islamic history arch 1

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What is Islam? Monotheis0c religion, based on Abraham (in the lineage of JudeoChris0an religions). Believers follow the Qur’an – believed to be the verba0m word of God (Allah) – and the teachings of Muhammad (c. 570 AD – June 8, 632 AD), considered to be the last prophet of God. The example of Muhammad’s life, including his words, deeds, habits and prac0ces, make up “sunnah”, and is emulated by Muslims.

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What  is  Islam?  

•  Monotheis0c  religion,  based  on  Abraham  (in  the  lineage  of  Judeo-­‐Chris0an  religions).  Believers  follow  the  Qur’an  –  believed  to  be  the  verba0m  word  of  God  (Allah)  –  and  the  teachings  of  Muhammad  (c.  570  AD  –  June  8,  632  AD),  considered  to  be  the  last  prophet  of  God.  The  example  of  Muhammad’s  life,  including  his  words,  deeds,  habits  and  prac0ces,  make  up  “sunnah”,  and  is  emulated  by  Muslims.    

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Five  pillars  of  Islam  •  Faith  –  no  God  but  Allah  •  Prayer  –  Muslims  pray  5  0mes/day:  direct  link  between  

worshipper  and  God.  •  Alms-­‐giving  –  caring  for  the  needy;  possessions  are  purified  by  

giving  away  some.  •  Fas0ng  –  during  month  of  Ramadan,  Muslims  fast  from  dawn  

to  sundown,  to  cut  oneself  off  from  worldly  comforts  and  thus  purify  the  spirit.    

•  Pilgrimage  (Hajj)  to  Mecca  –  once  in  a  life0me  obliga0on  for  those  able  to  do  it.  Pilgrims  pray  at  the  Haram  Mosque  in  Mecca  in  which  the  Kaaba  (Abraham’s  temple)  is  located.    

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Mecca  

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Cliff  notes:  History  of  Islam  (leaving  out  lots  of  stuff)  

•  Muhammad  (ca.  570  –  632  AD)  received  his  first  revela0on  from  Angel  Gabriel    around  610  AD.  Forced  to  leave  Mecca  in  622  –  date  marking  the  beginning  of  Islamic  calendar.    

•  In  630  AD  he  took  Mecca  with  10,000  followers,  but  died  in  632  AD.  Most  of    Arabian  peninsula  had  converted  to  Islam  by  then  and  it  spread  rapidly  through  Central  and  East  Asia,  Central  Europe  and  North  Africa.    

•  Succession  was  contested:  Abu  Bakr  al-­‐Siddeeq  –  trusted  friend;  Ali  ibn  Abi  Talib,  cousin  and  son-­‐in-­‐law.  Abu  served  as  the  first  Caliph;  Ali  the  4th,  but  ul0mately  divisions  in  Islam  arose:  Sunnis  and  Shias.    

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More  about  Islam  

•  Sunni  (word  comes  from  “Sunnah”)  represent  between  75  –  90%  of  Muslims  worldwide;  emphasizes  primacy  of  Islamic  law  –  so  anyone  can  be  a  caliph.  Shia  (“party  of  Ali”)  believe  only  descendants  of  Ali  can  be  leaders.  Shia  make  up  about  10%  of  the  Islamic  popula0on  worldwide;  they  can  be  discriminated  against  as  they  are  a  minority.  Shia  have  a  separate  set  of  hadith,  or  wrijen  quotes  of  Muhammad.  There  are  many  different  groups  within  Islam,  as  there  are  denomina0ons  of  Chris0ans.    

•  Most  asce0c/spiritual  group  may  be  the  Sufi,  of  the  Melevi  order,  found  in  Central  Asia.    hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_Cf-­‐ZxDfZA  

•  Islam  was  historically  renowned  for  being  the  religion  of  tolerance,  allowing  all  religions  to  prac0ce  freely  within  its  territories  (remember  Palmyra?)  

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•  Major  empires  include:  Umayyad  (661  –  750  AD)Abbasid  (750  –  1258  AD),  Mongol  (Shia)/Timurid  (Sunni)  Empires  (1215  –  1227;  1370  –  1507);  Mamluks  (1250  –  1517),  Mughals  (1526  –  1858)  and  Ojoman  (1534  -­‐  1914).  These  cultures  produced  some  of  the  most  beau0ful  art  ever  seen.  

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Islamic  Architecture    

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Dome  of  the  Rock:  687  –  691  AD    •  Oldest  extant  Islamic  building:    •  Shape  of  Byzan0ne  martyrium;  excellent  example  of  Byzan0ne  arts.    

•  Exterior  0les  added  in  1500s  •  Spot  from  which  Muhammad    ascended  to  Heaven  for  one    night  in  621  AD    

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Great  Mosque  of  Aleppo,Syria  (also  called  Umayyad  Mosque  of  Aleppo)  

•  Ca.  706  AD,  rebuilt  1090  •  First  mosque  w/Islam-­‐specific  design,  based  on  Muhammad’s  own  house  (and  first  mosque)  Minbar  (pulpit)  and  Mihrab  (prayer  niche  facing  Mecca)  

•  Umayyad  caliphate  instrumental  in  crea0on  of  indigenous,  unique  manifesta0ons  of  Islamic  art.  

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Ablu0on  fountains  

Unique  Minaret  design:    elements  of  Gothic    Architecture  and  local  forms    

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2013  Syrian  Civil  War  

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Great  mosque  of  Samarra,  Iraq  847  AD  Abbasid  dynasty;  Sunni  mosque  

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Super  awesome  minaret!!  

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Mamluk  Period  Complex  of  Qa’itbay,  Cairo,  1472  -­‐  74    

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Mongol  Empire  (Central  Asia)    •  Ini0ally,  Mongols  brought  devasta0on;  later,  

remarkable  cultural            influences  from  China          during  Ilkhanid  Period          (1256  –  1353).    

Iran,  Ilkhanid  period  ,  1206  -­‐  1353  

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Tomb  of  Uljaytu,    1307-­‐13  

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Timurid  Dynasty  (ca.  1370    –  1507)  Central  Asia,  Iran,    Iraq,  Russia,  India  

Gur-­‐I  Amir,  Samarkand  (Uzbekistan)  “The  Great  Prince”  Mausoleum,  1404  

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Mughal  Dynasty,  India,Afghanistan,  1526  -­‐  1858  

Architecture  a  synthesis  of  Timurid  opulence  and  detail,  mixed  with  indigenous  Hindu  and  Muslim  Indian  extravagance.  

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Taj  Mahal  1631  -­‐  1653  

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Ojoman  Empire  CA.  1300  –  1914  AD  

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“Blue  Mosque”  Sultanahmet  Mosque,  Istanbul,  1609  -­‐  1616  

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Basic  forms  of  ornamenta0on  in  Islamic  Art:  

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Basic  forms  of  ornamenta0on  in  Islamic  Art:  •  Geometry  

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Basic  forms  of  ornamenta0on  in  Islamic  Art:  •  Geometry  •  Calligraphy  

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Basic  forms  of  ornamenta0on  in  Islamic  Art:  

•  Geometry  •  Calligraphy  •  Vegetal  (Arabesque)  

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Homework:  watch  this  documentary  and  write  a  page  about  5  important  things  you  learned.  

•  hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okYc6qE9nms  

•  Paradise  Found: