

ng darher tawgs inme @oncoa (Ro`deins, 4::). Fawever, nt ns cieor tfot Orod nhegtnty ogh

Iedogese gotnagoinst hnscaurse pioy og n`partogt raie ng everyhoy inle, dengk

trogs`ntteh ot faè, ogh renglarceh dy Nsio`nc ngstntutnags sucf os tfe scfaais ogh

tfe àsques. Xfe daughornes detweeg etfgncnty ogh reinknag ore diurreh ogh tfe

segse al `nkrogt `ngarnty ns òngtongeh tfraukf severoi kegerotnags.

Xfns ns gat ta soy tfot tfere fove gat deeg cfogkes. Olter àre tfog laur hecohes al

exnstegce, tfe Iedogese @usin` ca`ùgntnes fove kegeroteh snkgnlncogt ohoptotnags

tfot fove ieh ta tfe creotnag al fydrnh nhegtntnes wfere gotnagoi hnscaurses al @nhhie

Eost ogh Iotng Oèrnco, ore èrkeh occarhngk ta cagtexts, ngterests ogh

appartugntnes. Xfe nghnvnhuois ore port al sacnoi getwarms wfncf ot tnès oiiaw tfe`cfaase ta nhegtnly tfe`seives os Iedogese ogh Orod, os ’casteÿas‐ (Cornddeog

peapie al gartferg Caia`dno) ar os ’Iotngas‐. Al caurse, tfe krohe al nhegtnlncotnag

wntf eocf al tfese cotekarnes ns knveg oisa dy tfe ecaga`nc ogh sacnoi success

wntfng tfe ca`ùgnty. Xfe `nx al Orod ogh @usin` voiues fos feipeh tfese

ca`ùgntnes ta estodinsf sacnoi stotus hnlleregces. Ngheeh, òngtongngk custa`s, ogh

deinels ore hnlleregt lra` tfe duim al tfe papuiotnag fos serveh tfe` ta oppeor os og

einte, os tfere ns og ecaga`nc copocnty defngh tfns sntuotnag.

Xfase wfa loni ta ocfneve o successlui pasntnag ngta tfe prevoningk sacna-ecaga`nc

àhei cog gekatnote tfenr nhegtnty dy oppeoingk ta atfer reointnes. Xfot ns tfe cose al

saè lew Orods al iaw ngcaè tfot, wfnie recakgnzeh os sucf dut dy loningk ta òrry

waèg al tfenr ca`ùgnty, iaam ng tfe iorker sacnety oraugh tfe` lar gew sacnoi

reiotnags tfot ca`pieègt tfase tfot tfey lonieh ta dunih oàgk tfenr caugtryèg.

Xfe nhegtnty oisa pioys o raie ng tfe ospnrotnag lar trovei ta tfe ogcestroi iogh ogh stoy

tfere te`parorniy ar perògegtiy, eveg tfaukf tfey ore cagsnhereh Iedogese-


14/22

Oèrncogs. Xfey orrnve ta Iedogag wntf larenkg custa`s, dut hespnte tfns tfey exert

saè ngliuegce decouse al tfenr gu`der ogh ecaga`nc resaurces. Xfns accurs

tfraukf tfe ellarts al àst lo`nines lar òngtong tfe Orod nhegtnty ogh Nsio`nc proctnce,

sa alteg tfey segh tfenr cfnihreg ta inve o lew yeors wntf reiotnves ng tfe @nhhie Eost.

Xfere, tfey cog caè ta de lo`ninor wntf trohntnagoi ospects al tfenr cuiture dut, os we

sow, tfey ngtrahuce larenkg eieègts ta tfe reknag, sucf os trapncoi ùsnc, Iotng laah,

ogh saètnès expressnags al Spognsf iogkuoke.

[ntfng tfns getwarm al nghepeghegt ca`ùgntnes, tfe àst snkgnlncogt ore2

@oncoa

Xfns tawg, iacoteh ?4 `nies owoy lra` \egezueio, fos tfe iorkest @usin` papuiotnag

ng Caia`dno, wntf odaut 8,::: è`ders. Xfe ca`ùgnty ns n`partogt, gat agiy lar

tfenr ngstntutnags, dut decouse fos decaè age al tfe òng pioces lar tfe orrnvoi al

gew Orod `nkrogts hue ta nts iacotnag geor tfe lragtner al tfe twa caugtrnes, ogh

decouse tfe appartugntnes lar iekoi ogh niiekoi trohe detweeg Caia`dno ogh

\egezueio. Ng tfns segse, lar ògy Iedogese @oncoa represegts o "trongngk scfaai"

lra` wfncf ta ieorg tfe iacoi dusngess ogh sacnoi egvnragègt, lar ioter stort iucrotnve

dusngesses ng atfer cntnes al tfe Cornddeog.

Ngheeh, Iedogese @usin`s were odie ta ngtekrote ngta tfe iacoi ècfogns`s al

ecaga`nc prahuctnag, structuroiiy reioteh ta niiekoi octnvntnes, ocfnevngk praspernty,

portncuioriy tfraukf tfe sùkkingk. Xfe woy ta bustnly tfns type al octnvnty rogkngk lra`

ossertngk tfot tfey ore gat ollectngk o @usin` sacnety, ta gat ègtnag tfe loct lar ns

cagsnhereh o doggeh tapnc.

Xfe lnrst @usin`s orrnveh ta @oncoa ng tfe iote sevegtnes, olter wfncf tfey saukft ta

arkognze tfenr ca`ùgnty dy estodinsfngk og Nsio`nc arkognzotnag ogh lnghngk o pioce

ta perlar` proyers. Ng tfe `nh-enkftnes o fause wos ohopteh ta de useh os al proyer

raa` (@usoio), ogh ng ?>6; tfey laugheh tfe Caia`dnog-Orodnc Scfaai Hor oi-

Ormo`. Ng tfe `nh-gngetnes, tfogms ta tfe praspernty al tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty al

odaut seveg tfausogh è`ders ng tfot tnè, tfey dekog tfe cagstructnag al tfe

@asque Aòr ndg oi - Mfottod. Ot tfe tnè nt wos tfe iorkest àsque ng Iotng

Oèrnco, dut sudsequegtiy nt wos surposseh dy tfe àsques al Duegas Onres ogh

Corocos.


15/22

Decouse @oncoa ns o darher tawg, tfns hnhg„t per`nt tfe ca`ùgnty ta decaè tfe

òng cegter al Nsio` ng Caia`dno. Fawever, nt ns ughegnodie tfe wenkft nt fos foh ag

tfe heveiapègt al @usin` ca`ùgntnes ng `ngar tawgs ng gartferg Caia`dno ogh

\egezueio. Sucf ns tfe cose al Sogto @orto, Cortokego, Dorrogquniio, \oiiehupor,

Ducoroògko, Zugta Lnba ar \oiegcno, wfere ògy Orods al @oncoa àveh lar

dusngess, ogh evegtuoiiy estodinsfeh nghepeghegt ossacnotnags.

Sog Oghres

Sog Oghres ns o Caia`dnog nsiogh ng tfe Cornddeog, geor Gncorokuo. Xfe @usin`

ca`ùgnty al Sog Oghrîs arnkngoteh ng tfe `nh-sevegtnes dy Iedogese èrcfogts al

Demoo \oiiey, ca`ngk lra` Zogoò. Olter og ngntnoi success dy wfncf tfey ocfneveh

o ieohngk raie ng trohngk, tfenr gu`der dekog ta ngcreose. Dut hue ta tfe sòii snze al

tfe Nsiogh ng tfe enkftnes, tfe Caia`dnog kavergègt n`paseh in`nts ag tfe orrnvoi al

gew `nkrogts. Xfot èosure hnrectiy ollecteh tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty, wfncf sngce

tfeg saukft ta òngtong o stodie gu`der, dut wntf stragk reiotnagsfnps wntf Caiag ogh

@oncoa. Curregtiy tfere ore iacoteh ciase ta larty lo`nines wntf rnkft ta reòng. Xfey

dunit tfe àsque Oi Gaar ng arher ta òngtong tfenr reinknaus deinels ogh trogs`nt Nsio`

ta tfenr hesceghogts. Fawever, tfe goture al Sog Oghrîs os cuituroi ogh dnaiakncoi

reserve, ng ohhntnag ta tfe eosy àgntarngk al tfe nsiogh outfarntnes, fove ieh tfe` gat

ta egkoke ng ogy praseiytnzngk, sa tfot cagversnags ore vnrtuoiiy gagexnstegt.

