ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 6, Number 2

June 2014

2014

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editor-in-Chief

Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Co-Editor-in-Chief

Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2014

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 6, Number 2June 2014

Non-fish marine resources and their exploitation along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast

E. Petrova-Pavlova*

Institute of Fishing Resources Varna, 4 Primorski, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria

Abstract. Overfishing in the World Ocean including the Black Sea, as well as the global pollution led to a reduction in the quantity of industrial fish species. The occurring changes have led to the focus of fishing organizations and companies to catch some non-fish resources of economic importance. The catches help meet both the domestic market needs and increase the export list of some other marine resources. The main subject of the study are the mollusk populations of species such as black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Rapana venosa used economically, the species form aggregations and could be subject to potential catch. The paper summarizes the results from the studies of these species in order to track the changes of their biological characteristics and to take measures for catch methods and control by the competent authorities.

Keywords: Black Sea, non-fish marine resources,stock assessment

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, No 2, pp , 2014215 - 218

Introduction 15–20 cm in the sand. The life cycle of the clam is three-year and then it dies (Chuhchin, 1965). By 1995 this species was studied only as a component of the macro zoobenthos (Kuneva-Abadjieva and Recession in the Black Sea during the 1970s and 1980s result Marinov, 1966) and then IFR began to make observations on its size, of an exclusive pollution (Golemanski, 1998), gave a lasting structure and stock, too. impression on its bio diversity. Fish catches declined drastically,

Sand mussel Mya arenaria, Linnaeus, 1758 is invasive species some species of economic importance in the past for Black Sea, originates from the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. (Scomberscomber) completely disappeared others have reduced In the Black Sea is was transported, probably in larval stage in stocks heavily (Mugilidae, Clupeidae). The second reason for the 1960s. On the shores of Ireland and the UK it is harvested by hand at reduction of fish stocks is over fishing, due to improved fishing low tide (Zaitsev and Öztürk, 2001). Along the Bulgarian Black Sea techniques. The connection of the Black Sea with the Mediterranean coast this species is distributed everywhere, but the largest Sea and the World Ocean gives opportunity for introduction of new aggregations are observed in the south coastal area in front of species. Some of them find favorable conditions for development estuaries and bay aquatories.(Mya arenaria and Anadarainae quivalvis), for short time increase

Anadaraina equivalvis (Bruguiere, 1789) is an invasive bivalve their stocks and interest to catch and export to other countries of Indo-Pacific fauna found in the Black Seain 1968 and it has spread (Rapanavenosa). Due to high interest, some non-fish species, like into the whole basin (Öztürk,2010). The species has a massive thick Mytilus galloprovincialis are grown artificially and they are basis for shell with white color. The habitat of this clam issandy-muddy the development of marine aqua culture in Bulgariabottoms between 3 to 15 m depth (Zaitsev and Öztürk, 2001).Black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread

The main objective of the study is the mollusk populations of along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast at depth up to 65 meters. The species such as black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and stock of the species is set at 300 thousand tones (Kaneva-Abadjieva Rapana venosa used economically, the species form aggregations and Marinov, 1967). The sediment is black – green silt mixed in the and could be subject to potential catch. The article summarizes the north Black Sea area with close-grained sand. According to results from the studies of these species in order to track the investigations by Nechaev and Chernev (1938), Kuneva-Abadjieva changes of their biological characteristics and to take measures for and Marinov (1967), Petrova and Stoykov (2011) the clam is spotted catch methods and control by the competent authorities.distributed, on same places forming dense clusters.

Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) is a Single species of our marine fauna with export importance. During the years, its catch by

Material and methodsofficial statistics is up to 8000 tons. Rapana is highly tolerant to wide variations in salinity an doxy gen concentration (Savini and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, 2006) and shows high temperature tolerance The samples for the Black Sea mollusks were collected by (Mann et al., 2004). This invasive species adapted quickly to the trawling activities, as well as during collection of zoobenthos conditions in the Black Sea. For 60– 65 years it settled everywhere, samples in open sea, thus continue the long-term investigations of forming industrial aggregations, usually in mussel fields where their the Institute of Fish Resources (IFR), Varna along the Bulgarian main food is black mussel. The rapana diet consists of all mollusks Black Sea coast. Many of the samples were collected by vessels of species, and in many cases dead fish on the bottom. different fishing companies with whom the IFR cooperates

Chamelea gallina (L., 1758) is widely distributed in the Black successfully. The different kinds of mollusks were explored by Sea up to 25 meters, forming aggregations in the sublittoral zone of various fishing methods, depending of their way of life and habitat. sandy ground. This species live buried in the sediment at a depth of The investigations for Mytilus galloprovincialis and Rapana

.

