islamic art - art history with ivy...
TRANSCRIPT
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ISLAMIC ART
Lecture 3B: Mosques
Early Islamic Architecture
Early Islamic Arts
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THE DOME OF THE ROCK: SACRED GROUND FOR JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND MUSLIMS
• Located on the Temple Mount, site
where Abraham was asked by God
to sacrifice Isaac.
• Also where the angel Gabriel
accompanied Muhammad to heaven
where he prayed with Abraham,
Moses, and Jesus (and others).
• The Dome of the Rock was built as
shrine and also to represent the
Islamic conquest of Jerusalem and
the Jewish and Christian faiths.
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AERIAL VIEW OF THE DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM, 687–692.
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DOME OF THE ROCK (LEFT),MOSAIC REPRESENTATION OF THE MARTYRIUM
OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER AS IT LOOKED IN THE 6TH
CENTURY,, SAN VITALE IN RAVENNA (527-546) (BOTTOM RIGHT).
Early Islamic Architecture: Byzantine Influence
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INTERIOR OF THE DOME OF THE
ROCK, JERUSALEM, 687–692.
INTERIOR OF SAN VITALE,
RAVENNA (ABOVE)
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EARLY BYZANTINE MOSAIC OF
CHRIST FROM THE HAGIA SOPHIA
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• Mosaics of “living
light”…they
appear to glow, to
dance, to have life
in them!
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MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Mosque: Place of prayer
• Quibla: direction of prayer towards Mecca
• Mihrab: decorative niche in the quibla wall; focal point of mosque
• Minbar: pulpit
• Minarets: towers used for the call to prayer
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MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Mosque: Place of prayer
• Quibla: direction of prayer towards Mecca
• Mihrab: decorative niche in the quibla wall; focal point of mosque
• Minbar: pulpit
• Minarets: towers used for the call to prayer Qibla Wall with Mihrad and Minbar,
Sultan Hasan Madrase-Mausoleum-
Mosque Complex. 1356-1363.
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The Mihrab comes from a tradition of having circular areas to attract
the attention of the faithful.
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MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Mosque: Place of prayer
• Quibla: direction of prayer towards Mecca
• Mihrab: decorative niche in the quibla wall; focal point of mosque
• Minbar: pulpit
• Minarets: towers used for the call to prayer
Minbar from the Kutubiya Mosque in Marrakesh,
1125-1130. Wood and ivory.
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MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Mosque: Place of prayer
• Quibla: direction of prayer towards Mecca
• Mihrab: decorative niche in the quibla wall; focal point of mosque
• Minbar: pulpit
• Minarets: towers used for the call to prayer
MALWIYA MINARET OF THE GREAT MOSQUE, SAMARRA, IRAQ, 848–852.
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ARAB PLAN MOSQUE (HYPOSTYLE)
• Earliest mosques have a prayer hall and enclosed courtyard.
• Hypostyle architecture: roof of a hall supported by rows of columns. Technology invented by the Egyptians and used in Christian Churches.
• Great Mosque of Damascus early example. 318 by 512 feet. Accommodates thousands of worshippers.
Aerial view of the Great Mosque,
Damascus, Syria, 706–715.
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Ground-level view of the Great Mosque, Damascus (L)
Exterior of Sta. Maria in Trastevere, Rome (R)
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DETAIL OF A MOSAIC IN THE
COURTYARD ARCADE OF THE GREAT
MOSQUE, DAMASCUS, SYRIA, 706–715.
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Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq (Islamic, 848–852 CE).
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THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA (LATER
CONVERTED INTO A CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL),
STARTED 786.
"Sacred for lovers of
art, you are the glory
of faith, You have
made Andalusia pure
as a holy land!"
~poet Muhammad
Iqbal
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land!"
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• 865 Columns in all of
jasper, onyx, marble, and
granite.
• Made from pieces of a
Roman temple that had
occupied the site.
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land!"
Hypostyle Hall in the Great Mosque
of Cordoba.
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• Horseshoe arch shape
used for mihrab.
• Inspired by Visigothic
architecture.
• Dome uses pointed
arches that will become
a prominent feature of
Gothic art in France.
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THE QUR’AN • Writing was considered
unimportant in Arab lands prior to Islam.
• However, the message of God given to Muhammad was too precious not to preserve word for word.
• Writing became sacred; the words themselves became beautiful objects.
• Earliest versions had large print so several people could read at once.
Folio from a Qur’an on vellum,
9th century. Fig. 2.13
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Folio from the "Blue Qur'an," Fatimid period
(909–1171), second half of 9th–mid-10th century
Tunisia, probably Qairawan
Gold and silver on indigo-dyed parchment
Folio from a Qur'an manuscript,
Seljuq period (1040–1196), ca. 1180
Eastern Iran or present-day
Afghanistan
Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on
paper
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AFTER LECTURE 1B YOU SHOULD BE
ABLE TO….
• Identify the major features found in all mosques.
• Explain the importance of the Dome of the Rock in form and function and identify Byzantine influences.
• Discuss the architectural forms at the Great Mosque at Cordoba in detail.
• Describe how a Qur’an page is decorated.
• Identify the types of media that Islamic artists were known for throughout the western and non-western worlds.