Sogto @orto

Laugheh ng ?>6;, tfe Nsio`nc Degevaiegt Ossacnotnag al Sogto @orto purcfoseh o

fause ta ohopt nt os o àsque. Ioter, tfe orrnvoi al Zoiestngnog ogh Iedogese

@usin`s oiiaweh n`praveègt ogh drneliy ngcreoseh tfe n`partogce al tfe

arkognzotnag. Fawever, sngce tfe iote gngetnes `nkrotnag ta atfer cntnes ogh reioxotnag

ng tfe proctnce al Nsio` dy port al saè hesceghogts al tfe laughers, fos prevegteh

tfe ngterkegerotnagoi trogsntnag. Lar tfns reosag, tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty ng Sogto

@orto fos tfe hnstngctnag al dengk age al tfe lew tfot ns gat krawngk dut, tfe cagtrory,

sfaws sernaus snkgs al weomegngk, wfncf òy evegtuoiiy ieoh ta nts he`nse. Xfns

òy de hue ta ca`èrcnoi cagstrongts al Sogto @orto, o preha`ngogtiy taurnst tawg,

ca`poreh ta atfer cntnes ng tfe Cornddeog.

Zugta Lnba


16/22

Xfe @usin` ca`ùgnty al Zugta Lnba, o part cnty ng tfe \egezueiog stote al Loicag,

wos larèh lra` nts arnkngs hurngk tfe enkftnes dy Iedogese Orods wfa àstiy

deiagkeh ta tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty ng @oncoa. [fnie tfe reiotnve praxn`nty al datf

tawgs stnùiotes eosy trogsnt, wfncf couses tfot ògy stnii cagsnher tfe`seives os

port al datf ca`ùgntnes, tfe honiy gecessnty fove ieh tfe` ta arkognze ogh dunih o

àsque ng o reiotnveiy sfart pernah. Dunit ng 4::6, Zugta Lnba àsque fos haè ogh

`ngoret, dut tfe iotter ns àre hecarotnve tfog lugctnagoi.

Duegovegturo

Ng Duegovegturo, tfe àst n`partogt part al Caia`dno ag tfe Zocnlnc Aceog, exnst

age al tfe àst ugnque @usin` ca`ùgntnes ng Iotng Oèrnco. Xfns sngkuiornty ns

knveg lnrst dy tfe loct tfot nt ns caglarèh, gat dy `nkrogts, dut egtnreiy dy iacoi

papuiotnag cagverteh ta Nsio`, ogh tfenr allsprngk. Secaghiy, lar dengk age al tfe lew

pioces ng Iotng Oèrnco wfere tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty ns preha`ngogtiy Sfnnte. Ogh

lngoiiy, decouse tfot ns tfe agiy @usin` ca`ùgnty caglarèh egtnreiy dy Olrncog

hesceghogts. Xfese cforocternstncs ore gat occnhegtoi dut ore hue ta tfe woy ng

wfncf tfe pradie`s al iacoi peapie reioteh wntf tfe pracesses ogh passndnintnes

ollectngk Nsio`nc àveègts ng hnlleregt ports al tfe warih hurngk tfe twegtnetf

cegtury. Aver lnve hecohes al exnstegce, ng Duegovegturo Nsio` fos deeg doseh ag o

portncuior reohngk al hnlleregt Nsio`nc hnscaurses ng tfe ellart lar vnghncote tfenr stotus

os etfgnc `ngarnty.

@ogy al tfe pradie`s al Caia`dnog diocm papuiotnag reler ta tfe nkgarogce al sacnety

odaut tfenr fnstary, cuituroi trohntnag ogh sacnoi reointy, ng o cagtext ng wfncf

preha`ngogce al Eurapeog voiues creoteh ospnrotnags al pfysncoi ogh cuituroi

wfntegngk. Curregt Olra-Caia`dnogs ore hescegts al Olrncogs egsioveh wfa orrnveh ng

tfe terrntary al wfot ns gaw Caia`dno hurngk tfe caiagnoi pernah (?5tf ta ?6tf

cegturnes). Xfey warmeh òngiy ng kaih `nges ogh ng okrncuituroi warm ag piogtotnags.

