israel & palestine
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Middle Eastern Studies. Israel & Palestine. Land of Canaan Given to Abraham Taken again after the exodus from Egypt Land is named Israel after Jacob, son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham Name was changed to Israel after wrestling with an angel. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ISRAEL & PALESTINEMiddle Eastern Studies
PROMISED LAND Land of Canaan
Given to Abraham Taken again after the exodus
from Egypt Land is named Israel after
Jacob, son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham
Name was changed to Israel after wrestling with an angel.
After King Solomon died, the nation of Israel was divided into
Northern Kingdom of Judea Southern Kingdom of Israel
Babylonians conquered the divided country Exiled the Jews Some eventually returned Rome conquered them
Romans dispersed the Jews – Jewish Diaspora – renamed Judea PALESTINE – everyone became known as Palestinians Most were actually Arabic Arabic translation of Palestine is Philistine So, Arabs were then called Palestinians even though
they weren’t Philistines
CRUSADES Lots of fighting Little progress
BRITISH CONTROL 1800s, Palestine becomes a British
Colony End of WWI the Balfour Declaration
Made Palestine a bit more free Established a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Jews begin to immigrate to Palestine
WWII Holocaust
Afterward, Jews flock to Palestine By 1948 there are 650,000 Jews in Palestine
Due to horror of holocaust, the west began to call for a Jewish homeland Uganda was offered – Jews refused – wanted
Palestine – the Promised Land Britain slips out in 1947 and guerilla warfare begins May 14, 1948 David Ben Guerion declares Palestine
to be the nation of Israel
TROUBLE BEGINS May 15, 1948 – Arab countries attack Israel
Jordan Iraq Egypt Lebanon
Main fighting was in Jerusalem 1 month into fighting and United Nations tries to
mediate 1 more month into fighting and the UN mediator was
killed Surprise!!!
Czechoslovakia supports Israel
By July 1949 the war was over Israel got 78% of Palestine Jordan got 22% - the West Bank Egypt got the Gaza Strip Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan
During the fighting, most Palestinians fled to the West Bank and Gaza. Some went to Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan When they tried to return, they found their homes and land
occupied by Jewish families 750,000 Palestinian refugees in other areas Only 150,000 stayed in Israel
UN established “temporary” refugee camps
Palestinians established the Fedayeen – guerilla terrorist groups. The wanted to scare the Jews into leaving Didn’t work, Jews only became more
determined to stay.
FIX OF ‘56 (1956) Britain, France, & Israel bomb the Sinai
Peninsula and Gaza Strip due to the nationalization of the Suez Canal
U.S. makes them give back both, but the Fedayeen suffered a big blow to its power
Israeli economy was good for the late 1950s and early 1960s
1964 Arab nations are sick of Israel. Decide
to back Fedayeen and train and supply Palestinian guerillas King Hussayn of Jordan calls a meeting in
East Jerusalem The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
and the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) form at this meeting
Yassir Arafat and his al-Fatah’s prove more detrimental to Israel and begin leading attacks
SIX DAYS WAR, 1967 Fighting begins between Israeli and
Syrian forces USSR backs Syria Israel attacks Jordan US tries to keep peace
Egyptian forces roll through the Sinai Desert
Syria, Jordan and Iraq move troops to the Israeli border
June 5, 1967 Israel destroys most of Egypt’s air force – Egypt was devastated Lost Gaza and Sinai Peninsula
Jordan was repelled Israel got East Jerusalem
Syria was beaten Israel got the Golan Heights
War was over
United Nations was upset with Israel Drafted Resolution 242
UN refuses to recognize new Israeli territories Israel should withdraw from these areas All states should recognize and respect the borders of
other states Refugee problem needs to be dealt with in a just
manner (Palestinian refugees from 1948 and 1967) All states must cooperate with the UN and abide by this
resolution Israel, Egypt and Jordan agree but Syria doesn’t,
so…
Israel kept the territories and the Palestinians kept fighting.
Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza resisted the Zionist State of Israel Joined with the PLO
Hijacked planes Killed Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics Olympics
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Instead of drawing attention to their plight, they made the world see them as crazy Muslims
OCTOBER 6, 1973 Egypt and Syria launched a surprise
attack on Israel. Launched on the Jewish Day of Atonement
– Yom Kippur Israeli soldiers were caught off guard Egypt and Syria got what they wanted and
pushed into Israel. Israel looks doomed US to the rescue
Egypt had new USSR military toys US gave Israel new military toys Israel pushed Syria back to within miles
of Damascus and Egypt to within 60 miles of Cairo! Good US military toys!!!
Everyone stops, realizes it’s really the US v. USSR – big Cold War nuclear OOPS!
