Islamic EmpiresInteractions and ConflictWorld I Review

Importance of TradeBy the 15th Century, technological and scientific advances had been exchanged among the cultures of the world:Paper, the compass, silk, & porcelain (China)Textiles, numerical system (India & Ottomans)Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics (Mideast, Africa, and Asia)

The Islamic Empires

The OttomansThe Ottoman Empire lasted for over 600 years (13th to 19th Centuries)Fell in 1922 (after WWI)

The Ottoman Empire was concentrated in Asia Minor on the Anatolian Peninsula.

It emerged as a political and economic power following the fall of Constantinople (1453) , which was renamed Istanbul.

The Ottoman Empire

The OttomansThe Ottomans expanded their empire intoSouthwest Asia (Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Saudi Arabia)Southern Europe (Balkan Peninsula: Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Albania)Parts of North Africa.

The Ottomans ruled Christians, Jews, and Muslims but ISLAM (Sunni) was the unifying religion.

The OttomansThe Ottoman Empire benefited from its location: controlled most east/west trade.The Empire produced mostly coffee and ceramics.

The spices, silks, timber, gunpowder, technological advances passed through their empire on the way to Europe, which made them rich.

Important PeopleOsman ( leader of the tribe 1300-1326)Nomadic TurkWarrior for Islam = ghazis Began raiding eastern fringes of Byzantine Empire Captured parts of Anatolia and settled thereWest called him Othman Ottomans named after himGunpowder = first people to use cannons and carried muskets

Important People

Mehmet II (the Conqueror)Captured Constantinople from Byzantine ChristiansRenamed Istanbul

Turning point in history: Capture of Constantinople

Important People

Suleiman I (1520) The Magnificent Empire reaches height* Ottoman Rule ~ kind~ appointed local Sultans~ improved lives of peasants~ non-Muslims pay taxSiege on ViennaEmpire fell corruption

Cultural AchievementsCultural Diffusion blending of culturesAstronomy and math SchoolsArt and LiteratureSpices, Silk (from China)Used Gunpowder (from China)

Political Characteristics

Vizier head administratorOver time gained power over the sultans

Janissaries elite military group, which gained great powerDevshirme Young Christian boys, from conquered territories, became slaves to SultanLearned Turkish and converted to IslamServed as bureaucrats or infantrymen in army

Ottoman JanissariesElite military group;Power based on cannons & firearms

I. Ottoman Empire Special TopicsOttoman treatment of non-Muslims1. Millet System = Millet comes from Arabic word for nation2. Religious groups = Millets3. Christians = Millet; Jews = Millet4. Millets could choose own religious leader 5. Follow own religious laws6. Polytheists persecuted

Fall of OttomanBegan to decline in 17th century too large to maintainCould not control local governments that pocketed taxesPeasant revoltsSuccession issues Janissaries demands

Fall of Ottoman Empire Crash Course Crash Course

Battle of Lepanto (1571)Ottoman Empire vs. Spain (Phillip II)Spain wins; Ottomans lose control of Mediterranean

Safavid

The Safavid Empire consisted of present day Iran and parts of Afghanistan and Russia.Ruled by a Shah or emperor.Islam (Shiite) was the unifying religion.Caught between the Ottomans and the Mughals and thus has limited influence.

SafavidMembers of an Islamic brotherhood joined Shia Muslims

Ismail (1499)Leader of army 14yrs oldFought Ottomans (Sunni Muslim)Destroyed Sunni population in BaghdadSelim the Grim responded by killing nearly 40,000 Shia MuslimsQizilbash redheads calvalry armed with swords and knivesNo Navy was every built

Fighting still continues today

Cultural Blending

Golden Age 1588Shah Abbas Abbas the Great (1588-1629)Blend of Persian, Ottoman, and Arab worldsReformed army (2 armies; 1 Persian and 1 Ottoman)Reformed governmentPunished corruptionCreated good relationships with Europe and ChinaCollapse under internal attacks

* Persian rugs * Architecture * Sufism

Safavid architecture colorful floral designs

Shah Abbas the GreatSafavid Ruler

Safavid Empire Special Topics- Ottoman-Safavid Conflict- Ottoman Sunni vs. Safavid Shia conflict~ continual border fighting~Ottoman take Safavid territory~Result = Sunni-Shia conflict today in region (Iraq & Iran)Miniature depicting Ottoman victory over the Safavids

The MughalsDescendants of the Mongols, Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers of India and surrounding regions.