* e-mail: elitssa@yahoo.com

215

venosa in 2005 and 2013 were performed by trawl with opening mouth 4 – 10 meters width and 40 cm height, equipped with mesh bags to hold the catch. The catch is processed manually by separating individuals of industrial size and undersized and additional species back into the sea

The catching of the clam Chamelea gallina is with adredge equipped with studs, digging sediment and clams fall into the mesh bag. The catch is processed by sorting machine hold species with industrial size. The undersized and additional species are returned into the sea. IFR made research of the stock during 1995, 1999, 2003 and in 2013 on the biological characteristics of the species.

Species Mya arenaria and Anadara inaequivalvis were examined, caught in zoobenthos samples from monitoring studies in 2011 and 2013.

For the determination of the biological parameters of the mollsucs species metric characteristics are used: length (L), average length (Ml), weight (W) taken by calipers, technical and analytical scales. The estimation of the stock of the above mentioned mollusks species is performed by the method of areas.

First attempts for artificial cultivation were conducted by scientists Results and discussion from IFR (Konsulov, 1980), then attempts were made in Sozopol,

Chernomoretz and other places along the Bulgarian coast. At Black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) present there are active mussel farms in the region of Kavarna, The studies were carried out in six fields from Balchik to cape Byala, Elenite, Sozopol, Primorsko, ect. A general method which is

Maslen along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in 2005. Summarized used is the hanging method. All mussel farms are located in areas data about catches and average sizes are presented in Figures 1 protected from the action of northeastern and eastern winds.and 2. In 2013 the investigations on mussels' fields were repeated in four zones of the above. The highest catch in 2005 was achieved in Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846)the field in front of cape Galata, and mussels with the highest Because of the fact that rapana is the only species in the average size – 6.2 cm were found there. In 2013 the highest catch Bulgaria marine export list, IFR specialists perform regularly studies was in Balchik field with average size of the clams – 6.4 cm. In the on its population dynamics. The investigations in 2005 and 2013 other fields in 2013 small quantities were caught that can't be were conducted in the same field as for black mussel, due to the fact statistically processed for calculating the stock (Figure 3).The total that the clams are natural food for this snail. The average yield per stock of mussels in 2005 in the above fields is estimated at about unit of effort in 2005 varies from 17 to 30 kg in the different trawls and 100,000 tons, while in 2013 as a result of trawling actions and in 2013 from 20 to 600 kg. The average sizes of the individuals range Rapana activation the catch of black mussel is calculated at 2500 from 6.9 to 9.1 cm in 2005 and from 6.4 to 7 in 2013. In recent years a tons based on a study in Balchik field. reduction in the size has been seen due to over fishing and the less

Due to the drastic variation of the black mussel stocks over the available food. Not with standing the authorization of trawling years and the market needs of quality products of clams, in the through the beam trawl (The Fisheries and Aquaculture Law, Article appropriate areas along our coast their artificial breeding began. 5 § 3/ 03.08.2012), IFR specialists appeal to limitzones for catch.

.

Figure 1. Summarized data for the catches of Mytilus galloprovicialis from Balchik to cape Maslen alongthe Bulgarian Black Sea coastin 2005

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Balchik Galata Byala Emine Sv. Vlas Maslen

average catch/kg

Figure 2. Summarized data about the average sizes ofMytilus galloprovicialis from Balchik to cape Maslen alongthe Bulgarian Black Sea coast in 2005

Maslen

Sv. Vlas

Emine

Byala

Galata

Balchik

5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4

size / cm

Figure 3. Size composition (cm) of Mytilus galloprovicialisin Balchik field, 2013

35

3 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Balchik

number

216

The bottom trawling damage sirreparably marine habitats and catch was between 300 and 950 tons.The summarized data about organisms living in it. These organisms are involved in self- some main parameters are represent in Table 1.purification processes and they are the natural food of the sea. During expropriation of one field (Ropotamo) for Chamelea

gallina it was established that the industrial stock recovered for three White sand clam Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758) years (Figure 4). During studies on the species in 2013 the size Due to the high interest of foreign companies in this species and composition shows similar trends from 8 to 20 mm (Figure 5).

