issues in reinventing school leadership

8/2/2019 Issues in Reinventing School Leadership

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Lekdmio * Gkikomio, Znl) ;5, In);, 822=, rr) ;';3

Mssues mi Xemizeitmio ScfnnlLekdexsfmr0 Xezmewmio tfe NECDxernxt ni mgrxnzmio scfnnl lekdexsfmrjxng ki Kustxklmki rexsrectmzeLNUMSE _KTSNIJkcult} njEducktmni, Uimzexsmt} njCkihexxkEgkml0 lnumse)wktsniBckihexxk)edu)kuKHSTXKCT0 Jnllnwmio k deckde njcnicexi khnut ki mgreidmio cxmsms mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr, tfeNxokimsktmni jnx Ecningmc Cnnrexktmni kid Dezelnrgeit &NECD- fks xeleksed k xernxtmdeitm 1mio jnux rnlmc} dmxectmnis jnx onzexigeits mi dezelnrmio k iew oeiexktmni nj scfnnllekdexs) Tfms rkrex evkgmies tfe NECD/s jmidmios mi lmoft nj xeceit xesekxcf khnut tfedmgeismnis nj k /cxmsms/ mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi Kustxklmk) _fmle gucf nj tfe ruhlmsfed xesekxcfcnijmxgs tfe NECD /s jmidmios, tfe xemizeitmni njscfnnl lekdexsfmr rnses smoimjmckit cfklleioe tnscfnnl s}stegs kid tn tferxnjessmni) Tfe kutfnx mdeitmjmes tfe lmgmtktmnis nj tfe NECD xernxt kidkxoues tfkt juidkgeitkl cfkioe mi tfe gkikoexmkl evrectktmnis rlkced ni scfnnl lekdexs msiecesskx} tn xemizeit scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi Kustxklmk) Mjegrln}mio kutfnxmtmes dn int tkae sters tnkddxess mssues sucf ks deznlutmni, kccnuitkhmlmt}, juidmio kidrexjnxgkice gnimtnxmio, mimtmktmzestn surrnxt kid xewkxdrxmicmrkls mi tfemx xnle ks mistxuctmnikl lekdexs kxe uilmael} tn succeed)

MitxnductmniOnzexigeits inw xecnoimse tfe mgrnxtkice nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr kid fkze heoui tn dmscuss wk}stn dezelnr kid surrnxt fmof {uklmt} lekdexs) K xeceit OECD xezmew dxkwmio ni ezmdeice jxng ;=cnuitxmes xekjjmiis tfe mgrnxtkice nj scfnnl lekdexs mi mgrxnzmio studeit lekximio nutcnges kidmdeitmjmes jnux rnlmc} dmxectmnis jnx onzexigeits tn dezelnr iew oeiexktmnis nj scfnnl lekdexs&OECD, 8226-) Tfese cklls jnx xejnxg jnllnw k deckde nj cnicexi mi Kustxklmk kid nzexseks khnutki mgreidmio cxmsms mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr &Kustxklmki Cnlleoe nj Educktnxs &KCE-, 822:1 Ckldwell,82221 Derkxtgeit nj Educktmni * Txkmimio &DET-, 82241 Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 82231 Lkce},8228-)

Tfms rkrex evkgmies tfe OECD xernxt/s jmidmios mi lmoft nj xeceit xesekxcf khnut tfe iktuxenj tfe rxmicmrklsfmr kid tfe dmgeismnis nj k /cxmsms / mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi Kustxklmk) Tfe kutfnxdmscusses tfe xejnxgs rxnrnsed h} tfe OECD kid tfe cfklleioes tfese xecnggeidktmnis rnse tnKustxklmki egrln}exs)

,nr}xmoftKoel@c@/) y m m x @ ` t e t j & C m @ = ) l m y e y y e y c y M @ ` + R l l l t y e x ) y ) y r - / m f m l ) y i dc n g i ; U i m c k t m n ; l ; o n y m a m t y y y v y e l / t n i r k ] t i e i t y j t e e r e x y n r } n x y n g g m m m c C l t m : ik y n t ; @ e i z m s y mi q Q c c n x y & l i c e ( / m t f t y e lmcejlcejt/ng y M M L t & - M t y E l > ) j 2 xgnxe Mijnxgktmnicnitkct CKL ni &28- =3=4G?:22 nx mxtjnBcnr}xmoftce@li1kll


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8 Lnumse _ktsni

Tfe Rxmicmrkl/s Gnst Mgrnxtkit XnleTfe NECD xernxt cnijmxgs gnxe tfki k deckde nj xesekxcf khnut tfe smoimjmckit mgrkct nj scfnnllekdexsfmr ni studeut lekximio &Cxeegexs * Xeepmot, ;==:1 Fkllmioex * Feca, ;==:1 Lemtfwnnd etkM), 82241 _ktexs, Gkxpkin * GcIult}, 8223-) Mi tfemx xezmew nj tfe xesekxcf ezmdeice jxnglkxoe'sckle {ukitmtktmze studmes, Fkllmioex kid Feca &;==:- cnicluded tfkt tfe cnghmied dmxect kidmidmxect ejjects nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr ni rurml nutcnges kxe sgkll hut educktmnikll} smoimjmckit)_fmle lekdexsfmr nil} evrlkmis tfxee tn jmze rex ceit nj tfe zkxmktmni mi studeit lekximio kcxnssscfnnls, tfms ms kctukll} khnut nie {ukxtex nj tfe tntkl zkxmktmni &;2 tn 82 rex ceit- evrlkmied h} kllscfnnl'lezel zkxmkhles ' kjtex cnitxnllmio jnx studeit mitkae &Cxeegexs * Xeepmot, ;==:-)Clkssxnng jkctnxs &m)e) tekcfmio- evrlkmi nil} k slmoftl} lkxoex rxnrnxtmni &khnut nie tfmxd- nj tfezkxmktmni mi studeit kcfmezegeit &Lemtfwnnd et kM), 8224-) Mi sug, lekdexsfmr ms secnid tn tekcfmioks tfe gk`nx scfnnl'hksed mijlueice ni studeit lekximio)

Tfe t}re nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr ms klsn mgrnxtkit jnx mijlueicmio studeit lekximio nutcnges)_fmle gki} t}res nj educktmnikl lekdexsfmr fkze heei mdeitmjmed mi tfe lmtexktuxe nzex tfe rkst jewdeckdes, tfe tfxee gndels nj mistxuctmnikl, txkisjnxgktmnikl kid dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr krrekx tfegnst xesmlmeit &_ktsni, 8225-) Tfe tfxee gndels kxe jkx jxng gutukll} evclusmze, kid k dmstxmhutedlekdexsfmr st}le cki cn'evmst wmtf jnxgs nj mistxuctmnikl nx txkisjnxgktmnikl lekdexsfmr &Xnhmisni822?-) Mi s}itfesmsmio egrmxmckl xesekxcf ezmdeice khnut tfe mgrkct nj dmjjexeit t}res njlekdexsfmr ni studeit nutcnges, Xnhmisni &822?- cnicluded tfkt tfe ejject nj mistxuctmnikllekdexsfmr &m)e) lekdexsfmr mi tekcfmio kid lekximio- wks smoimjmckitl} fmofex tfki tfe ejject njtxkisjnxgktmnikl lekdexsfmr &m)e) use nj jkcmlmtktmze rnwexs tn cnistxuct stxnio scfnnl cultuxes tfktegrnwex midmzmdukls-) Mdeitmj}mio jmze dmgeismnis nj lekdexsfmr tfkt fkze gndexkte tn lkxoeejjects ni studeit nutcnges, sfe jnuid /tfe gnxe lekdexs jncus tfemx rxnjessmnikl xelktmnisfmrs,tfemx wnxa kid tfemx lekximio ni tfe cnxe husmiess nj tekcfmio kid lekximio, tfe oxektex tfemxmijlueice ni studeit nutcnges/ &Xnhmisni 822?, r) ;8-)

K iktmnikl dmscussmni ni rxnjessmnikl stkidkxds jnx scfnnl rxmicmrkls mimtmkted h} TekcfmioKustxklmk jnuid tfkt lekdmio kid mij;ueicmio studeit lekximio ms rexcemzed ks tfe gnst mgrnxtkitckrkhmlmt} nj k scfnnl rxmicmrkl, kfekd nj rxnjessmnikl ainwledoe kid nxokimsktmnikl lekdexsfmr&Tekcfmio Kustxklmk, 8226h, r) 5-) Tfe dxkjt iktmnikl rxnjessmnikl stkidkxds jnx rxmicmrkls mdeitmj}tfe ae} ckrkhmlmtmes nj kutfnxmtktmze lekdexsfmr nj lekximio kgnio scfnnl rxmicmrkls ks0