Cease-fire called after 18 days
UN wrote another resolution, #338, which said everyone had to obey number 242.
Israel kept territories, Palestinians kept blowing things up
1977 Menachem Begin is the Israeli
Prime Minister Don’t just hold seized territories –
populate them with Jewish settlers Begin called the areas Judea and
Samaria and said they were “liberated” not “occupied” territories
Begin is a big mouth! Anwar Sadat, Egyptian President, visited Israel.
Addressed Israeli parliament Asked for return of territories
US President Jimmy Carter was impressed
Invited Sadat and Begin to Camp David in 1979
Negotiated the Camp David Accords – September 1979
Israel gave back the Sinai Desert & removed Jewish settlers
Egypt promised peace
PLO mad at Sadat – thinks he sold them out Teamed with Muslim Brotherhood to
assassinate him in 1981 PLO moved out of Sinai and into
Lebanon Got involved in Lebanese Civil War
Phalange Party v. Muslims Israel backs Phalange Party invades
Lebanon in 1982
General Ariel Sharon led Israeli forces into Beirut. Lebanese Muslims ask Arafat and PLO to leave
Lebanon PLO goes to Tunisia PLO assassinated Phalange leader, Gemayel
Sharon and Phalange work together for revenge Massacre 800 women, children, and elderly in two
Palestinian refugee camps Massacre is uncalled for human rights violations Sharon had to step down from position as Israeli
defense minister due to massacres
US, French, and Italian peacekeepers go to Lebanon 1983, 200+ US Marines killed in barracks
explosion caused by suicide bombers in trucks
Peacekeepers left but Israel stayed to fight. Israel left around 1985.
Syrian troops moved into Lebanon and began to control everything
In 1982, Israel annexed the Golan heights, West Bank, and Gaza where ghettos existed where Palestinian refugees were living – life was bad here for the refugees.
Israel was getting richer. Palestinian refugees began to see how
well the Israelis were living and got mad at the stark comparison. They declared an…
Intifada “shaking off” or “slaves” revolt Israel cracked down Palestinians kept fighting
Hamas formed during this Intifada 1987 formed Desired an Islamic state in occupied
territories and historic Palestine
Intifada and violence it brought woke up the Israelis to how bad they were treating the Palestinians
Palestinians realized that Israel wasn’t going to just “go away”
Doves and Hawks form on both sides
Doves for both sides sought Withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza Recognition of Israel with pre-1967 borders
Hawks were stubborn Never give up the territories Claimed Arafat was a coward for
submitting to Zionism
Negotiations went on forever in Madrid and Washington, D.C.
Clinton led backdoor negotiations in Oslo that produced the Oslo Accords in 1993
Both sides recognized each other Israel agreed to withdraw from occupied territories PLO agreed to help Israel keep security Signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin and
PLO leader Yassir Arafat
1994 Hebron, Israel Israeli settler killed
29 Palestinians as they prayed at the Patriarch’s Tomb
Hamas bombed Israeli areas
Rabin and Arafat vow not to back down from their agreement
Arafat returned from exile to establish the Palestinian Authority for the base government of Palestine. West Bank and Gaza would fall under
Palestinian Authority Jericho would be the main city
Rabin signed a treaty with Jordon in 1994, then signed the Oslo II/Taba Accords Israeli troops would pull out in phases
By 1995 only Syria and it’s puppet Lebanon were true Israeli advisaries
Rabin planned on making a deal with Syria Return Golan Heights in exchange for peace He was assassinated in November of 1995 by an Israeli
extremist before he could negotiate the peace May 1996 – Final talks had been scheduled
What to do with Jewish settlers Control of Jerusalem?
Rabin’s death caused peace negotiations to spiral out of control. PLO bombings Scared Israelis elect war
hawk Benjamin Netanyahu as new Prime Minister
Netanyahu didn’t like the Oslo Accords, but he followed them He refused to hold the
final meeting with Yassir Arafat
Next two years full of bombings and violence
PLO vs. IDF (Israeli Defense Forces)
1999 Peace is still gridlocked
Netanyahu is out and Ehud Barak is elected
Barak wants to reopen negotiations July 2000 Israel and PLO meet
at Camp David Nothing accomplished Both sides want Jerusalem as
the capital By September 2000, Barak
appears ready to concede Complications arise with Ariel
Sharon – STUPID!!!! He parades across the Temple
Mount violating Muslim and Jewish rules
Brings on 2nd Intifada – known as al-Aqsa Intifada
AL-AQSA INTIFADA Suicide bombers begin
reign of terror 700 Israelis and 1900
Palestinians die Barak resigned and
Sharon becomes the new Israeli Prime Minister His attitude is one of
strict security and decisive retaliation
Peace goes back and forth
Talk a little, kill a lot; talk a little, kill a lot, etc.