its short life cycle (3 years), IFR hasmade regular research since 1995 till now. A major survey of that species was conducted in 2003 Sand mussel Mya arenaria (Linnaeus, 1758)with calculation of thestock. The conducted studies establishg Studies of benthic macro invertebratesin 2011 in one mile zone atherings along the Bulgarian coast. Inthe particular fields the total along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast established the following

quantitative parameters for Mya arenaria: average density – 100 2 2ind/m and biomass 31 – 49 gr/m , there are small-juvenile

individuals. Mya arenaria reaches length of 12 – 15 cm, living buried in the sand, as the older individuals are buried at a greater depth. The species is the subject of increased interest by the fishing companies. Lack of tidal processes in the Black Sea makes the world experience in catching Mya arenaria inapplicable. IFR specialists consider that the most appropriate method for our conditions will be handheld cassettes. This method will be most accessible for the local population, as well as environmentally

Table 1. Summarized data for Chamelea gallina

Parameters

Depth, m

Variation of the sizes, mm

Variation of the average sizes, mm

General catch, tones

Industrial stock, tones

6 –15

7 – 30

19 – 27

294 – 949

213 – 693

Summarized data forthe studied mussel fields

Figure 4. Summarized data about the catches of Rapana venosa from Balchik to cape Maslen along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastin 2005

35

Balchik Galata Byala Emine Sv. Vlas Maslen

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

average catch/kg

Figure 5. Summarized data about the catches of Rapana venosa from Balchik to cape Emine along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastin 2013

Balchik Galata Byala Emine0

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

average catch/kg

Figure 6. Size composition of Chamelea galinna in 1995,1999 and 2003 – Ropotamo field.

40 1995

1999

200335

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

mm

Figure 7. Size composition of Chamelea gallina in 2013

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

mmnumber

217

the largest aggregations formed in the nearby coastal area that is richly inhabited by living organisms. Because of that the most appropriate methodsfor catching must be with handheld cassettes. This method will be themost accessible for the local population, as well as environmentally friendly.

During recent research (2013) of Anadara inaequvalvis the size composition of the species ranges from 2.5 to 5.5 cm. The most numerous are the bivalves with 3.5 cm. The population was made up of relatively small individuals.

References

Chuhchin VD, 1965. Biology of reproduction of Venus gallina L. (Lamelibranchia) in Black Sea – In book: Benthos, Kiev. Science thought, p. 15-23 Golemanski V, 1998. Ecosystem pathology of the Black Sea. Journal of Natura, 1-2, 93-99.Kaneva-Abadjieva V and MarinovT, 1967. Distribution of Black Sea Mussel and the State of the Mussel Catches Along the Bulgarian friendly. Coast. Proceeding of the Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 8, 71-79 (Bg).Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguiere, 1789)Konsulov A, 1980. Storm-proof floating structure for mussel and As potential species that can be the object of economic interest, oyster farming, In: Proceeding of the Research Institute of Fisheries except as a speices of the benthic composition, in 2013 samples and Oceanography Varna, Bulgaria, pp. 113-120.were taken for its size composition. During recent research in 2013 Kaneva-Abadjieva V and Marinov T, 1966. Distribution of the in thebay of Balchikaggregations were established in which the sizes macro zoobenthos in the sand biocenosis along the Bulgarian Black of the species rangefrom 2.5 to 5.5 cm (Figure 6). The most Sea coast- Proceeding of NIRSO, VII, 69-96.numerous are the bivalves with 3.5 cm. The population was made up Mann R, Occhipinti A and HardingJM,2004. AlienSpeciesAlert: of relatively small individuals. RapanaVenosa (veinedwhelk). ICES CooperativeResearchReport, 264, ICES. ISBN 87-7482-010-9.Nechaev A and Chernev S, 1938. Data for specialties and

Conclusions distribution of black mussel along the Bulgarian Black Sea coats – Proceeding of Ichtiological Station, 7, 52-82.

Based on the study on the black mussels (Mytilus Öztürk B,2010. Status of alienspeciesintheMediterranean and the galloprovincialis) in 2005 the good condition of the stock was Black sea. Studies and Reviews, General fisheries commission for established (100 thousand tons), gradually decreasing over the the Mediterranean,87,Rome, FAO.years and in some mussels fields in 2013 only single specimens Petrova E and StoykovS, 2011. Distribution of theblackmussel were found. Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

The average sizes of Rapana venosa ranged from 6.9 to 9.1 cm Agricultural Science and Technology, 3, 368-373.in 2005 and from 6.4 to 7 in 2013. In recent years a reduction in the Savini D and Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, 2006. Consumption rates size has been seen due to overfishing and less food available. The and prey preference of the invasive gastropod Rapanavenosa investigations in 2005 and 2013 show that the widespread trawling

in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, for rapana leads to the destruction of bottom habitats, therefore, SpringerBerlin / Heidelberg), 60, 153-159, ISSN 1438-3888.itsnecessary restriction of areas of catches.Zaitsev Yu and Öztürk B, 2001.Exotic species in the Agean, The studies in 2003 and 2013 for distribution of Chamelea Mamara, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas. Turkish Marine Research gallina showed that this clam formed big aggregations and Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, 265 pp.represented industrial interest for many fishing companies.

Mya arenaria is a species spread everywhere in the Black Sea,

Figure 8. Size composition of Anadara inaequvalvisin 2013 – Balchik field

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.50

50

40

30

20

10

cmnumber

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Reviews

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Selection for linear traits for legs and feet and its significance for dairy cattle breedingI. Marinov

Morphological analysis of spikes and grouping of accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicocconH. Stoyanov

Crops from Cucurbitaceae in collection of the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv – local cultivars and their application in breeding programmeN. Velkov, V. Petkova

Study of chickpea seed size heredity (Cicer arietinum L.)R. Sturzu, T. Nistor, F. Bodescu, C. Melucă

Egg quality traits in layers from different production types H. Lukanov

Evaluation of Bulgarian winter common wheat varieties of yield stability in South BulgariaZ. Uhr, G. Rachovska, G. Delchev

Study of opportunities for effective use of varieties from Ukraine for creating early winter wheat lines II.Grain qualityN. Tsenov, D. Atanasova, I. Stoeva, E. Tsenova

Anther culture response of Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)B. Dyulgerova, D. Vulcheva, D. Dimova

Evaluation of grain yield in advanced lines two-rowed winter barleyM. Dimitrova-Doneva, D. Valcheva, D. Vulchev, B. Dyulgerova, M. Gotcheva, T. Popova

Haematology and some serum parameters of broilers fed decorticated fermented Prosopis africana seed mealD. Hassan, N. Yusuf, M. Musa, I. Musa-Azara, R. Barde, D. Ogah, A. Yakubu, M. Ari

Comparative age – related weight and morphometrical investigation of the intraorbital glands in the common bronze turkey (Meleagris Meleagris Gallopavo)D. Dimitrov

Effect of the dietary supplement Zarnela on some duodenal chyme parameters in yearling rams V. Radev, I. Varlyakov, T. Slavov, R. Mihaylov

13. Variations of maize yield and some quality indices of grain depending on the type of main soil tillageP. Yankov, M. Drumeva, D. Plamenov

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Behavior, sexual maturity and productive traits in gilts reared under different floor areaM. Kirov, V. Doychev.

Influence of organic fertilizers Aminobest and Greenfol on the initial stages of growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)М. Pashev, D. Yakimov, V. Budаeva

Algorithm for determining the type of turns carried out by the unit in shuttle movement in the field while using precision farming systemsK. Trendafilov

Correlations between morphological and productive parameters in Burley tobaccoY. Dyulgerski, Tz. Radoukova

Growth and fruiting of the apple sort Braeburn 7926 grafted on M9 Pajam2 and MM106G. Dobrevska

Theoretical model of biogas production from cattle slurry with different additive of maize silageK. Peychev, R. Georgiev

New data about Agaricus (Section Minores, Agaricaceae) in BulgariaM. Lacheva, Tz. Radoukova

Changes of the humus status of Pellic Vertisol (FAO) soil type under long-term growing of filed crops in a stationary trial without fertilizationV. Koteva, S. Kostadinova

Non-fish marine resources and their exploitation along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastE. Petrova – Pavlova

Productivity and grass density of the main types of pastures in Sakar and Strandja regionV. Vateva

Automatic measurement of Loin eye urea with computer vision system Z. Zlatev, S. Ribarski, M. Mladenov

Influence of the kinetics of salting for Bulgarian white brined cheese, produced by mechanized and traditional technology on the starter and adjunct microflora during ripeningP. Panayotov, V. Mihailov, D. Rakov

Effect of season, lactation period and number of lactation on mastitis incidence and milk yields in dairy cowsT. Penev, Zh. Gergovska, I. Marinov, V. Kirov, K. Stankov, Y. Mitev, Ch. Miteva

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

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