Misrmxmio evcelleit tekcfmio kid lekximio1 Humldmio ckrkcmt} nj tekcfexs ks ejjectmze kid mijlueitmkl educktnxs kid lekdexs1 Oxnwmio k d}ikgmc cultuxe nj ckxe, xesrect, fmof evrectktmnis kid success1 Tkamio xesrnismhmlmt} jnx gkikomio rexsnikl kid rxnjessmnikl oxnwtf1 Egrnwexmio rkxeits kid jkgmlmes ks tfe jmxst educktnxs nj tfemx cfmldxei1 kid Tkamio xesrnismhmlmt} jnx tfe dezelnrgeit kid xeiewkl nj tfe rxnjessmni

&Tekcfmio Kustxklmk, 8226k, r) ;3-)


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Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr 3

Tfe Stxessjul @nh nj Scfnnl RxmicmrklTfe NECD &8226- xernxt sk}s, /tfe juictmni nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr kcxnss NECD cnuitxmes ms inwmicxeksmiol} dejmied h} k degkidmio set nj xnles wfmcf miclude jmikicmkl kid fugki xesnuxcegkikoegeit kid lekdexsfmr jnx lekximio QkidW tfexe kxe cnicexis kcxnss cnuitxmes tfkt tfe xnle njrxmicmrkl ks cnieemzed jnx ieeds nj tfe rkst ms in lnioex krrxnrxmkte/ &r) 8-) K gk`nx cnicexi nj tfeNECD xernxt ms tfkt rxmicmrkls/ wnxalnkds kxe tnn fekz} kid tfms gk} he fkzmio k ieoktmze mgrkctni xecxumtgeit) Cnicexi khnut rxmicmrkls/ wnxalnkds ms wmdesrxekd kid k Zmctnxmki onzexigeitstud} ni rxmicmrkls/ wnxalnkd kid mts mgrkct ni fekltf kid well'hemio jnuid ?6 rex ceit njrxmicmrkls kid kssmstkit rxmicmrkls xernxtmio /fmof/ nx /zex} fmof/ lezels nj wnxa'xelkted stxess,cngrkxed tn 55 rex ceit nj wfmte cnllkx wnxaexs mi cngrkxkhle nccurktmnis) _fmle tfexesrnideits xernxted ki klgnst uimzexskl /lnze / jnx tfemx `nh &=2 rex ceit koxeemio wmtf tfestktegeit /g} `nh omzes ge oxekt sktmsjkctmni/-, the sfeex znluge nj wnxa wks xeokxded ks tfehmooest snuxce nj stxess &DET, 8224-)

Tfe jmidmios nj tfe Zmetnxmki stud} xemijnxce tfe kxougeit rut h} Oxnii kid Xkwlmios'Skikemtfkt scfnnl lekdexsfmr fks heei xecnistxucted ks k jnxg nj /oxeed} wnxa/ ' k jnxg nj/nccurktmnikl sexzmtude mi wfmcf tfe evreetktmnis kid degkids ni lekdexs fkze hecnge kllcnisugmio/ &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223, r) ;6;-) Oxnii kid Xkwlmios'Skikem kxoue tfkt kiew rkxkdmog nj onzexikice fks mijmltxkted scfnnl lekdexsfmr tfkt rlkces rxmicmrkls uidex evtxegerxessuxe tn rexjnxg tn geet kccnuitkhmlmt} evrectktmnis wfmle fkzmio less ckrkcmt} tn lekd tekcfmiokid lekximio due tn evcessmze gkikoexmkl xesrnismhmlmtmes)

Jnx tekcfexs kid kdgmimstxktnxs tn suhgmt tfegselzes tn tfe ejjnxt inxgs kid evrectktmnisnj rexjnxgkice eisfxmied mi mistmtutmnikl cfkxtexs, egrln}geit cnitxkcts, rexsniklrxnductmzmt} tkxoets etc )) ) degkids tfe evextmni nj rxezmnusl} uidxekgt nj lezels njrf}smckl, cnoimtmze kid egntmnikl eiexo} evreidmtuxe) Kt tfe skge tmge ks tfese xnledegkids kid kssncmkted evrectktmnis jnx tekcfexs kid scfnnl lekdexs fkze micxeksed, tfescnre jnx mistmtutmnikl lezel kutning} kid dmscxetmni, rxngmsed h} sucf mimtmktmzes ksscfnnl'lezel hudoetmio, fks njtei heei sezexel} cmxcugscxmhed h} evtexikll} mgrnsedjmsckl kid xesnuxce cnistxkmits ) )) &Oxnii * X k w l m i o s y S k i k e m , 8223, r) ;62-)

Xemizeitmio Scfnnl LekdexsfmrTfe NECD &8226- mdeitmjmes jnux gkmi /rnlmc} lezexs/ wfmcf wnuld lekd tn /mgrxnzed scfnnllekdexsfmr rxkctmce/ mj tfe} wexe kdnrted h} tfe egrln}exs nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls0 xedejmimio scfnnllekdexsfmr xesrnismhmlmtmes1 dmstxmhutmio scfnnl lekdexsfmr1 rxnjessmnikl dezelnrgeit jnx ejjectmzescfnnl lekdexsfmr1 kid miexeksmio tfe kttxkctmzeiess nj tfe rxmicmrklsfmr tfxnuof oxektexrxnjessmniklmsktmni) Tfms sectmni dmscusses tfe usejuliess nj tfese stxkteomes mi ki Kustxklmkicnitevt)

Xedejmimio scfnnl lekdexsfmr xesrnismhmlmtmesTfe NECD kxoues tfkt mistxuctmnikl lekdexs ieed fmof deoxees nj kutning} hut gust he omzei tfekrrxnrxmkte lezel nj surrnxt tn eikhle tfeg tn ckxx} nut tfemx xnle nj lekdmio tekcfmio kid lekximio)Tfms miznlzes dejmimio kid delmgmtmio tfe cnxe xesrnismhmlmtmes nj scfnnl lekdexs mi texgs nj lekdmio


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4 Lnumse _ktsni

tekcfmio kid lekximio) Tn sirrnxt lekdexs mi tfms xnle, tfe OECD siooests tfkt rnlmc}gkaexssfnild rxnzmde rxmicmrkls wmtf fmofex deoxees nj kutning}, rkxtmculkxl} mi tfe kxeks nj dezelnrmiotekcfex {uklmt}, onkl'settmio, kssessgeit kid kccnuitkhmlmt}, fugki kid jmikicmkl xesnuxcegkikoegeit kid mitex'scfnnl cnllkhnxktmni) Mt xecnggeids tfkt k iew scfnnl lekdexsfmrjxkgewnxa cnuld felr rxnzmde oumdkice ni tfe gkmi cfkxkctexmstmcs, tksas kid xesrnismhmlmtmes njejjectmze scfnnl lekdexs kid /smoikl tfe esseitmkl cfkxkctex nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr ks lekdexsfmr jnxlekximio/ &OECD, 8226, r) 3-)

Zmzmkie Xnhmisni klsn kxoues tfkt tfe `nh nj tfe scfnnl rxmicmrkl sfnuld he micxeksmiol}jncused ni tfe xnle tfkt scfnnl lekdexs rlk} mi mgrxnzmio tekcfmio kid lekximio) Sfe rnmits nut tfktwe sfnuld he dejmimio tfe xnle nj scfnnl rxmicmrkl mi teius nj wfkt we ainw khnut ejjectmzetekcfmio &m)e) tekcfmio tfkt fks k rnsmtmze mgrkct ni kll studeits-) Ki koeidk jnx educktmnikllekdexsfmr sfnuld tfei he dezelnred tfkt stxeiotfeis tfe cnidmtmnis tfkt eikhle ejjectmze tekcfmiokid wekaeis tfe mgrkct nj jkctnxs nx cnidmtmnis tfkt mifmhmt nx rxezeit mt &Xnhmisni, 822:-)