February 2004 Sharon announces plans to move all Jewish
settlers out of Gaza November 2004
Arafat died – tough times ahead Early 2005 Mahmoud Abbas took over PLO February 2005 Sharon and Abbas announce
peace aggreement Jewish settlers in Gaza and some in the West
Bank are relocated.
January 2006 Sharon suffers
debilitating stroke – never recovers
Elections struggle Guns ‘n bombs; bombs
‘n guns March 2006
Ehud Olmert wins and is new Israeli Prime Minister. Says…
Finish building fences and walls in West Bank to separate Jews and Palestinians
Get Jews out of PLO territories
Palestinians have control but aren’t governing effectively… Terrorism still exists Palestinian government is broke
GAZA STRIP Economy is agriculture based
Citrus Wheat Olives
9000 Jews and 1.3 million Palestinians with 21 Jewish settlements
Jews have been removed Israeli troops
stay outside the strip Maintain control of airspace
over the strip Still conduct military
operations in its sea space
WEST BANK Area of about 2200
square miles Biblically known as Judea
and Samaria Cities in this territory are
Hebron Bethlehem Jericho
Fertile land Olives Fruit citrus
GOLAN HEIGHTS 500 square miles Plateau area –
strategic highland
Once belonged to Syria
GAZA STRIP TO THE PRESENT Palestinian Authority took over Gaza.
2006 – Hamas won the majority in the Palestinian Legislature, defeating Fatah
This triggered Israeli sanctions against the Palestinian Authority
The Quartet Countries joined in the sanctions United Nations United States European Union Russia
2007 Hamas and Fatah formed a Palestinian
Authority Unity Government and seized control of Gaza in the Battle of Gaza Between Hamas and Fatah June 7 - 15, 2007 In June 2007 Hamas took control of the Gaza
Strip and removed Fatah officials. The ICRC estimated that at least 118 people were killed and more than 550 wounded during the fighting in the week up to June 15.
Hamas won seizing government institutions and
replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.
Egypt and Israel sealed their border crossings with Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah had fled and was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side.
Israel allows only limited humanitarian supplies from aid organizations into the Strip.
In 2009 the amount of goods Israel allowed into Gaza was one quarter of the pre-blockade flow.
The Israeli navy maintains a sea blockade from three nautical miles offshore.
Egypt is constructing an underground steel barrier to prevent circumvention of the blockade through tunnels.
Israel maintained that the blockade is necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons.
Egypt maintained that it cannot fully open the Rafah crossing since completely opening the border would represent Egyptian recognition of the Hamas control of Gaza, undermine the legitimacy of the
Palestinian National Authority and consecrate the split between Gaza and the West Bank.
United Nations have called the blockade illegal according to the Geneva Conventions on a number of occasions,
2010 Facing mounting international calls to ease or lift their
blockade, Egypt and Israel lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010,
Egypt’s opened the Rafah Border Crossing foreign ministry has made it clear that the crossing will remain
open mainly for people, but not for supplies, to go through.[18] In June 2010, Israel announced that it will allow all
strictly civilian goods into Gaza preventing certain weapons and dual-use items from entering
Gaza Israel continues to severely restrict and/or prevent people
from entering or exiting Gaza according to a July 2010 report by the Israeli NGO Gisha Legal
Center for Freedom of Movement, Israel continues to prevent normal functioning of the Gazan economy
WEST BANK TO THE PRESENT international community generally
regards the West Bank to be under military occupation
Even though Jewish settlements were dismantled in Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, they do still exist in the West Bank As of July 2009, approximately 304,569
Israelis live in the 121 officially recognised settlements in the West Bank
The continued existence and expansion of these settlements despite a temporary ban on expansion is thought to be a key issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
These actions are frequently criticized as an obstacle to the peace process by third parties including the United Kingdom, the European Union, the United Nations, and the United States.
GOLAN HEIGHTS TO THE PRESENT Israeli diplomatic efforts since the 1990s have
oscillated between the so-called “Syrian track” and “Palestinian track
The current difficulties in restarting direct negotiations in the Israeli-Palestinian track, Reflects deep structural problems, Could renew Israeli interest, and/or that of the
international community, in pursuing “progress” in the Israeli-Syrian track. Peace
negotiations with Syria
Peace negotiations with Syria are at present unlikely due to the ongoing turmoil. But if the situation in Syria calms down If no Islamist regime has taken the reins in
Damascus, calls for a return to negotiations are likely.