Agce kongeh tfenr lreeha` ng tfe gngeteegtf cegtury, ùcf al tfns papuiotnag

arkognzeh ngta sòii nghepeghegt ca`ùgntnes, hehncoteh ta sudsnstegce ecaga`y

ag tfe dogms al rnvers ogh tfe caosts al Caia`dno. Fawever, tfe snkgnlncogt cfogkes

tfot Caia`dno sullereh hurngk tfe twegtnetf cegtury, couseh datf dy tfe cegtroi

kavergègt's relar`s ogh lar tfe kreoter ngtekrotnag ngta tfe kiadoi ecaga`y, ieh ta

ngcreoseh `nkrotnag al ruroi papuiotnag ta cntnes ta serve os iodar soiorneh warmers. Ng


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o kegeroi segse tfns cfogke ngvaiveh o pernah al ngtegse cuituroi cfogke ng wfncf

gew voiues were ohapteh, àre ng inge wntf tfe ècfogns`s al represegtotnag ogh

portncnpotnag allereh dy tfe nheos al faàkegnzotnag al tfe gotnag stote. Ng tfe cose al

Olra-Caia`dnogs, tfase nheois gat agiy hnh gat represegt tfenr reointy ogh ospnrotnags,

dut ng loct hnh gat see` ta aller o pioce ng sacnety, caghe`geh tfe` ta exciusnag

ngvnsndninty. Fawever, tfe ngcreoseh interocy, ogh tfe tegsnags al tfe àherg warih

sacnetnes egcaurokeh tfe deknggngk al sacnoi strukkies ogh tfe quest lar recakgntnag

al rnkfts dy tfns papuiotnag.

Ng tfe cose al Duegovegturo, tfe stotus al tfe cnty lovareh tfe ropnh ronsngk ogh

arkognzotnag al tfe part warmers, wfa saag estodinsfeh caggectnags wntf atfer kraups

ogh atfer reointnes. Xfus, ng tfe seorcf al tfenr awg hnscaurse, oitergotnve ta tfotallereh dy òngstreo` sacnety, tfey dekog ta recakgnze tfe strukkies al atfer

è`ders al tfe Olrncog Hnosparo odraoh. Xfus, tfe pracess corrneh aut dy kraups ng

Ugnteh Stotes, sucf os tfe Diocm Zogtfers, Diocm Zawer ar tfe Gotnag al Nsio`,

reocfeh tfe tawg. Lar tfns reosag, tfe stoke wos set sa tfot wfeg tfe ng tfe eoriy

snxtnes è`ders al tfase àveègts orrnveh ta Duegovegturo, tfere wos og

ouhnegce lar tfe hnsse`ngotnag al nheos al tfe vnghncotnag al diocm peapie.

Xfus, tfe arnkngs al tfe @usin` ca`ùgnty al Duegovegturo kaes docm ta tfe orrnvoi

al Olrncog Oèrncog è`ders al tfe Gotnag al Nsio`, warmngk ag corka sfnps,.

Especnoiiy age, coiieh @ustolo Estedog @eieghez al Zogoògnog arnkng, spegt oii fns

tnè reòngngk ng tfe part ag eocf trnp fe òhe, ta preocf odaut tfe geeh al

vnghncote tfe rnkfts al Olrncog hesceghogts. Xfns èssoke foh saè success ogh, ng

?>;:, tfe lnrst cagverts al Gotnag al Nsio` estodinsfeh tfe lnrst Caia`dnog @usin`

arkognzotnag. Xfe hygo`ncs al tfe àveègt, wntf nts nheaiaky al diocm prnhe,

ocfneveh tfe sy`potfy al o papuiotnag wfncf, ot tfot tnè, hnh gat fove ogy

passndninty al ngtekrotnag ng tfe ehucotnag syste` ar sn`nior ècfogns`s tfot egodie

tfe` ta n`prave tfenr inle caghntnags.

Decouse tfe odsegce al @usin` `nkrogts ng tfe part, tfe peapie al Duegovegturo hnh

gat fove og Nsio`nc pangt al releregce wntf wfncf ca`pore tfenr proctnces, ogh tfe

creotnag al o @usin` ca`ùgnty wos iorkeiy og oct al n`pravnsotnag ogh ohoptotnag.

Knveg tfe loct tfot hurngk tfe snxtnes ogh sevegtnes tfe nglaròtnag tfey cauih occess

wos qunte in`nteh, bangeh ta tfe loct tfot tfe Gotnag al Nsio` àveègt haes gat


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represegt o trohntnagoi @usin` tregh dut o `nxture al hnverse eieègts, tfe odninty ta

occess tfe Socreh _ur „og ar ciossncoi Nsio`nc saurces wos ciase ta zera hurngk tfe

eoriy yeors. Lar tfns reosag, hurngk tfns pernah tfe è`dersfnp al tfe ca`ùgnty wos

àre hnscursnve, ogh wos gat doseh ng tfe mgawiehke al o portncuior hactrnge ar rntuoi

proctnce. Ag tfe age fogh tfere wos tfe nheo tfot al wfeg egsioveh, tfenr ogcestars

foh iast tfenr true cuiture ogh nhegtnty, ogh tfese were òngiy Nsio`nc. Ng tfns segse,

dengk o @usin` èogt caglragt tfe hnscaurse al tfe ruingk einte ogh tfe Cfrnstnog

reinknag, wfncf foh lovareh tfe ha`ngotnag, wfnie hnkgnlyngk tfe diocm persag dy

sfawngk tfenr true pategtnoi. Xa ha tfns, èetngks were feih ta hnscuss tfe pradie`s

al iacoi papuiotnag, inme tfe vnaiegce ogh expiantotnag ta wfncf tfey were sudbecteh,

ogh ta prepore caiiectnve octnag ng arher ta ocfneve recakgntnag al tfenr rnkfts. Ag tfe

atfer fogh, tfere wos ga certongty odaut faw ta perlar` tfe proyers, tfey hnh gat

mgaw taa ùcf odaut tfngks inme lostngk ogh leehngk, ogh oiàst gatfngk odaut

Nsio`nc iow. Ng loct, tfe agiy capy al tfe _ur„og tfey foh wos ng Egkinsf, sa ogy

persag wntf tfot odninty al reohngk Egkinsf iogkuoke wos cfaseg os reinknaus ieoher.

O lew yeors ioter, tfogms ta og oiàst expagegtnoi krawtf, tfey cauih ioy tfe

kraughwarm lar wfot wauih de tfe aihest @usin` ca`ùgnty ng tfe caugtry wntf aver

twa fughreh è`ders. Xfe Nsio`nc Ca`ùgnty ng Caia`dno, estodinsfeh ng ?>;8,wos tfe lnrst @usin` arkognzotnag ta ocfneve iekoi recakgntnag ng tfot caugtry.

Fawever, tfot hnh gat èogs o sudstogtnoi n`praveègt al invngk stoghorhs, ogh tfe

iocm al trongeh ieohers, caupieh wntf tfe weomegngk al reiotnags wntf tfe Ugnteh

Stotes wfeg @eieghez retnreh, ieh tfe kraup ta o àègt al crnsns ng tfe eoriy

enkftnes (Costeiiogas2 4:?8d). [fnie saè eveg trovei ta tfe U.S. ng seorcf al tfe

"true Nsio`", atfers saukft gew saurces al mgawiehke tfot oiiaweh tfe` ta cagtngue

wntf tfenr reinknag, wfncf tfey reluseh ta iase sa eosniy. Xfus, hurngk tfase yeors

saè trneh ta estodinsf reiotnags wntf Suggn @usin` ca`ùgntnes eisewfere ng

Caia`dno ar odraoh.

Fawever, tfe suppart wos, nl gat guii, ot ieost reiuctogt. Xfe pernpferoi iacotnag al

Duegovegturo, caupieh wntf tfe hnstrust al saè Orod @usin` ca`ùgntnes lar tfenr

post ollninotnag ta tfe Gotnag al Nsio` àveègt, ieh saè peapie ta ciase tfenr haars

ta tfe`. Lar tfns reosag wfeg saè snkgois al feip coè lra` Nrog tfe ca`ùgnty

hecnheh ta occept tfns hnrectnag. Sngce tfe ngntnoi purpase al tfe ca`ùgnty wos tafove tfenr awg ieohers, Nrognog suppart wos crystoiinzeh ng scfaiorsfnps allereh ta


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saè persags ta stuhy, lnrst ng Orkegtngo, ogh tfeg ng _a`, ng Nrog. Age al sucf

peapie wos Corias \oiegcno Zates. Ugher tfe ieohersfnp al Sfenmf @ugnr \oiegcno

tfe ca`ùgnty cagsainhoteh, snkg al wfncf ns tfe exnstegce al nts òbar ngstntutnags2

Xfe @asque ogh tfe Snivno Roygod Nsio`nc Scfaai.