Fnwezex Xnhmisni klsn kcainwledoes tfe dmjjmciltmes miznlzed mi xenxokimsmio tfe wnxalnkdnj rxmicmrkls tn rxnzmde gnxe tmge jnx educktmnikl lekdexsfmr kid tfe cfklleioes mt rnses jnxegrln}exs) _fmle gki} onzexigeit egrln}exs mi Kistxklmk kxe inw cfkgrmnimio scfnnllekdexsfmr mi mistxuctmnikl teius, tfe} krrekx xeluctkit tn cfkioe tfe rnlmcmes wfmcf kxe huxdeimiorxmicmrkls wmtf gkikoexmkl xesrnismhmlmtmes) Jnx evkgrle, in onzexigeit scfnnl egrln}ex fksmidmckted k wmllmioiess tn cfkioe mts rnsmtmni ni tfe deznlutmni nj gkikoegeit xesrnismhmlmtmes tnscfnnls) ]et nie jkctnx wfmcf fks cfkioed tfe iktuxe nj tfe rxmicmrklsfmr mi xeceit deckdes ms tfeteideic} nj egrln}exs tn deznlze ezex'micxeksmio lezels nj gkikoegeit xesrnismhmlmt} tn scfnnlswmtfnut deznlzmio kde{ukte xesnuxces tn ckxx} nit tfese tksas kt tfe scfnnl lezel)

Tfe Zmctnxmki stud} nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls/ wnxalnkd mdeitmjmed k clekx teismni hetweei krexsnikl desmxe tn he ki /educktmnikl lekdex/ zexsus tfe egrln}ex/s mgrexktmze tn he k /gkikoex/)_fmle nzex =2 rex ceit nj xesrnideits rxejexxed tn tfmia nj tfegselzes ks /gkmil} ki edicktmnikllekdex/, nil} 82 rex ceit skmd tfkt tfms wks tfe xeklmt}, kid tfkt tfe} wexe /gkmil} k gkikoex/)Smvt} rex ceit nj rxmicmrkls skmd tfkt tfe} sreit /tnn gicf/ tmge ni kccnuitkhmlmt} kid ?8 rex ceitkoxeed tfkt tfe wnxst tfmio khnut tfemx `nh wks /tfe kgniit nj uiiecesskx} rkrex wnxa/ &DET,8224-) Lkce} kid Oxnii/s stud} njZmctnxmki rxmicmrkls wfn fkd lejt tfe xnle xemijnxces tfms zmew)

M wks jmidmio gnxe kid gnxe tfkt M sreit less tmge educktmnikll}, less tmge wmtf tfe amdskid gnxe tmge dnmio kdgmimstxktmze kid kccnuitmio t}re wnxa tfkt M wksi/t xekll}rxerkxed jnx) M txkmied tn he k tekcfex, int ki kccnuitkit) Sn ks tfkt weit ni, M heckgeless kid less sktmsjmed h} tfe wnxa &Jnxgex scfnnl rxmicmrkl, {unted mi Lkce} * Oxnii,822?, r) ;2-)_fei tfe leokl xesrnismhmlmt} jnx ki} kctmzmt} jklls urni tfe rxmicmrkl/s sfnuldexs, tfe

rxmicmrkl gust nzexsee tfe gkikoegeit nj tfkt kctmzmt}, kid in kgnuit nj fmof lezel egrfksms nimistxuctmnikl ksrects nj tfe rxmicmrkl/s xnle wmll cfkioe tfms) Tfe nil} wk} tn xeduce tfegkikoegeit xesrnismhmlmtmes nj rxmicmrkls ms jnx egrln}exs tn xezmew tfe cnicert nj kdgmimstxktmzedeznlutmni mi texgs nj tfe mgrkct mt fks ni tfe wnxalnkd nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls) K iktmnikl suxze} njtfe weljkxe nj rxmgkx} scfnnl rxmicmrkls mi Kustxklmk mdeitmjmed tfe smv fmofest scnxmio stxessnxs nirxmgkx} scfnnl rxmicmrkls ks0 lkca nj tmge tn jncus ni tekcfmio kid lekximio1 xesrnidmio tnderkxtgeitkl mimtmktmzes kid ntfex s}steg degkids1 gultm'tksamio1 derkxtgeitkl kccnuitkhmlmt}gecfkimsgs1 kid lnw lezels nj juidmio &Sferfexd, 8224, r) 5-) Hut ks tfe kutfnx nj tfe suxze}


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Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr 5

rnmited nut, /k smoimjmckit iughex nj tfe gnst mgrnxtkit stxessnxs krrekx tn he ckrkhle njkgelmnxktmni tfxnuof s}steg cfkioe kt lmttle nx in cnst/ &Sferfexd, 8224, r) M-)

Tfexe kxe smois tfkt snge egrln}exs kxe gnzmio mi tfms dmxectmni) Tfe Zmctnxmki onzexigeitxesrnided tn mts cnggmssmnied stud} nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls/ wnxalnkd, Tfe Rxmzmleoe kid tfe Rxmce&DET, 8224- wmtf geksuxes tn stxekglmie kdgmimstxktmze nrexktmnis kid tn rxnzmde surrnxt jnxmistxuctmnikl lekdexsfmr kid Zmctnxmk jektuxes ks nie nj jmze ckse studmes mi Znluge 8 nj tfe NE=Dxernxt) Tfe ckse studmes xernxted h} tfe NECD mllustxkte tfe t}re nj s}stegktmc xekrrxkmskl njegrln}ex rnlmcmes kid rxkctmces tfkt ms iecesskx} tn xeduce tfe gkikoexmkl degkids ni scfnnlrxmicmrkls) Smgrl} egrfksmsmio tfe xesrnismhmlmt} nj rxmicmrkls jnx lekdmio tekcfmio kid lekximiowmll int cfkioe tfe iktuxe nj rxmicmrkls/ wnxa)

Dmstxmhutmio scfnnl lekdexsfmrK ae} stxeiotf nj tfe cnicert nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr ms tfkt mt rnxtxk}s lekdexsfmr ks kinxokimsktmniklrxncess xktfex tfki k set nj {uklmtmes rnssessed h} ki midmzmdukl nx oxnur) _fmle tfecnicert nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr ms zex} rnrulkx kgnio educktmnikl xesekxcfexs, tfexe ms indejmimtmze gndel nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr) Tfe cnicert ms oeiexkll} used tn evrlkmi zkxmnuskrrxnkcfes tn ckrkcmt}'humldmio mi scfnnls kid xesekxcfexs njtei kdd iew elegeits tn mt mi tfemxstudmes) Gmcfkel Cnrlkid &8223, rr) 3??'3?=- rxnzmdes k usejul suggkx} nj tfxee cnggniuidexstkidmios wmtfmi tfe cnicert nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr0

;) Dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr ms k cnllectmze kctmzmt}, jncused ni cnllectmze onkls, wfmcfcngrxmses k {uklmt} nx eiexo} tfkt ms oxektex tfki tfe sug nj midmzmdukl kctmnis &m)e) mtcxektes k d}ikgmsg tfkt evteids he}nid smgrl} mdeitmj}mio tksa xesrnismhmlmt}-1

8) Dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr miznlzes tfe srkiimio nj tksa, xesrnismhmlmt}, kid rnwex hnuidkxmeshetweei txkdmtmnikll} dejmied nxokimsktmnikl xnles &m)e) hnuidkx} srkiimio kctmzmtmessfnuld he cultmzkted h} dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr s}stegs, xktfex tfki smgrle dejmimtmnis njxnles kid xesrnismhmlmtmes nj rxmicmrkls kid tekcfexs-1 kid

3) Dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr xests ni k hkse nj evrext xktfex tfki fmexkxcfmckl kutfnxmt} &m)e)rnwex kid kutfnxmt} sfnuld he xe'dmstxmhuted tnwkxds tfnse wfn fnld evrextmse, sucf kstekcfexs, xktfex tfki rxmzmleomio tfnse wfn fnld jnxgkl tmtles-)

Tfe NECD xernxt eidnxses tfe cnicert nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr ks k gekis nj hxnkdeimio tfecnicert nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr, xeducmio tfe rxessuxe ni scfnnl rxmicmrkls, stxeiotfeimio scfnnlgkikoegeit kid mgrxnzmio successmni rlkiimio) Tfe NECD &8226- kxoues tfkt tfms cki hekcfmezed mi jnxgkl wk}s tfxnuof tekg stxuctuxes, nx mijnxgkll} h} dezelnrmio kd fnc oxnurshksed ni evrextmse kid cuxxeit ieeds)

