Pitanje 1The structure of adjective phrase:

(PREMODIFIER) + HEAD + (COMPLEMENT)quite excited about her arrival

AdjPHe was [quite excited about her arrival]. =

predicative function

AdjPAn [excited] crowd waited for the singer to

arrive. =attributive function

Pitanje 1Structures that can function as an adjectival

complement:(1) prepositional phrase (PP): She is [good at

mathematics].(2a) finite that-clause: I am [sorry that you have

to leave so early].(2b) finite wh-clause: He is [careful what he does

with his money].(3) to-infinitival clause: I am [sorry to hear that].(4) gerund-participial clause: I am [busy getting

the house redecorated].

Pitanje 2Syntactic functions of adverbs:(1) clause element adverbial: He [quite]

forgot about it.(2) premodifier of adjective : They are

[quite] happy.(3) premodifier of adverb: They are [quite

happily] married. (4) conjuncts: We paid him a very large sum.

[So] he kept quiet about what he saw.(5) premodifier of preposition: The nail went

[right] through the wall.

Pitanje 2(6) premodifier of pronoun: [Nearly] everybody

came to our party.(7) premodifier of predeterminer: They recovered

[roughly] half their equipment.(8) premodifier of cardinal numeral: [Over] two

hundred deaths were reported.(9) premodifier of ordinal: We counted

[approximately] the first thousand votes.(10) premodifier of NP: We had [quite] a party.(11) postmodifier of NP: the meeting [yesterday](12) complement of preposition: over [here]

Pitanje 3Modification and complementation are both

dependent structures.Structures of modification – not necessary for

the meaning of the whole phrase to be complete. Modifiers modify the meaning of the phrase to a certain extent, but are not essential for that meaning. Modifiers add to the richness of meaning of the whole phrase. Modifiers are typically optional. For example,

PREMODIFIER POSTMODIFIER

[The modern tables with inlaid m0saic] are made of wood.

Pitanje 3In structures of complementation – a head

word is followed by elements which complete its meaning. The notion of complement is usually applied to elements following verbs and adjectives. The complement “fills out” the meaning of the head word in the sense that it specifies in what way or in what respect the head word is to be understood. Complements are typically obligatory, necessary for the meaning of the head word to be complete, for example adjectival complement, prepositional complement, catenative complement.

Pitanje 4(1) The most typical cases – co-referential NPs

with the same syntactic relationships to the surrounding structures. Either phrase could have appeared alone as the SUBJECT of the sentence. The elements are virtually coordinate.

Jaime Sin, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, warned of the possibility of civil war.

Jaime Sin = the leader of the Roman Catholic ChurchJaime Sin warned of the possibility of civil war.The leader of the Roman Catholic Church,

warned of the possibility of civil war.

Pitanje 4(2) Second type of appositive

relationship –the relationship of subordination, these structures resemble premodification.

Mrs Carol Lindsay-Smith says that further delays will not be tolerated.

Mrs modifies Carol Lindsay-Smith, acts almost as a premodifier, cannot stand alone:

*Mrs says that further delays will nit be tolerated.

Pitanje 4(3) Third type of appositive relationship –

nominal that-clauses are analysed as appositive.

I am amazed by the proposal that we should participate in that.

At the same time, they are very similar to structures consisting of VERB + COMPLEMENTATION (e.g. They proposed that we should participate in that.).

Pitanje 5Prepositional phrases differ from the other types of

phrases in that the elements are bilateraly dependent.I saw him on the bus cannot be replaced by *I saw him

on, nor by *I saw him the bus.PP = (MODIFIER) + PREPOSITION +

COMPLEMENT(right) through the wall

The complement of a preposition is normally a noun phrase, but also a clause, an adverb or another prepositional phrase: on the bus, from scrutinizing the results, from what you are saying, from here, from behind a bush.

Pitanje 63 main kinds of non-finite clauses:

infinitival, gerund-participial, and past-participial.

TO-INFINITIVAL: Max wanted [to change his name].

BARE INFINITIVAL: They helped me [move the furniture].

GERUND-PARTICIPIAL: I remember [locking the door].

PAST-PARTICIPIAL: I want this watch [repaired immediately].

Pitanje 7The term ‘catenative’ applies to a large class of

constructions where a verb has a non-finite internal complement. The name reflects the fact that the construction can be repeated recursively, yielding a concatenation (‘chain’) of verbs:

I wanted to arrange for Kim to do it.She intends to try to persuade him to help her

redecorate her flat.Catenative complement is a distinct type of

complement realised exclusively by non-finite clauses.

Pitanje 8 In constructions where the NP is subject of a gerund-

participial clause, the choice between genitive and accusative depends on the following factors;

(I) STYLE: genitives are more likely to occur in formal than in informal style.

(II) TYPE OF NP: some NPs cannot take genitive marking: dummy subjects (particularly there); this, that, all, some; both of them, some of us, etc.:

He resented there/*there’s having been so much publicity.(III) MATRIX CONSTRUCTION: a gerund-participial in

subject function is more likely to select a genitive than one in other complement functions.

Pitanje 8Additional factors:(a) There are NPs which do not exclude genitive

marking in general, but which disfavour it in the subject of a gerund-participial:

EXAMPLE: He objected to the girls/?the girls’ being given preferential treatment.

Generally, the genitive in a gerund-participial is awkward with NPs of any significant length or complexity.

The genitive is most likely with personal pronouns, and after that with singular NPs that refer to people and have one or two words in pre-head position.

Pitanje 8(b) There are also differences within the

class of catenative verbs: appreciate, countenance, mind, etc. take a genitive more readily than like and hate, while with stop a genitive is not likely to occur at all:

EXAMPLE: She stopped them/*their using it.

