islam: origins and expansion

Islam

Unit 8: SOL ObjectivesWHI.8a-d

04/07/23 Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005 2

What is Islam?

• A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad

Basic Beliefs of Islam

1. One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God

2. Judgment Day3. Acceptance of prophets,

including Moses and Jesus4. Muhammad was the last

prophet by God


Founding of Islam

• 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah)

The Prophet Muhammad


Founding of Islam

• 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca


Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel


Founding of Islam• Islamic religion spread from

Mecca to Medina along trade routes

• 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life


Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD


Founding of Islam

• 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted

• 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah)


Five Pillars

• As part of the Islam religion, all true Muslims must perform 5 duties:


Affirmation of Faith

• The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”


Prayer• The duty to pray to God

five times each day

Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing Mecca


Almsgiving• The duty to give away

alms and to help the needy

Gabriel showing Muhammad the importance of alms giving


Fasting

• The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan


Pilgrimage• The duty to visit Mecca

at least once in a lifetime


Quran (Koran)

• Islamic Holy Book


Holy City

• Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad)

Spread of Islamic Civilization

Islamic religion spread rapidly over great

distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia,

and India


Why??

• Quran instructed them to spread their faith.


Expansion• 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of

Damascus, Syria

• 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq

• 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem


• 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt

• 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia

• 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims


• 732 AD: Battle of Tours

–**Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped


Tours is a city located in France.


11th Century

• Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine


13th Century

• Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam


1453

• Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire

The Split in Islam


Split of Islam

• 656 AD- two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen


SHIITE (Shi’a)

• Mostly in Iraq & Iran

• Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali


The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam.


SUNNI

• Majority of Muslims

• Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept


• Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire:


Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD)

• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria (Centrally located)

• Conquered to the Indus River, North Africa, & Spain


STOP!!!

• **MUSLIMS ARE STOPPED IN 732 AD AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE***


• Official language= Arabic


Abbasids vs. Umayyad

• Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD

–Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq


The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate


• Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad


• Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning


Cultural Contributions

• Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques)

• Mosaics

• Arabic alphabet


Dome of the Rock


Mosque in Istanbul


Islamic Mosaics


Cultural Contributions and Achievements

• Universities

• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic


Scientific contributions/Achievements• Arabic numerals (adapted from

India), including zero

• Medicine

• Expansion of geographic knowledge

Algebra


Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_instruments


Medicine

• Al-Razi-– Chief physician at hospital in

Baghdad– Compiled a huge medical

encyclopedia, explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart.


Medicine

• Ibn Sina– Scholar and doctor– Wrote the textbook Canon of

Medicine– Used in Europe until 1650


Mathematics

• Al-Khwarizmi– Compiled Arabic math book– Developed Algebra


Geography

• Al-Idrisi– Sent people to countries to study

geographic features– Developed more accurate maps


Students in the ancient Islamic University

islam: origins and expansion

Spiritual

asia minor

muslim conquest

muhammad

prophet

islam

mecca

god

iraq