Fnwezex, k gk`nx cfklleioe mi mgrlegeitmio dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr mi scfnnls ms tfkt tfecnicert cnitxkdmcts tfe fmexkxcfmckl s}stegs nj scfnnl onzexikice wfmcf dngmikte scfnnleducktmni s}stegs) K rxnhleg jnx kll ruhlmc sectnx nxokimsktmnis, micludmio scfnnls, ms tfkt tfecnicert nj ruhlmc kccnuitkhmlmt} ms humlt ni k cfkmi nj cnggkid tfkt heomis wmtf ki electedrkxlmkgeitkx} xerxeseitktmze &tfe Gmimstex- kid eids wmtf k scfnnl rxmicmrkl) Mi xeceit deckdes, tfekccnuitkhmlmt} clmgkte jnx scfnnl educktmni fks hecnge sn fmofl} rnlmtmcmsed tfkt k scfnnlrxmicmrkl/s /rexjnxgkice/ ms `udoed hntf mitexikll} kid evtexikll} tfxnuof stkidkxdmsed tests nj


6/13

: Lnumse _ktsni

studeit lekximio nutcnges) Ks Fkxoxekzes kid Jmia rnmit nut0Tfe cnistxuctmze kid cngrellmio mdek nj stkidkxds ' tfkt lekximio cnges hejnxe tekcfmiokid tfkt we sfnuld he khle tn ainw kid degnistxkte wfei lekximio fks nccuxxed ' fksdeoeiexkted mitn k cngrulsmze nhsessmni wmtf stkidkxdmpktmni &Fkxoxekzes * Jmia ; 8225,r)=-)

Tfe OECD xernxt/s xecnggeidktmnis tfkt egrln}exs sfnuld omze rxmicmrkls gnxe kutning}nzex tekcfmio kid lekximio kid tfe jxeedng tn mgrlegeit gndels nj dmstxmhuted lekdexsfmr smtsuieksml} wmtf tfe xeklmt} nj cuxxeit kccnuitkfmlmt} rxkctmces) Tfe kutfnxs nj tfe OECD xernxtkrrekx cniscmnus nj tfms cnitxkdmctmni, fut tfe xernxt jklls sfnxt nj gkamio ki} stxnioxecnggeidktmnis tn kddxess mt, suooestmio gexel} tfkt /rnlmc}gkaexs ieed tn xejlect ni gndmj}miokccnuitkhmlmt} gecfkimsgs tn gktcf dmstxmfuted lekdexsfmr stxuctuxes/ &OECD, 8226, r) 3-)

Samlls jnx ejjectmze scfnnl lekdexsfmrTfe OECD &8226- suooests tfkt scfnnl lekdexs /ieed srecmjmc txkmimio tn xesrnid tn hxnkdeiedxnles kid xesrnismhmlmtmes/ &r) 4-) Tfe xernxt suooests tfkt egrln}exs sfnuld rxngnte lekdexsfmrlekximio ks k cnitmiuug, jxng mimtmkl lekdexsfmr txkmimio tn nxokimsed miductmni rxnoxkgs tfxnuoftn mi'sexzmce txkmimio kccnxdmio tn ieed kid cnitevt) Mt kxoues jnx cnismsteic} nj rxnzmsmni h}dmjjexeit mistmtutmnis kid tfe dezelnrgeit njgecfkimsgs tn kssuxe {uklmt})Tfe xernxt xejlects xeceit txeids mi Kustxklmk jnx egrln}exs tn jncus ni tfe rxnjessmnikl

dezelnrgeit nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls) Gki} scfnnls s}stegs iNw fkze lekdexsfmr lekximiojxkgewnxas jnx scfnnl rxmicmrkls kid iktmnikl rxnjessmnikl stkidkxds jnx rxmicmrkls kxe uidexdmscussmni &Derkxtgeit nj Educktmni Zmctnxmk, 822?1 Tekcfmio Kustxklmk, 8226k-) Fnwezex, mi tfekhseice nj juidkgeitkl cfkioe mi egrln}exs/ evrectktmnis nj tfe rxmicmrkl/s xnle, rxnjessmniklstkidkxds cnuld fkze tfe ejject nj mgrnsmio }et kintfex degkidmio set nj kccnuitkhmlmtmes niscfnnl rxmicmrkls, rkxtmculkxl} mj tfe} kxe lmiaed tn rexjnxgkice rk}) _fmle tfexe ms wmdesrxekdsurrnxt jnx tfe mdek tfkt rxmicmrkls sfnuld jncus ni lekdmio tekcfmio kid lekximio, tfe xesekxcfezmdeice suooests tfkt gkikoexmkl xesrnismhmlmtmes cnitmiukll} dmstxkct tfeg jxng tfms xnle &DET,82241 Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223-) Tfus wmtfnut juidkgeitkl cfkioe mi tfe cuxxeitkccnuitkhmlmt} xeomges wmtfmi wfmcf rxmicmrkls wnxa, ejjnxts tn eicnuxkoe rxmicmrkls tn lekdtekcfmio kid lekximio tfxnuof rxnjessmnikl stkidkxds jxkgewnxas kxe lmael} tn he miejjectmze)Gnxenzex, mj lekdexsfmr jxkgewnxas kxe used tn mgrnse juxtfex rexjnxgkice kid kccnuitkhmlmt}geksuxes ni scfnnl rxmicmrkls, tfe} wmll he cnuitex'rxnductmze mi texgs nj mgrxnzmio rxmicmrkls/ckrkcmtmes tn lekd tekcfmio kid lekximio)Usmio tfe cnicert nj sustkmikhmlmt} jxng tfe eizmxnigeit gnzegeit, Fkxoxekzes kid Jmia

&8225- kxoue tfkt juidkgeitkl cultuxkl cfkioe ms iecesskx} tn xejnxg tfe mistmtutmni nj scfnnllekdexsfmr mi tfe 8;( Ceitux}) Tfe} rxnrnse tfkt sustkmikhle lekdexsfmr mi educktmni sfnuld he ksfkxed xesrnismhmlmt} tfkt dnes int uidul} derlete fugki nx jmikicmkl xesnuxces, inx evext dkgkoeNi tfe suxxnuidmio educktmnikl eizmxnigeit kid scfnnl cngguimt}) Tfe cnicert nj sustkmikhmlmt}/ms hksmckll} cnicexied wmtf dezelnrmio kid rxesexzmio wfkt gkttexs, srxekds kid lksts mi wk}stfkt cxekte rnsmtmze cniiectmnis kid dezelnrgeit kgnio renrle kid dn in fkxg tn ntfexs mi tferxeseit nx tfe jutuxe/ &Fkxoxekzes * Jmia, 8225, r) ;?-)


7/13

Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr ?

Gkamio scfnnl lekdexsfmr ki kttxkctmze rxnjessmniTfe NECD xernxt cfklleioes educktmni s}stegs tn gkae scfnnl lekdexsfmr ki kttxkctmzerxnjessmni, cmtmio /ezmdeice ))) tfkt rnteitmkl krrlmckits kxe detexxed h} tfe fekz} wnxalnkd njrxmicmrkls kid tfe jkct tfkt tfe `nh dnes int seeg tn he kde{uktel} xeguiexkted nx surrnxted/&NECD, 8226, r) 5-)

Mi gki} cnuitxmes, rxmicmrkls fkze fekz} wnxalnkds1 gki} kxe xekcfmio xetmxegeit, kid mtms oettmio fkxdex tn xerlkce tfeg) Rnteitmkl ckidmdktes njtei fesmtkte tn krrl}, heckuse njnzexhuxdeied xnles, misujjmcmeit rxerkxktmni kid txkmimio, lmgmted ckxeex rxnsrects kidmikde{ukte surrnxt kid xewkxds &NEeD, 8226, r) 8-Gki} Kustxklmki cnggeitktnxs eidnxse tfms zmew) Hxmki Ckldwell &8222, r) M- nhsexzed tfkt

/xernxts jxng iktmni kjtex iktmni xejex tn tfe sfxmiamio rnnl nj krrlmckits jnx tfe rxmicmrklsfmr/)Gnxe xeceitl} tfe Kustxklmki Cnlleoe nj Educktnxs skmd, /m t ms hecngmio micxeksmiol} dmjjmcult tnkttxkct lekdexs tn tfe rxmicmrklsfmr/ &KCE, 822:, r) M-) K xeceit {uklmtkt mze stud} mi Kustxklmkxernxted k seimnx geghex nj ki Kustxklmki xelmomnus nxdex ks sk}mio, /_fkt kxe we dnmio tfktrenrle kxe xekll} int mitexested mi tfms `nh>/ &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223, r) ;?3-)

