Islam=name of the religionIslam=name of the religion

Muslim=someone who practices IslamMuslim=someone who practices Islam

Very harsh desert environment. Very little

water The people there become very fierce as they

compete for scarce resources like water

The Arabian Peninsula

Villages grow up

around an oasis- places where water naturally comes up out of the ground

Villages along trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe grow and prosper

Villages grow

Most people there are

nomadic shepherds called Bedouins Bedouins are

polytheistic Bedouin people are

often called Arabs, especially after they cease being nomadic

Arabs

According to legend, the

ancestor of the Arabs is Ismael, Abraham’s illegitimate son by his wife’s slave

Arabs therefore claim the same origins as the Hebrews

Ishmael

Muhammad is born into this

harsh Arab/Bedouin culture around 570 AD.

He is born in Mecca and becomes a wealthy merchant

He is famous for being a wise man and very spiritual

Muhammad (Mohammed, Muhammad)

One day Muhammad

is visited by the angel Gabriel who tells him that Muhammad is to be God’s prophet

Gabriel recites the Qur’an (Koran) to Muhammad to memorize since Muhammad is illiterate

Gabriel visits Muhammad

Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last

prophet, but not the only one. Previous prophets include all the Jewish and

Christian prophets – like Moses and even Jesus (they do not believe he is God’s son)

Islam’s prophets

The Qur’an is Islam’s holy book.

It is word-for-word, the words Gabriel told Muhammad to learn

Also is a book of the prophet Muhammad’s sayings called the Hadith and a book detailing his actions called the Sunnah.

Together, these books are the guiding documents for Muslims

BTW, the Qur’an is written in Arabic, and many Muslims believe to truly understand it, you must read it in Arabic

Koran (Qur’an)

Means “submission” (to God) People who practice Islam are called Muslims,

which means “one who submits” (to God)

Islam

Muslims believe in five core duties as written

in the Qur’an

Five Pillars

Christianity and Judaism are viewed as a pre-

cursor to Islam They are allowed to practice their faith

because of this, though they are encouraged to convert to Islam

If they do not convert, they must pay a tax (jizyah “tribute”)

“People of the Book”

The small Muslim movement is persecuted

from Mecca and forced to flee 200 miles to the village of Medina (hijira)

In the year 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca and took the city.

He spared the people there, establishing a pattern of treating conquered people with tolerance

Muslims persecuted

Islam quickly spread throughout the Arabian

Peninsula

Get out your maps Label the colored section “Islam during

Muhammad’s life”

Islam spreads

Muhammad died in 632 AD In his farewell speech, he warned the Muslim

community against returning to pre-Islamic practices

However, he did not give instructions for who should succeed him as leader

Masjid-Al-Nabawi – Tomb of the Prophet

Muhammad dies

Among the lands the Muslims conquer are

parts of the Byzantine Empire- like Jersualem Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism and

Christianity The oldest and possibly best know mosque in

the world is the Dome of the Rock. They built it on the same hill as the King Solomon’s Temple- the holiest Jewish site.

Jerusalem

Dome of the Rock

732 AD a Muslim army comprised of Moors

from North Africa invaded France They were stopped at the Battle of Tours by a

Frankish general named Charles (later Charles Martel)

The battle is seen as preserving Christianity in Europe

Battle of Tours

Muhammad’s

successors, called caliphs, were elected

They worked to expand Islam through conquering new territories

Caliphs

Under Muhammad’s successors, Islam

continued to spread, eventually including all the land from Spain to the Indus River, and even further east to China and Indonesia

On your map, label this section “Extent of Islam”

Islam Continues to Spread

Islam under the Caliphs

Ali, was Muhammad’s

cousin and son-in-law. He became caliph, but was assassinated.

Ali

After the first 4 caliphs, the Umayyad Caliphate

became the dominant force in Islam The Umayyad's moved the capital to Damascus

(modern Syria) and began to act more like European (Byzantine) rulers

Umayyad Mosque (Great Mosque of Damascus)

Umayyad Caliphate

There were some Muslims who

believed the Umayyad’s were corrupting Islam

One of those was Ali’s son (Muhammad’s grandson), Hussein

He refused to pay allegiance to the Umayyad.

At the Battle of Karbala, Hussein was beheaded

He is a martyr to Shi’a Muslims

Hussein

The people who were loyal

to Hussein believed that the caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad

They are called Shi’a (Shiite) – means “Party of Ali”

Almost all of them live in South-east Iraq and Iran

Karbala is a holy site to which they pilgrimage today

Shi’a

Those who remained loyal to the Umayyad are

called Sunni (means Majority) Sunni make up over 85% of Muslims today

Sunni

The Sufi branch also

broke away during the Umayyads

Sufis are generally seen as practicing a mystical type of Islam in which they seek to know only Allah in all things

This is a very small, but highly dedicated sect of Islam

Sufism

Baghdad became

the capital The city would

eventually have a population of 1 million at a time when Paris and London counted less than 50,000

Baghdad was the center of learning

Baghdad

One of the earliest universities was founded in

Baghdad. These centers for learning contributed to learning and many new Islamic inventions.

Universities

Arab scholars made advances in math and

astronomy They invented Algebra And, modern numerals like 1, 2, 3, 4… are

Arabic inventions

Mathematic Advances

Muslim physicians contributed to modern

medicine by discovering the causes of certain diseases like Smallpox

Al Razi, the most famous Muslim physician, even realized that patients recover better in clean environments

Medicine

Muslim scholars preserved

and translated many of the Greek and Roman classic texts

Eventually, as contact with the Christians in Western Europe increased, that knowledge would pass back to Europe

Preserve classical learning

Get out your book to page 283, use the pie

charts to answer the following questions with your group. Turn in your answers.

How many Muslims are there in the world? In which regions are Muslims a majority (more

than 50%) or plurality (more than any other group)?

If India’s population is 1.1 billion, how many Muslims live there?

If the United States’ population is 3 million, how many Muslims live there?

Islam Today

Masjid-al-Haram (Kabba in center)