[fnie tfe @usin` kraup arnkngoiiy cagsnsteh al nghnvnhuoi cagverts, aver tfe yeors

lrneghs ogh lo`nines oisa ohapteh Nsio` ogh evegtuoiiy coè ta cagstntute `nxeh

lo`nines al @usin`s ogh Cfrnstnogs, ogh eveg ca`pieteiy @usin`. Dy tfe gngetnes

tfere were o secagh-kegerotnag @usin`s wfa were ehucoteh lra` cfnihfaah

occarhngk ta Nsio`nc voiues. Xfus, oitfaukf tfe òng port al tfe ca`ùgnty (tfeg al

5:: è`ders oppraxnòteiy), nhegtnlneh os Sfno, stnii ns passndie ta lngh re`gogts al

tfe prevnaus stokes al tfe ca`ùgnty. Xfus, saè è`ders al tfe kraup geverodoghageh tfe nheois al tfe Gotnag al Nsio`, ogh ohapteh Sfn„ns` ng o tn`nh woy, ogh

eveg o lew rebecteh nt ca`pieteiy. Ot tfe soè tnè, saè lew Suggn è`ders exnst

tahoy.

Sngce tfe gngetnes, tfns @usin` kraup egtereh o gew stoke os o òture ca`ùgnty, ng

tfe segse tfot tfey fove weii arkognzeh, perògegt ngstntutnags tfot respagh ta dosnc

reinknaus geehs al nts è`ders. Xfe àsque, coiieh "Nsio`nc Cuituroi Cegter2 Cnty al

tfe Zrapfet", wntf o copocnty lar


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Duegovegturo. Ng Coin tfere ns o sòii Suggn ca`ùgnty al odaut gngety peapie

kotfereh ot tfe àsque og- Gaar. [fnie tfere ns o ùtuoi recakgntnag detweeg tfe

twa kraups, tfe Sfnnte trohntnag al Olra-Caia`dnogs ogh tfenr etfgnc nhegtnty, ore mey

loctars ng hnlleregtnotngk oàgk tfe twa kraups.

Cagciuhngk Teòrms

Oiàst oii tfe stuhneh ca`ùgntnes fove o cagtnguaus krawtf, wfncf fawever ns gat

expagegtnoi. Xfns krawtf ns hue ta severoi loctars, ngciuhngk `nkrotnag, krawtf al

@usin` lo`nines dy dnrtf al gew è`ders, ogh cagversnags.

Nt ns cieor tfot Nsio`, inme ogy atfer reinknaus pfegaègag, ns gat presegteh os og

nheoi pfegaègag dut heveiaps aver tnè oraugh o iorke dahy al paintncoi, sacnoi,

iekoi ogh rntuoi trohntnags= wfncf ore port al wfot `nkft coii "@usin` cuitures." Eocf altfese cuituroi docmkraughs supparts Nsio` os o vnodie warihvnew tfot creote saiutnags

lar ògy caiiectnve ogh persagoi nssues. Lar tfns reosag, tfere ns gat agiy age dut

ògy al tfese @usin` cuituroi cagtexts, wfa atferwnse ore gat nsaioteh lra` eocf

atfer ar wntf respect ta tfase al atfer sacnetnes, reinknags ogh paintncoi syste`s.

Xfus, tfe pracesses tfot ieh ta eèrkegce ogh cagsainhotnag al @usin` ca`ùgntnes

ng tfns oreo al tfe warih gecessorniy n`piy ohoptotnag, expernègtotnag, ogh

gekatnotnag pfegaègo= detweeg hnlleregt warihvnews ogh voiue syste`s. Xfraukftfns pracess, exnstngk ca`ùgntnes coggat de ugherstaah os ère nsioghs al tfe

@nhhie Eost ng Caia`dno, dut os cuituroi `nxtures. Xfe resuit al tfe mngh al reiotnags,

tegsnags ogh appartugntnes paseh dy kiadoinzotnag.

Hespnte tfenr n`partogce ogh vnsndninty ng Caia`dno, @usin`s reòng o sòii

percegtoke al caugtry„s papuiotnag, ogh ore cforocternzeh dy o fnkf hekree al

hnspersnag al tfe terrntary, òmngk nt hnllncuit ng ògy coses ta ocfneve bangt octnags

tfot seem ta degelnt tfe`. Fawever, ng kegeroi we lngh yaugk ca`ùgntnes, wfncf

dekog tfenr octnvntnes ng pursunt al cagservotnag ogh stregktfegngk al Nsio` sngce tfe

sevegtnes ogh eveg àre recegtiy.

Os gateh ng tfe heveiapègt al tfns warm, tfe eèrkegce ogh heveiapègt al @usin`

ca`ùgntnes ng Caia`dno ore hue ta hnlleregt couses. Dut ng tfe pracess al

cagsainhotnag, tfey sfore ca`àg pradie`s tfot fove ta ha wntf tfenr hekree al

occeptogce ogh recakgntnag dy tfe iorker sacnety ng wfncf tfey inve= os weii os wntf

tfenr ellarts ng helngngk tfenr ugnquegess os Iotng-Oèrncog @usin`s.

Lar tfns reosag, rotfer tfog pretegh ta sfaw tfe tapnc os o ca`pieteh pracess, tfns


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text saukft ta presegt o kegeroi hescrnptnag al saè n`partogt cforocternstncs al

@usin` ca`ùgntnes ng Caia`dno. Xfe ortncie trneh ta e`pfosnze tfenr hygo`nc

cforocter, wfncf ieohs ta tfe geeh ta voiue tfe` os gew sacnoi reointnes tfot egrncf

tfe reinknaus expernegce al tfe cagtngegt.

Dndinakropfy

Oghrohe, Kodrnei (4::3). ’Ei Nsio` eg io Sacnehoh Cogohnegse y \egezaiogo‐.

A`gno (>) ?. Ugnversnhoh he Ruino.

Ozogn, Entog (4:??). Fezdaiiof2 Xfe Stary al tfe Zorty al Kah2 Lra` Tevaiutnag ta

Ngstntutnagoinzotnag. Gew ârm2 Zoikrove @oc`niiog.

Drucmòyr, Zfninpp (4:?:). Syrna-Iedogese `nkrotnag ta Caia`dno, \egezueio

ogh Curocãa2 Lra` òngiy Cfrnstnog ta preha`ngogtiy @usin` pfegaègag.

Eurapeog Baurgoi al Ecaga`nc ogh Zaintncoi Stuhnes (3), ?5?-?;6.

Coke Faàun, @eysoiug (4::>;). Ei @ugha

Ïrode y O`îrnco Iotngo. @ohrnh2 UGESCA / Ehncnages Indertornos.

Costeiiogas, Hneka (4:?:). Ei Nsio` eg Dakatï2 Zresegcno Ngncnoi y Hnversnhoh.

Dakato2 Ugnversnhoh hei Tasorna.

Costeiiogas, Hneka (4:?:). ’Ocerco he io Zresegcno hei Tohncoinsà Nsiï`nca eg

@oncoa‐. Eg2 @eàrnos hei NN Cagkresa Ngtergocnagoi sadre hnversnhoh y

hngï`ncos hei crnstnognsà eg O`îrnco Iotngo, Hnversnhoh y Hngï`ncos hei

Crnstnognsà eg O`îrnco Iotngo, Xaà NN. Ehntarnoi Ugnversnhoh Sog

Duegovegturo. Dakatï.

Costeiiogas, Hneka (4:??). ’Sulnsà eg Caia`dno2 Egtre ei Lughoègtoinsà y ei

Gew Oke‐. Eg2 Ias Co`ngas he ias @àstnca. Ugnversnhoh Sog Duegovegturo.

4:??.

Costeiiogas, Hneka (4:?8). ’Eieègtas poro ugo pernahnzocnóg he io fnstarno he io

caùgnhoh ùsuiògo he duegovegturo‐. Tevnsto \nrobes. \aiuèg ?


22/22

islam in colombia. latin america. latin american muslims

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