Tfe NECD &8226- mdeitmjmes jnux smtes jnx kctmni tn /kttxkct, xecxumt kid surrnxt fmofrexjnxgmio scfnnl lekdexs/ &r) 5-) Tfe jmxst stxkteo} ms tn rxnjessmniklmse xecxumtgeit rxnceduxes tngkae tfeg /ejjectmze, txkisrkxeit, kid cnismsteit/ wfmle kcainwledomio tfe mgrnxtkice nj/scfnnl'lezel miznlzegeit/) S}stegs sfnuld hecnge miznlzed mi successmni rlkiimio ' rxnkctmzel}mdeitmj/}mio kid dezelnrmio rnteitmkl lekdexs ' tn hnnst tfe jutuxe surrl} nj krrlmckits) Tfe NECDxecnggeids hxnkdeimio elmomhmlmt} cxmtexmk tn kttxkct }nuioex ckidmdktes kid tfnse wmtf dmjjexeithkcaoxnuids, kid xel}mio ni gnxe tfki `ust mitexzmews tn select ckidmdktes) K secnid stxkteo} ms tngnimtnx tfe rkxmt} nj scfnnl lekdexs / sklkxmes wmtf cngrkxkhle nccurktmnis mi tfe ruhlmc kidrxmzkte sectnx kid eisuxe tfe} xegkmi cngretmtmze) K tfmxd stxkteo} ms tn eicnuxkoe tfe xnle njrxnjessmnikl kssncmktmnis nj scfnnl lekdexs) Tfe jnuxtf stxkteo} ms tn evrlnxe jlevmhle nrtmnis tnsurrnxt scfnnl lekdexs/ ckxeex dezelnrgeit sucf ks rxngntmio gnhmlmt} kid zkxmkhmlmt} mi tfe xnleskzkmlkhle tn scfnnl rxmicmrkls mi tfe cnuxse nj tfemx ckxeex)

Tfe stxkteomes rxnrnsed h} tfe NECD tn gkae scfnnl lekdexsfmr k gnxe kttxkctmze rxnjessmnixesnikte wmtf dehktes khnut scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi Kustxklmk) K iughex nj Kustxklmki egrln}exsfkze mimtmkted ckrkcmt}'humldmio rxnoxkgs tn iuxtuxe rnteitmkl scfnnl lekdexs) Tfe DezelnrgeitklLekximio Jxkgewnxa mi Zmctnxmk, jnx evkgrle, jncuses ni ckrkcmt}'humldmio geksuxes sucf ks0rxmicmrkl rexjnxgkice kid dezelnrgeit1 rxmicmrkl selectmni rxncesses1 ki kccelexkted dezelnrgeitrxnoxkg jnx fmof rnteitmkl lekdexs1 geitnxmio jnx jmxst'tmge rxmicmrkls1 cnkcfmio jnx evrexmeicedrxmicmrkls1 kid k dezelnrgeit rxnoxkg jnx fmof'rexjnxgmio rxmicmrkls &Derkxtgeit nj EducktmniZmctnxmk, 822?-) Fnwezex Nie mssue tfkt krrekxs gnxe dmjjmcult tn xesnlze ms tfe gkmiteikice njwkoes rkxmt} hetweei scfnnl rxmicmrkls kid ntfex rxnjessmnikls) Rxmicmrkls klsn wnxa well khnzetfe Kustxklmki kzexkoe jnx cngrkxkhle nccurktmnis) Tfe kzexkoe wnxamio fnuxs jnx jull'tmgewnxaexs mi Kustxklmk ms 44): fnuxs rex weea kid tfe kzexkoe jnx jull'tmge gkikoexs ms slmoftl}fmofex, hut stmll nil} 4:); fnuxs rex weea, wfexeks tfe Zmctnxmki suxze} jnuid tfkt gnst rxmicmrklskid tfemx derutmes wnxaed nzex 56 fnuxs rex weea) Int suxrxmsmiol}, ?5 rex ceit nj rxmicmrkls kidkssmstkit rxmicmrkls koxeed wmtf tfe stktegeit /tfexe ms sn gucf wnxa tn dn, M iezex seeg tn oet nitnr nj mt/ &DET, 8224-)


8/13

6 Lnumse _ktsni

DmscussmniTfe NECD xernxt jncuses ni gki} mssues tfkt fkze heei kt the jnxejxnit nj ruhlmc dehkte ni theiktuxe nj scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi Kustxklmk nzex tfe rkst deckde kid rxnzmdes k usejul s}itfesms njstxkteomes tn mgrxnze tfe {uklmt} nj lekdexsfmr mi scfnnls) Fnwezex tfe xernxt sujjexs twnlmgmtktmnis0 jmxst, mts uicxmtmckl kccertkice nj tfe intmni nj k declmimio lezel nj mitexest mi tferxmicmrklsfmr1 kid secnid, mts xeluctkice tn {uestmni tfe gkikoexmkl txeids wfmcf krrekx t he tfejuidkgeitkl ckuses nj micxeksed stxess jnx tfnse nccur}mio tfe xnle)

Tfe evteit tn wfmcf we kxe jkcmio k cxmsms mi tfe jutuxe surrl} nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls mssngewfkt cnitested) Mt seegs lnomckl tfkt mj tfe `nh nj scfnnl rxmicmrkl fks hecnge gnxedegkidmio kid stxessjul, tfms ainwledoe cnuld' he detexxmio rnteitmkl krrlmckits jxng krrl}mio jnxtfe rxmicmrklsfmr) _fmle kdgmttmio tfkt /dktk ni tfe rxmicmrkl ksrmxkit rnnl, hntf cuxxeit kidrxnsrectmze, kxe njtei dmjjmcult tn nftkmi/ &r) ;?4-, Retex Oxnii kid Akxmi Xkwlmios'Skikem &8223-cnicluded ni tfe hksms nj ei{umxmes nj Kustxklmki stkte kid texxmtnx} educktmni derkxtgeits, tfkttfexe wks ki /midmcktmze xktfex tfki k dejmimtmze, rmctuxe nj rxmicmrkl sfnxtkoes/ mi gki}`uxmsdmctmnis &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223, r) ;?:-) Kltfnuof kiecdntkl ezmdeice nj ksfxmiamio rnnl nj krrlmckits khnuids, mt ms dmjjmcult tn nhtkmi fkxd dktk ni xecxumtgeit rkttexis)Gki} studmes suooest k declmie mi tfe iughex nj krrlmcktmnis jnx scfnnl rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis miKustxklmk kid nzexseks &cmted mi Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223, r) ;?51 Lkce}, 8228, r) 3-,fnwezex {ukitmtktmze ezmdeice tn suooest k /sfxmiamio rnnl nj krrlmckits/ jnx tfe rxmicmrklsfmr miKustxklmk ms lmgmted) _nxa h} tfe Cktfnlmc Educktmni Cnggmssmni nj Iew Snutf _kles suooeststfkt jewex renrle wexe krrl}mio jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis &d/Kxhni, Dumoiki * Duicki, 8228- huttfese cniclusmnis kxe cnitested &Hkxt} et kM), 8225-)

Tfexe ms in koxeegeit ni wfkt lezel nj mitexest kgnio rnteitmkl scfnnl lekdexs cnistmtutes klnw lezel nj mitexest mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr krrlmcktmnis) Tfe suxze} cniducted kgnio rnteitmklscfnnl rxmicmrkls wmtfmi tfe Cktfnlmc Edicktmni s}steg mi Iew Snutf _kles jnuid tfkt 58 rex ceitnj kll xesrnideits midmckted tfe} wexe int seeamio k rxmicmrkl /s rnsmtmni kid dmd int miteid tnkrrl}, 32 rex ceit skmd tfe} wexe wmllmio tn krrl} wfmle ;: rex ceit wexe uisuxe) Gnxenzex, nj tfe322 kssmstkit rxmicmrkls wfn xesrnided, nil} 32 rex ceit skmd tfe} wexe uiwmllmio tn krrl}, 45 rexceit wexe wmllmio tn krrl} kid tfe xegkmimio 85 rex ceit wexe uisuxe &d/Kxfni, Dumoiki *Duicki, 8228, rr) 4?5'4?:-) Mi Zmctnxmk, k stud} nj lekdexsfmr ksrmxktmnis kgnio onzexigeitscfnnl tekcfexs suooested tfkt 84 rex ceit nj tekcfexs fkd lekdexsfmr ksrmxktmnis tfkt evteided tntfe rxmicmrkl clkss &Lkce}, 8228, r) ?-)

_e fkze in fksms jnx cnicludmio tfkt k 82 ' 32 rex ceit lezel nj mitexest mi krrl}mio jnx tfe`nh nj rxmicmrkl &m)e) 32 rex ceit nj Cktfnlmc tekcfexs kid 84 rex ceit nj Stkte scfnnl tekcfexs-cnistmtutes ezmdeice nj ki mgreidmio sfnxtkoe nj krrlmckits) Hkxt} et kl) &8225, r) 3- suooest tfkttfe xesults nj fntf suxze}s /seeged k lmttle tnn fmof tn midmckte k cxmtmckl declmie mi mitexest mi tferxmicmrklsfmr/) Ki Kgexmcki stud} nj tfe kttxmhutes kid ckxeex rktfs nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls mi Iew]nxa Stkte ckge tn k smgmlkx cniclusmni) Mt jnuid tfkt kltfnuof ur tn :2 rex ceit nj cuxxeitrxmicmrkls gk} xetmxe nzex tfe ievt jmze }ekxs, tfe iughex nj midmzmdukls uidex tfe koe nj 45 kid/cextmjmed/ tn he rxmicmrkls evceeded tfe iughex nj rxmicmrklsfmrs h} gnxe tfki 52 rexceit &Rkrk,Lkiajnxd * _}canjj, 8228, r) ;4-)


9/13

Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnm Lekdexsfmr =

Fnwezex lkxoe'sckle {ukitmtktmze studmes gk} int he kde{ukte tn cnize} tfe cngrlevmt} njtfms mssue, ks tfe lezel nj mitexest mi krrl}mio jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis krrekxs tn dmjjex hetweeiscfnnls) K {uklmtktmze stud} nj tfe surrl} nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls mi Snutf Kustxklmk kid Zmctnxmkcnicluded tfkt jkctnxs sucf ks tfe lncktmni nj tfe scfnnl kid mts studeit rnrulktmni mijlueice tfeiughex nj krrlmcktmnis jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis, ks well ks /lnckl ainwledoe/ khnut ntfex stkjjwfn kxe krrl}mio jnx rkxtmculkx `nhs &Hkxt} et kM), 8225-) Zkxmktmni mi tfe lezel nj mitexest mirkxtmculkx t}res nj scfnnl ms klsn ezmdeit mi ntfex cnuitxmes) Mi Kustxmk, tfe onzexigeit xernxtsdmjjmcultmes mi kttxkctmio krrlmckits tn rxmicmrklsfmrs mi xuxkl kid xegnte scfnnls &Scfxktp *Retpnld, 822?-) Ki Kgexmcki stud} geksuxmio tfe lezel nj mitexest kgnio kssmstkit rxmicmrkls mikrrl}mio jnx dmjjexeit t}res nj scfnnls jnuid tfkt scfnnls wmtf lnw lezels nj studeit kcfmezegeitwexe less kttxkctmze tfki gnxe fmof kcfmezmio scfnnls) Tfe kutfnxs cnicluded tfkt lnw rexjnxgmioscfnnls wexe /oxektl} dmskdzkitkoed mi xecxumtmio scfnnl rxmicmrkls/ &_mitex * Gnxoeitfkl, 8228,r)3l=-) Tfe xesekxcf suooests tfkt mi cnismdexmio ki} /rxnhlegs/ wmtf tfe jutuxe surrl} nj scfnnllekdexs, we sfnuld tkae mitn kccnuit zkxmktmnis mi tfe lezel nj mitexest mi tfe rxmicmrklsfmr hetweeit}res nj scfnnls) Clekxl} snge t}res nj scfnnl, sucf ks xuxkl scfnnls kid scfnnls wmtf lnwex lezelsnj studeit kcfmezegeit, kxe lmael} tn he less kttxkctmze tn rnteitmkl krrlmckits tfki ntfexs, kidegrln}ex xecxumtgeit stxkteomes sfnuld tkae tfms mitn kccnuit)

Xernxts nj k declmimio lezel nj mitexest mi krrl}mio jnx tfe rnsmtmni nj scfnnl rxmicmrkl klsnteid tn mgrl} tfkt tfexe ms k declmie mi tfe /{uklmt}/ nj krrlmckits &see Kustxklmki Secnidkx}Rxmicmrkls/ Kssncmktmni &KSRK-, ;===1 Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223-) Fnwezex tfe cnicert nj/{uklmt}/ mi tekcfmio kid scfnnl lekdexsfmr ms fmofl} cnitested kid tfe kzkmlkhle geksuxes nj/{uklmt}/ kxe {umte ikxxnw) Jnx evkgrle, usmio tfe twn geksuxes nj }ekxs nj evrexmeice kid tfestktus nj tfe cnlleoe jxng wfmcf rxmicmrkls xecemzed tfemx Hkcfelnxs deoxees, ki Kgexmcki sxid}jnuid tfkt tfe uxhki scfnnls wmtfmi Iew ]nxa Cmt} wexe gucf gnxe lmael} tn fkze lessevrexmeiced rxmicmrkls kid rxmicmrkls wfn xecemzed tfemx deoxees jxng lnwex xkiaed cnlleoes tfkiscfnnls mi suhuxhki dmstxmcts) _mtfmi Iew ]nxa Cmt}, scfnnls wfexe studeits rexjnxged rnnxl} nistkidkxdmsed evkgs wexe klsn gnxe lmael} tn fkze less evrexmeiced rxmicmrkls kid rxmicmrkls wfnxecemzed tfemx deoxees jxng lnwex xkiaed cnlleoes &Rkrk, Lkiajnxd * _}canjj, 8228-)

Mi Kustxklmk, jkctnxs sucf ks }ekxs nj evrexmeice kid tfe stktus nj nie/s textmkx} mistmtutmniwnuld int iecesskxml} he leomtmgkte geksuxes nj lekdexsfmr {uklmt}) Tfexejnxe we xel} ni tfe{uklmtktmze ezmdeice oktfexed jxng educktmnikl kdgmimstxktnxs kid geghexs nj selectmni rkiels niscfnnl hnkxds, wfmcf suooests k /dmgmiutmni nj tfe iughexs nj ckidmdktes deeged wnxtf} njsfnxt'lmstmio jnx mitexzmew/ &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223, r) ;?4-) Mt ms rnssmhle tfkt ezmdeicenj lnwex lezels nj mitexest mi tfe rxmicmrklsfmr mi rkxtmculkx scfnnls dnes geki less cngretmtmni jnxsucf rnsmtmnis kid tfexejnxe gmoft mgrl} tfkt tfe successjul krrlmckits dn int rnssess tfe/{uklmtmes/ nj tfnse wfn wnuld fkze succeeded mi k gnxe fmofl} cnitested rxncess) E{ukll}, tfexekxe cnicexis khnut tfe evteit tn wfmcf cuxxeit selectmni rxncesses wnxa tn mdeitmj} tfe hest rexsnijnx tfe rxmicmrklsfmr &Hlkcagnxe, Tfngsni * Hkxt} 822:-) Ni hklkice, we cki kssuge tfkt tfe{uklmt} nj krrlmckits, lmae tfe iughex nj krrlmckits, ms lmael} tn zkx} kccnxdmio tn tfecfkxkctexmstmcs nj midmzmdukl scfnnls wmtf zkckit rnsmtmnis &Hkxt} et kM), 82251 Rkrk, Lkiajnxd *_}canjj, 82281 _mitex * Gnxoeitfkl, 8228-)Mj tfexe ms k rnteitmkl sfnxtkoe nj krrlmckits jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis, mt gk} he due tn jkctnxsntfex tfki tfe stxesses nj tfe `nh) Nie rnssmhmlmt} ms tfkt rxmicmrkls kxe xetmxmio kt k jkstex xkte, due


10/13

;2 Lnumse _ktsni

tn tfe ejject nj tfe rnst'wkx hkh} hnng kid tfexeh} cxektmio gnxe zkckicmes) Mi 8223, gnxe tfkifklj tfe tekcfmio wnxajnxce wks nzex 45 }ekxs nj koe kid ki micxeksmio iughex nj tekcfexs kidrxmicmrkls wexe evrected tn xetmxe h} 82;2 &GCEET]K, 8224-) Kintfex mgretus tn ekxl}xetmxegeit mi snge `uxmsdmctmnis wks surexkiiuktmni scfeges tfkt rxnzmded ki miceitmze tn xetmxe kt54 }ekxs kid MM gnitfs &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223-) Sncmn'degnoxkrfmc txeids sfnuld klsnhe tkaei mitn kccnuit) Tfe xmse mi twn'ckxeex jkgmlmes, jnx evkgrle, gk} mijlueice tfe xkte njkrrlmcktmnis jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis) Xesekxcf suooests tfkt kdults mi dukl'ckxeex jkgmlmes egrln}k xkioe nj kdkrtmze stxkteomes kt dmjjexeit stkoes nj tfemx lmjesrki tn kttkmi wnxa'lmje hklkice, tfktmijlueice hntf tfemx midmzmdukl ckxeex ksrmxktmnis kid lkhnux gkxaet gnhmlmt} &Hecaex * Gnei,;===-) Mt fks klsn heei rnmited nut tfkt tfe ksrmxktmnis nj tfe iew oeiexktmni nj xecxumts tn tfetekcfmio rxnjessmni cnuld he dmjjexeit jxng tfnse nj tfe rxezmnus oeiexktmni) Tfe cnfnxt nj/Oeiexktmni Vexs/ kxe lmael} tn he gnxe /nutwkxdl}/ xktfex tfki /urwkxdl}/ gnhmle, wmtf krxejexeice jnx aeermio tfemx lmje nrtmnis nrei xktfex tfki cnggmttmio tfegselzes tn nie rkxtmculkxckxeex rktf &Oxnii * Xkwlmios'Skikem, 8223-)Mi suggkx}, tfe ezmdeice nj k declmimio lezel nj mitexest mi tfe scfnnl rxmicmrklsfmr ms

cnitested, kid mt ms lmael} tfkt k xkioe nj cnitevtukl kid rexsnikl jkctnxs cnge mitn rlk} wfeirxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis kxe kdzextmsed) Tfese cngrlevmtmes sfnuld he tkaei mitn kccnuit h} egrln}exswfn kxe seeamio tn humld ckrkcmt} kgnio rnteitmkl scfnnl lekdexs) K /nie'smpe'jmts'klM/ krrxnkcfgk} int he tfe gnst ejjectmze wk} tn xemizeit scfnnl lekdexsfmr)K secnid lmgmtktmni nj tfe NECD &8226- xernxt ms mts xeluctkice tn cfklleioe tfe gkikoexmkl

rxkctmces wfmcf kxe k smoimjmckit ckuse nj stxess kgnio scfnnl lekdexs kid wfmcf cnitmiukll}dmstxkct tfeg jxng tfemx gnst mgrnxtkit xnle ' lekdmio tekcfmio kid lekximio) Sezexkl studmes nj tfecfkiomio xnle nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls mi _estexi cnuitxmes suooest tfkt tfe gk`nx ckuses njdmssktmsjkctmni kid stxess kgnio scfnnl rxmicmrkls kxe0 micxeksed lnckl smte gkikoegeit, micludmioolnhkl hudoetmio mi snge `uxmsdmctmnis1 micxeksed kccnuitkhmlmt} xe{umxegeits jxng egrln}miokutfnxmtmes, rkxtmculkxl} mi tfe dngkmi nj studeit kcfmezegeit1 kltexed xelktmnisfmrs wmtf tfe scfnnlcngguimt}, rkxtl} mijlueiced h} micxeksed scfnnl cfnmce1 kid k oeiexkl micxekse mi tmge kllncktedtn gkikoegeit kid rkrexwnxa cngrkxed tn tmge sreit ni educktmnikl lekdexsfmr &Oxnii, 82231Fkxoxekzes * Jmia, 8223, 82251 Stezeisni, 822:1 _fmtkaex, 8223-) Oxnii descxmhes tfe mgrkct njtfese cfkioes ks k iew jnxg nj /nccurktmnikl sexzmtude/ ni tfe rkxt nj scfnnl lekdexs wfexeh}0

) ) tfe xnle srkce nccurmed h} ki micugheit evrkids) ) tn sucf ki evteit tfkt kimicugheit hecnges xesrnismhle jnx ki kgnuit kid {uklmt} njwnxa nutrut, kid k dertf njegntmnikl kid cnoimtmze cnggmtgeit kid wnxa eiokoegeit tfkt gmoft rxezmnusl} fkzeheei degkided nj gnxe tfki nie rexsni) Gnxenzex, tfkt skge xnle micugheit/s pnie njdmscxetmni teids tn he cmxcugscxmhed kid xeoulkted, less h} tfe ieed tn nhe} tfe dmxectmzesnj k surexzmsnx} surexmnx tfki h} k jxkgewnxa nj tkxoet'dxmzei kccnuitkhmlmt}xe{umxegeits tmed mi tug tn ruhlmcl} kudmted rexjnxgkice'xelkted kid tkxoet'xelkted lezelsnj xeguiexktmni &Oxnii, 8223, r) ;52-)

Tfe NECD stud} eidnxses tfe zmew tfkt tfexe kxe evcessmze degkids ni scfnnl rxmicmrkls kidsuooests egrln}exs sfnuld gkae k cnicexted ejjnxt tn xejncus scfnnl lekdexsfmr mi tfe dmxectmni njsurrnxtmio tekcfmio kid lekximio) Fnwezex, tfe xernxt jklls sfnxt nj kxoumio jnx k juidkgeitklcfkioe mi tfe gkikoexmkl evrectktmnis rlkced ni scfnnl lekdexs) ]et juidkgeitkl xejnxgs kxeiecesskx} tn xezexse tfe tmdkl wkze nj gkikoexmklmsg tfkt fks swkgred scfnnl rxmicmrkls nzex tferkst twn deckdes)


11/13

Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnm Lekdexsfmr ;;

Mj scfnnl rxmicmrkls kxe tn he xemizeited ks lekdexs nj tekcfmio kid lekximio, tfemx egrln}exs rkxtmculkxl} lkxoe educktmni s}stegs ' sfnuld xezmew snge nj tfe gkikoexmkl rnlmc} xejnxgs njtferkst twn deckdes) Mssues tn he kddxessed miclude0 tfe deznlutmni nj kdgmimstxktmze juictmnis tnscfnnls1 tfe jmikicmkl kid educktmnikl kccnuitkhmlmt} xe{umxegeits mgrnsed ni scfnnls1 tfe wk} miwfmcf scfnnls kxe juided1 kid fnw scfnnl rexjnxgkice ms geksuxed kid xernxted) Mj tfese mssueskxe kddxessed wmtf tfe evrlmcmt ruxrnse nj xeducmio tfe znluge nj gkikoexmkl wnxa uidextkaei h}rxmicmrkls, tfe {uklmt} nj educktmni mi scfnnls ms lmael} tn mgrxnze) Mj rxmicmrkls cki he omzei gnxetmge tn deznte tn lekdmio tekcfmio kid lekximio, tfe mimtmktmzes rxnrnsed h} tfe NECD tn xemizeitscfnnl lekdexsfmr wmll fkze tfe gnst cfkice nj success)

CniclusmniNzex tfe rkst deckde mi Kustxklmk, gki} xesekxcf rkrexs kid xernxts fkze dncugeited ieoktmzeksrects nj tfe rxmicmrklsfmr tfkt xeznlze kxnuid fmof lezels nj wnxa'xelkted stxess) Tfe stxesskrrekxs tn he ckused h} tnn gucf wnxa, teismni hetweei t}res nj wnxa, sucf ks educktmnikllekdexsfmr zexsus gkikoegeit, kid tfe stxess nj wnxamio mi k /jmsfhnwl/ uidex tfe cxmtmckl e}e njrkxeits kid tfe gedmk) Tfe xesultkit stxess kid lnio fnuxs nj wnxa eiduxed h} scfnnl rxmicmrklsrxnzmde /evtxmismc kid zmsmhle/ ezmdeice tn scfnnl stkjj nj tfe ieoktmze ksrects nj rxmicmrkls/ wnxakid gk} tfexeh} cnitxmfute tn tfemx ieoktmze lekdexsfmr ksrmxktmnis kgnio rnteitmkl jutuxe lekdexs&Lkce}, 8228, r) MM-) Snge xesekxcfexs rnmit tn ki mgreidmio cxmsms mi scfnnl lekdexsfmr due tn kdeclmie mi tfe iugfex nj mitexested kid sumtkhle krrlmckits jnx rxmicmrkls/ rnsmtmnis) _fmle tfeezmdeice jnx tfms ms cnitested, tfe lezel nj stxess xernxted h} rxmicmrkls kid kssmstkit rxmicmrklscnuld he k detexxeit tn tfe rnnl nj rnteitmkl krrlmckits jnx lekdexsfmr rnsmtmnis, kid gk} hemijlueicmio tfe lezel nj mitexest mi rxmicmrkls/ `nhs, rkxtmculkxl} mi snge t}res nj scfnnls)

