issues in biology & the scientific method
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ISSUES IN BIOLOGY & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD. Packet #1 Chapter #1 AP Biology. BIOTERRORISM. BIOTERRORISM. Bioterrorism The use of biochemical agents for terrorist purposes. Biowarfare - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ISSUES IN BIOLOGY & THE SCIENTIFIC METHODPacket #1Chapter #1AP Biology
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BIOTERRORISM
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BIOTERRORISM Bioterrorism
The use of biochemical agents for terrorist purposes.
Biowarfare Use of disease-producing microorganisms or
biocides to cause death or injury to humans, animals and/or plants
Biochemical Agents Pathogens
Anthrax Bacillus anthracis
Smallpox Variola major
Agriculture pesticides
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AVIAN FLU PANDEMIC
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AVIAN FLU PANDEMIC Refers to influenza A viruses found chiefly in
birds Some infections, caused by the virus, can be
carried over to the human population Hong Kong 1997 Virginia 2002 New York 2003 Vietnam 2005 Iraq 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans
.htm
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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Ability to develop in
different cell types Treat diseases,
conditions and disabilities
http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp
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OVER POPULATION Condition of any
organism’s numbers exceeding the carrying capacity of its ecological niche.
How does this relate to humans?
http://www.answers.com/over%20population
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EMERGENT DISEASES http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/id_links.htm
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GLOBAL WARMING Increase in earth’s
average temperature and the climatic impacts that it may have.
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BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity
– The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems.
A goal of scientists is to discover the effects of the previously mentioned not only on humans, but the estimated 7 – 20 million species on earth.
How do we do that?
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD Manner for investigating nature
Scientists attempt to construct an accurate, reliable, consistent and non-biased representation of the natural world
Few scientists adhere to the “strict procedures” Creativity, individuality, distinct
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific Theories
2 components Describes the patterns seen in the natural world Identifies a process or mechanism responsible for a
pattern Biology
A study of patterns of living things and their processes
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Observation
An observation is made regarding some event or characteristic of the world
A problem is developed An open-ended question that cannot be answered by a
yes or no answer
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Forming a Hypothesis
Postulating a premise An explanation of the phenomena observed Predict the existence of other phenomena or predict
quantitatively the results of new observations States results that may be expected from
observations and/or from experimental tests Can be based on one’s experience creativity or a sense
of what is practical Involves critical thinking and critical analysis
Deductive reasoning Reasoning from a general observation to a specific
conclusion Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from a specific case to the general Hypothetico Reasoning
Hypothesis developed Prediction deduced Tested against empirically derived data
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Experiment & Experimental Design
Unbiased Disprove a hypothesis
Evaluate an alternate hypothesis Null hypothesis
College/University Testing the hypothesis
Determining whether prediction is correct
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Experiment & Experimental Design
Methods and Procedures Adaptable
Able to reexamine as new information is collected Suppose to test a premise Best when designed to “disprove” a hypothesis
Often said in science that theories can never be proved but only disproved
A hypothesis can never be proven but evidence, collected during experimentation, can be used to support
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EXPERIMENT III Experiment & Experimental Design
Variables must be defined Dependent Variables
Measureable and observable things Independent variable
Should be only one during an experiment Can be manipulated and changed
Controlled variables Kept constant and not allowed to change
*Control All experiments should have one Used as standard f comparison
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Collection of Results & Interpretation of Data
Must use same criteria (technique) for collecting all data
Representation of Data Tables Graphs
Interpretation of Data/Statistical Analysis T-test
Compares the means of two groups ANOVA
Compares the means of three or more groups Chi Square
Compares how closely the observed data is to the expected results
*Experimenters should also look at the variance
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ANOVA
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SCIENTIFIC METHODCOMMON STEPS Conclusion
Does the experiment match your predictions? Is your hypothesis supported Does your results agree with other findings?
Replicate the experiment
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Scientific Law Hypothesis whose predictions have stood up
to thorough and rigorous testing with experiments and observations.
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LIMITATIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Some hypotheses are not experimental
Intelligent beings in the universe Global warming *Theory of evolution