islamic art & architecture
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Islamic Art & Architecture. Faith, Pattern, Geometry. The Kaaba, Mecca. Pilgrims surrounding the Kaaba (dedicated by Mohammed). Kaaba & Islam. Originally held various “pagan” icons Mohammed fled Medina (the hijira) for Mecca and threw out icons from the Kaaba (aniconism) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Islamic Art & Architecture
Faith, Pattern, Geometry
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The Kaaba, Mecca. Pilgrims surrounding the Kaaba (dedicated by Mohammed)
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Kaaba & Islam
• Originally held various “pagan” icons
• Mohammed fled Medina (the hijira) for Mecca and threw out icons from the Kaaba (aniconism)
• Islam calls for worship of only one god
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Kaaba & Islam
• Figurative art, especially religion, avoided
• Islamic artists use nonfigural ornament, text, arabesques (scrolling vines) & complex patterns
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However this varies by region/time frame.. What examples can you think of?
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The Kaaba
• Millions of faithful Muslims PILGRIMAGE or ha’ij to Mecca
• Part of 5 pillars of Islam for those able to go
• Inscribed with a few verses of the Qu’ran (Koran)
• FLASHCARD
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So how does this fit Islam?
• Merchant al-Amin saw vision of angel in 610 CE
• Mohammed (messenger of God), went to Mecca
• Recited revelations of the angel in chanted verses
• His followers wrote down the verses, became the Qur’an
• Attracted 1000s of followers; but angered the powerful
• Fled Mecca for Medina (built first mosque) place of worship/prayer
• Returned to Mecca with army of 10,0000• Emptied the Kaaba - now symbolic center
of all Muslim prayer and destination for the ha’ij.
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5 Pillars of Islam
• Allah (one god) : Mohammed = msgr
• Prayer facing Mecca 5x day (fountains in courtyards for ablutions/washing)
• Zakah - alms/tax to help poor• Daily fasting during Ramadan
(annual festival)• Pilgrimage to Mecca -
circumambulate Kaaba
• What other monotheistic religions do you know of?
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The Spread of Islam in the Middle East and Europe
Four caliphs/followers of Mohammed succeeded --spread into India, Africa, Spain
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The 4 Caliphs
• Ruled after Mohammed• 3rd Caliph Uthman - completed the
Qur’an… unifying force of the Arabic language
• Ali was the 4th caliph; power struggle - assassination in 661
DIVISIONS FROM THIS CONFLICT CONTINUE TODAY….
• Shi’a = followers of Ali as the one true caliph
• Sunni = believe all 4 caliphs were “rightfully guided”
Where are the Shia’s and Sunnis still fighting TODAY ?????
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Arabic was used to study and teach, but also simply to delight the eye
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Early Dynasties of the Islamic Empire - Umayyads 661-750
• Following Ali’s assassination, Umayyad Dynasty founded (661-750)
• Empire expanded into Persia, Egypt, Syria & Palestine w/in 20 years
• Went into India, N. Africa and Spain by the early 700s.
• Built mosques and palaces from capital in Damascus.
The Dome of the Rock was the first great monument of Islamic Art.
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Cutaway
View of
The Dome
Of the Rock
In
Jerusalem
The rock was where Mohammed ascended to God, according to Islam
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Dome of the Rock, interior
Jerusalem flashcard
Begun 691 CE, Umayyad
1st great Islamic monument
3rd most holy site in Islam
Built on holy site for Jews & Christians too;
Islamic view : Mohammed completed the prophecies of those faiths
Frieze of Qur’an writings of gold mosaic on turquoise background-oldest written Qur’an verses
Oldest use of Qur’an in architecture
•Golden dome, marble veneers, rich mosaics & patterned carpets
•Dome atop octagonal drum w/ arcades of piers and columns
•ambulatory aisles for faithful to walk around
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Frieze from façade of Palace at Mshatta (Jordan, 743 CE)
•Umayyid caliphs built palaces such as the one at Mshatta
•Frieze divided into triangular compartments, geometric shapes contrasting with organic vines, scrolls with birds and animals
•Near the mosque portion no animals or birds were shown (aniconism).
Where did we see friezes in ancient and classical times?
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Early Dynasties of the Islamic Empire
• Ummayids were replaced by Abbasid dynasty in 750;
• Ruled from Baghdad until 1258.• Abbassids borrowed artistically from
Roman, Byzantium, China, Persia & India
• Abbassids; medicine, arts, literature
The Dome of the Rock was the first great momument of Islamic Art.
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Mosque Features & Plans
• Hypostyle (multicolumned) mosques such as the Great Mosque of Tunisia
• Added courtyard, flat roofed hypostyle prayer hall towards Mecca
• Qibla wall - mihrab
• Mihrab = niche for holy place, such as Torah scrolls in a synagogue or niche for Roman god statue
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Know & recognize these 3 characteristic arches/niches from Islamic architecture
Muqarnas are unique to Islam
Often stacked and used in multiples, very intricate and dazzling to the eye
Sometimes vault domes, or used as part of a mihrab
SEE EXAMPLES ON NEXT PAGES
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Tile Mosaic Mihrab,
from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan
Medium: Glazed and cut tiles
Size: 11'3" X 7'6"
14th century Iran
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
One of finest examples of early architectural ceramic decoration
3 inscriptions: outer in cursive, Qur’an verses about 5 Pillars of Islam.
Inner Kufic sayings of prophet
Center panel: line in Kufic says
“The mosque is the house of every pious person.”