Babur descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan conquered Delhi

Location of their Empire:Northern IndiaParts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

FoundedGolden Age (1556-1605)Akbar Great OneReligious FreedomBlended cultures Islam and HinduismSikhism new religion, rejects Caste SystemAttempted to outlaw the practice of sati Built Military lots of fire powerLanguage Hindi = mix of Persian and local

Shah JahanBuilt Taj Mahal (Tomb!)Built it after wife died (Mumtaz Mahal)She died after giving birth to 14th child20,000 workers 22 years = much sufferingPurdah strict enforcement of women not venturing outside the home unescorted

Cultural characteristicsConflicts between Muslims and Hindu'sNanuk stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and utilized both religions teachingsGuru (religious leader) of new religion called SikhismAkbar Devine Faith - combined Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh beliefs

Architectural StylesOttomanSafavidMughal

The MughalsContributionsSpread Islam into IndiaThe Mughals ruled an empire of mostly Hindu.Like the Ottomans they built many impressive temples and shrines.Taj MahalTheir culture was a blend of Hindu and Muslim.They carried on an extensive trade with the Europeans after their arrival during the late 15th Century.

The MughalsThe Portuguese, British, and Dutch (Netherlands) all competed for the Indian Ocean trade.

These Europeans (French, Dutch, Portuguese) arrived in India in the late 14th century-set up trading posts.Western Coast with local rulers of the Mughal Empire.The British gained a monopoly by the 1600s.Cotton and Indian textiles were the primary product.

Mughal Empire Special Topics- Intensification of Peasant Labor- Indian cotton textile production~British textile industry demands = more Indian production/increased peasant labor

Explore the Taj Mahal

Ottoman EmpireLand-Based Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, MughalsSafavid Empire

On which seas did the Ottomans have the greatest influence?What is the commonality between Tours and Vienna?Significant accomplishment of Suleiman the Magnificent?In short, how did Janissaries gain power & influence?Describe the Devshirme system.Like the Byzantine Empire before it, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed commercial success by controlling which narrow waterway?Reasons contributing to Ottoman decline? Economically, how were the Ottomans weakened by European nations?Which form of Islam dominated Ottoman society?Technologically, what attitudes kept the Ottomans behind the Europeans?Significance of Battle of Lepanto?

The Safavid Empire strengthened the position of which form of Islam?What was a main reason for conflict between Ottomans and Safavids?How are these conflicts reflected in this region today?Greatest Safavid ruler? His emphasis/strengths? (Also see excerpt on 313)Couple reasons Safavids had less trade contact with Europeans?Safavid culture centered around which local culture/traditions?Example of distinctive Shiite/Persian architectural influence?Roughly, how long did the Ottomans outlast the Safavids?

Mughal Empire

Which empire preceded Mughal control of the subcontinent?What was always an obstacle to cohesive rule in India?Founder of Mughal Empire?In space on left, create an organizer illustrating Akbars Reforms - include religious reform from pg. 318Highly-valued Indian commodity traded for by the Europeans?Significance of the Taj Mahal?In space on left, create an organizer illustrating Women in Indian SocietyPrior to Mughal control, what new religion had developed in India? And the main motivations for creation of this religion?Make a cultural comparison between the period ruled by Jahangir and Shah Jahan and that of 15th-16th century Italy.Write a comprehensive thesis statement analyzing how Aurangzebs policies led to the British take-over of India.Create a simple timeline identifying the rule of India between 2000 B.C.E. and 1750 C.E.

Islamic Land-Based Empires 1450-1750Gunpowder EmpiresOttoman Empire:Original location: Asia MinorExpansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire:Southwest AsiaSoutheastern EuropeBalkan PeninsulaNorth AfricaCharacteristics:Capital = Constantinople renamed IstanbulIslamic Sunni religion = unifying force that accepted other religionsMain trade = coffee & ceramicsMughal Empire:Location: North IndiaContribution of Mughal Rulers:- Further spread of Islam into India- Art & architecture Taj Mahal- Establishment of European trading posts- Influence of Indian textiles: British textile industry expands; peasant labor intensifies.Trade with European Nations- Portugal, England, France, & the Netherlands (Dutch) competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continentSouthern India trade:Silk, spices and gemsSafavid Empire:Original Location: SW Asia, Persia, Modern IranExpansion and extent of the Safavid Empire:Hindu Kush Mts. in the east (to Mughal Empire)Zagros Mts. in the west (to Ottoman Empire)Characteristics:Persian culture and architectureShia Islam unified and legitimized empire and rule Main trade = Persian carpets

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