Pitanje 9(1) Liz hoped to convince them. (ordinary subject)(2) Liz seemed to convince them. (raised subject)In (1) Liz is an ordinary subject: it is an argument

of the verb hope (hope denotes a psychological attitude on the part of someone to some situation – here Liz’s attitude to the later, potential, situation where she convinces them).

In (2), Liz is not an argument of seem. The meaning is something like “Seemingly, Liz convinced them”. Seem has a modal meaning, serving to make sentence (2) weaker than the unmodalised Liz convinced them.

Pitanje 9Syntactically, Liz in (2) is subject of seem,

but semantically it relates only to the subordinate clause to convince them, not to seem.

Liz in (2) is a raised subject: the verb that Liz relates to syntactically is higher in the constituent structure (this is the verb seem) than the one it relates to semantically (this is the verb convince).

Seem is higher in the constituent structure than convince in this sentence.

Pitanje 9In (1) Liz has 2 semantic roles: as

experiencer of hope, and as agent of convince.

In (2) Liz has only 1 semantic role: an agent of convince.

For evidence to prove the difference between the verbs hope and seem see PRESENTATION 05, SLIDES 4-10.

Pitanje 10(1) [Pat] persuaded [Liz] [to interview

both candidates]. (ordinary object)(2) Pat intended Liz to interview both

candidates. (raised object) In (1) the syntactic structure matches the semantics quite

straightforwardly:persuade has 3 complements (Pat, Liz, and the infinitival)

and each represents an argument: the matrix situation involves one who applies the persuasion (Pat), one to whom it is applied (Liz), and the situation aimed for (that Liz interview both candidates). Liz is thus an ordinary complement, an argument of the verb which governs it.

Pitanje 10(2) Pat intended Liz to interview both candidates.

(raised object)In (2), there is no such simple relation between

syntax and semantics:Liz is not an argument of intend: the situation

simply involves one who has the intention (Pat) and the content of intention (that Liz interview both candidates). With intend, we have 3 complements but only 2 arguments: Liz is a raised object. Arguments are Pat and the infinitival. Complements are Pat, Liz, and the infinitival.

Pitanje 11(a) They were [pleased to come]. to-

infinitival clause(b) The Head of the Department considered it

[wise to quit]. to-infinitival clause(c) I’m [ashamed that I behaved in that way].

finite that-clause(d) John is not [strong in languages]. PP(e) I ‘m not [familiar with this town]. PP

Pitanje 12(a) He arrived [rather unexpectedly].(b) The film was [marvelously] funny.(c) He is [typically] British.(d) My children played [unusually quietly]

this morning.(e) Your [piercingly] loud scream has broken

the silence.

Pitanje 13(a) She will be wearing a white dress [with a

dropped waistline].(b) I will see you [at the east gate [of the

park]].(c) Here, however, was where they first

landed [with all the terror and exaltation [of encountering the new land]].

Pitanje 14(a) John blames the mistake _ON_____ the

Personnel Manager.(b) I borrowed some money __FROM____ my

assistant. (c) Mr Johnson was charged __WITH____

conspiracy to murder. (d) My boss congratulated me __ON____ my

success.(e) Some governments try to protect their industry

__FROM/AGAINST____ international competition. 

Pitanje 15(a) I hope you will come to dinner with your

sister. ACCOMPANIMENT(b) He article is being published in spite of her

dissaproval. CONCESSION(c) I am surprised at her attitude. STIMULUS

or REACTION(d) I love walking through woods in spring.

SPACE (PASSAGE)(e) She was fined for dangerous driving. CAUSE 

Pitanje 16(a) Neutral form, passive = to be built(b) Perfect form, active = to have built(c) Neutral form, progressive = to be

building(d) Perfect form, passive = to have been

built(e) Perfect form, progressive = to have been

building

Pitanje 17(a) I want you [to be my friend]. (b) Jen likes [to leave early on Friday

afternoons]. (c) It is good [for us to remain silent]. (d) [To be neutral in this conflict] is out of

question.(e) I am very eager [for them to meet her].

Pitanje 18(a) We enjoyed [playing tennis].(b) Her job, [analyzing data brought in by

satellites], is exciting.(c) [Dancing] takes many forms. (d) [His keeping accurate records] has

never been questioned. (e) [John’s being injured] caused her great

anxiety.

Pitanje 19(a) He seems to be working hard. = PRESENT(b) He claims to have won a lot of money. =

PAST(c) He expects to stay here for a week. =

FUTURE or PRESENT(d) He has got a headache. He claims to have

been working on the computer all morning. = PAST

(e) He hopes to be offered a promotion. = FUTURE

Pitanje 20(a) He preferred that I should say nothing

about it at present. = He preferred [me] [to say nothing about it at present].

He preferred [my/me saying nothing about it at present].

(b) She couldn't bear that he should think of her in that way. = She couldn’t bear [him] [to think of her in that way].

She couldn’t bear [his/him thinking of her in that way].

Pitanje 20(c) He was surprised to find the door open.

He distinctly remembered that he had locked it before going to bed. = He distinctly remembered [having locked/locking it before going to bed].

(d) The speaker making the radio appeal urged that his listeners should give generously to a deserving cause. = The speaker making the radio appeal urged [his listeners] [to give generously to a deserving cause].

Pitanje 20(e) The publishers withdrew the offending

passages in the book, and publicly regretted that they had caused anyone embarrassment. = The publishers withdrew the offending passages in the book, and publicly regretted [having caused/causing anyone embarrassment].