FLASHCARD
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Minbar (pulpit)
Example of beautiful wood and ivory inlaid Minbar from mosque in Cairo, Egypt (15th Century)
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Example of elaborate Qibla (prayer wall) with minbar (pulpit), mihrab (niche)
Qibla wall from Sultan Hasan Madrasa-Mausoleum-Mosque
Cairo Egypt
14th century
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Prayer Hall, Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
Spanish Umayyad dynasty, 8th century
Flashcard
•Emir was patron of arts
•Cordoba was capital
•Appropriated former Christian church from Visigoths
•Expanded by later rulers
•Hypostyle prayer hall marble columns
•Horseshoe arches (adopted from Romans!)
•Alternating red brick and white stone voussoirs in the curved arch
•Domes were beautiful mosaics done by master Byzantine artists; trade diplomacy and competition in the medeival Mediterranean
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Dome of Great Mosque of Cordoba, in front of the mihrab
Note intricate mosaics
Islamic interest in mathematics & geometry
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Student presentations on Mosque of Cordoba here
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Students will discuss this with the class.
Note dome, and minarets
Sultan Selim Mosque
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Mosque of Sultan Selim, Edirne
Ottoman Empire, 16th century Turkey
Architect Sinan (for Suleyman the Magnificent)
Flashcard
•Minarets almost 300’ high, only 12’ in diameter
•Only royal mosques allowed multiple minarets
Square base transitioned to central dome with corner half domes
Gigantic hemispheric dome larger than Hagia Sophia
Complex held mosque, madrasa, hospittal, kitchens, market, baths
Central plan with fountain (see plans)
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Interior of dome of
Mosque of Sultan Selim Edirne
STUDENTS PRESENT THIS
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Four Iwan Mosque plan
Congregational Mosque, Isfahan
Developed in Iran
Iwan = huge, barrel vaulted walls with arch entrances
Cross-axial emphasis
Central courtyard
Qibla is the prayer wall
KNOW THIS VOCABULARY
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Great Mosque of Ishafan (Iran)
Note iwan walls with vaulted entrances
Mosaic tile decoration
Minarets
Four iwan plan
17th century, lots of additions since
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Calligraphy
• Students will present
• Art of fine hand lettering
• Qur’an word of god- must be written with devotion & embellishment
• Verbal information & aesthetics
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Arabic manuscript page
Kufic headings
Naskhi (Iran) scripts
Calligraphers enjoyed very high status, included women and princes
20 cursive scripts in use by the 10th century
Qur’an usually wrote on parchment or vellum
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Ceramics & Glassware
• Students will present
• Samarkand
• Fritware
• Figurative embellishment, especially when illuminated manuscripts & books popular
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Samarkand ceramics had a beautiful white ground like Chinese porcelain.
Border is Kufic script;
Calligraphy often used for decoration as well as text.
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Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp, Syria or Egypt, 14th century
Glass, polychrome enamel, gold
Egyptians produced 1st glass in 2nd millenium BCE
13th century CE artistic exchanges in Italy, Syria, Egypt developed new molding and blowing techniques
Used for mosques
Kuranic inscription: God is the light of the heavens.
European heraldry symbols
FLASHCARD - DISCUSS INFLUENCES, FIGURATIVE IMAGERY, ETC.
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The Macy Jug
Ceramic
Painted fritware, incised
1215-1216, Iran
Now at Metropolitan Museum of Art
FLASHCARD IMAGE
Technique to produce lustrous metallic surface on fired ceramic
Painted dense, elaborate patterns of animals, foliage, etc.
Originally FRITWARE used for beads in ancient Egypt
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“Oriental” Rugs
• Students will present
• Worldwide popularity even through today
• Knotted carpets date back 4th century BCE
• Silk weaving exchange with China (China Silk Road)
• Paradise & garden associations
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Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa
Silk tapestry weave with gilt parchment
Trophy taken by Christian King Ferdinand III.. Detail of center section
Calligraphic panels
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“Oriental” Rugs
• Rugs used for Muslim prayer
• Knotted rugs technique passed down thru generations
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Medallion Rug
Star Ushak Style
Note patterns which reverse symmetry
Infinite arabesque that repeats in all directions
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Art of the Book
• Students will present
• Parallels illuminated manuscripts in Europe
• More figurative embellishment allowed
• Persian miniatures
• Islamic emphasis on Qur’an
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Qur’an Frontspiece, Cairo Egypt, 1368 CE.
Nonfigural designs from Mamluk Egypt
Intricate designs paralleled
What????
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Caliph Harun Al Rashid Visits Turkish Bath
Kamal al Din-Bihzad
From Herart School of Miniature painting in western Afghanistan
Bihzad paintings illustrated Khamsa Five Poems.
Bathhouse accepted from Roman society in Islamic world in Turkey, Jordan.
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Another Bihzad miniature
Shirin sees Khusraus Portrait
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Tugra of Sultan Suleyman
Istanbul, Turkey
16th Century, Ottoman Empire
Ink, paint, and gold on paper
Tugras combined the ruler’s name with the phrase Eternally Victorious
Tugras appeared on seals, coints, buildings, edicts
Body design may have been inspired by Chinese ceramics
FLASHCARDS
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Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain; 14th Century
City of Gardens .. Islamic palace set in gardens. Complex citadel with dramatic views, miradors (lookout windows). Beautiful ceiling with clustered muqarnas
8 pointed star ceiling (next image)
Flashcard
Recognize Court of the Lions
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Muqarnas Dome, hall of the Abencerrajes,
Palace of the Lions, Alhambra
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