Tfe iktuxe nj tfe scfnnl rxmicmrkl/s xnle mi Kustxklmk xegkmis jncused ni gkikoegeit kt tfeevreise nj lekdexsfmr mi tekcfmio kid lekximio) Tfe xesultkit teismni hetweei tfe xnles nj gkikoexkid mistxuctmnikl lekdex ms k gk`nx snuxce nj nccurktmnikl stxess jnx Kustxklmki scfnnl lekdexs)Tfexe ms cngrellmio ezmdeice tfkt tfe xnle nj scfnnl rxmicmrkls fks cfkioed due tn micxeksedevrectktmnis nj gkikoegeit kt tfe evreise nj educktmnikl lekdexsfmr) Ks tfe NECD &8226- rnmitsnut, educktmnikl xesekxcf degnistxktes tfe cxmtmckl mgrnxtkice nj scfnnl lekdexs mi mgrxnzmiostudeit lekximio kid tfemx xnle ieeds tn he xe'dejmied mi texgs nj fkzmio ki evrlmcmt kid dmxectejject ni tfe {uklmt} nj tekcfmio kid lekximio mi tfemx scfnnls) Hut sucf k xe'dejmimtmni wmll int heejjectmze mi tfe khseice nj juidkgeitkl rnlmc} xejnxg tn xeduce tfe gkikoexmkl xesrnismhmlmtmeswfmcf inw nccur} micxeksmio rxnrnxtmnis nj scfnnl lekdexs/ tmge) Kustxklmk/s gkmi egrln}exs njscfnnl lekdexs ' stkte kid texxmtnx} onzexigeits ' wmll ieed tn kddxess mssues xelktmio tndeznlutmni, kccnuitkhmlmt}, juidmio kid rexjnxgkice geksuxegeit kid xernxtmio, hejnxe we ckixemizeit scfnnl lekdexsfmr kid xestnxe mt tn mts xmoftjul rnsmtmni ks k dxmzex nj fmof {uklmt} tekcfmiokid lekximio)


12/13

;8 Lnumse _ktsni

XejexeicesKUSTXKLMKI CNLLEOE NJ EDUCKTNXS) &822:- Evcelleice mi Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr0 Ki mssues rkrex) Rxerkxed h}tfe Kustxklmki Cnlleoe nj Educktnxs jnx tfe Kustxklmki Secnidkx} Rxmicmrkls/ Kssncmktmni) Kzkmlkhle nilmie ktfttr0..www)kustcnlled)cng)ku@midev,rfr>nrtmnn((,(cng^cniteit*tksa7zmew *; d788;?*Mtegmd((5:3)KUSTXKLMKI SECNIDKX] RXMICMRKLS/ KSSNCMKTMNI) &;===- Scfnnl Lekdexs0 Sfnxtkoe kid sumtkhmlmt} miKust@/nlmki ruhlmc scfnnls0 Rnlmc} rkrex) Kzkmlkhle nilmie kt0 fttr0..www)ksrk)ksi)[email protected]@3?.)HKXT], A), TFNGSNI, R), HLKCAGNXE, ;) * SKCFS, @) &8225- Uirkcamio tfe mssues0 Xesekxcfmio tfe sfnxtkoe njscfnnl rxmicmrkls mi twn stktes mi Kustxklmk, Tfe Kustxklmki Educktmnikl Xesekxcfex, 38&3-, Deceghex, rr, l ;6)HECAEX, R,E, * GNEI, R) &;===- Scklmio Hkca0 Dukl'Ekxiex Cnurles/ _nxa'Jkgml} Stxkteomes, @nuxikl nj Gkxxmkoe

kid tfe Jkgml}, :; &4-, Inzeghex, rr, ==5';22?,HLKCAGNXE, @( TFNGSNI, R) * HKXT], A) &822:- Rxmicmrkl selectmni) Fngnsncmkhmlmt}, tfe sekxcf jnx secuxmt} kidtfe rxnductmni nj inxgklmsed rxmicmrkl mdeitmtmes, Educktmnikl Gkikoegeit, Kdgmimstxktmni kid Lekdexsfmr,34&3-, rr) 8=?'3;?)CKLD_ELL, H@, &8222- Miinzktmni kid Khkidnigeit jnx Successjul Lekdexsfmr mi Scfnnls nj tfe Tfmxd Gmlleiimug,rkrex rxeseited kt tfe Cnijexeice nj tfe Iew Peklkid Rxmicmrkls/ Jedexktmni kid tfe Kustxklmki Rxmgkx}Rxmicmrkls/ Kssncmktmni, Celehxktmio Lekdexsfmr mitn tfe Tfmxd Gmlleiimug, Cfxmstcfuxcf, IP &@uie 8='32-,CNRLKID, G)K) &8223- Lekdexsfmr nj mi{umx}0 Humldmio kid sustkmimio ckrkcmt} jnx scfnnl mgrxnzegeit, EducktmniklEzkluktmni kid Rnlmc} Kikl}sms, 85&4-, rr, 3 ? 5 y 3 = 5 )CXEEGEXS, H)R )G) * XEEPMOT, O@, &;==:- Scfnnl lezel cnidmtmnis kjjectmio tfe ejjectmzeiess nj mistxuctmni, ScfnnlEjjectmzeiess kid Scfnnl Mgrxnzegeit, ?&3-,/ rr) ; = ? y 8 8 6 )D/KXHNI, T), DUMOIKI, R) * DUICKI, D@, &8228- Rlkiimio jnx jutuxe lekdexsfmr nj scfnnls0 Ki Kustxklmki stud},@nuxikl njEducktmnikl Kdgmimstxktmni) 42&5-, rr) 4 : 6 y 4 6 5 ,DERKXTGEIT NJ EDUCKTMNI KID TXKMIMIO) &8224- Tfe Rxmzmleoe kid tfe Rxmce0 K stud} n`rxmicmrkl clksswnxalnkd kid mts mgrkct ni fekltf kid wellhemio) Jmikl xernxt) Kuoust &Gelhnuxie0 Stkte nj]mctnxmk-)DERKXTGEIT NJ EDUCKTMNI ZMCTNXMK &822?- Tfe Dezelnrgeitkl Lekximio Jxkgewnxa `n x Scfnnl Lekdexs&Gelhnuxie0 DNE Zmctnxmk-OXNII, R) &8223- Tfe Iew _nxa n` Educktmnikl Lekdexs0 Cfkiomio lekdexsfmr rxkctmce mi ki exk n` scfnnl xejnxg&Cklmjnximk0 Skoe-)OXNII, R) * XK_LMIOS'SKIKEM, J) &8223- Rxmicmrkl xecxumtgeit mi k clmgkte nj lekdexsfmr dmseiokoegeit,Kustxklmki@nuxikl n`Educktmni, 4?&8-, Kuoust, rr) ;?8';64)FKLLMIOEX, R) * FECA, XH) &;==:- Xekssessmio tfe rxmicmrkl/s xnle mi scfnnl ejjectmzeiess0 k xezmew nj egrmxmcklxesekxcf, ;=62'=5, Educktmnikl Kdgmimstxktmni [ukxtexl}, 38&;-, rr) 5'44)FKXOXEKZES, K) * JMIA, D) &8223- Sustkmimio Lekdexsfmr0 &gkamio mgrxnzegeits mi educktmni- Rfm Deltk Akrrki)64&=-, Gk}, rr) :=3'?22)FKXOXEK]ES, K) * JMIA, D) &8225- Sustkmikhle Lekdexsfmr &USK0 @nsse}'Hkss-)LKCE], A) &8228- Uidexstkidmio Rxmicmrkl Clkss Lekdexsfmr Ksrmxktmnis0 Rnlmc} kid rlkiimio mgrlmcktmnis &XmoftKioles Cnisultmio jnx tfe Zmctnxmki Derkxtgeit nj Educktmni kid Txkmimio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr DezelnrgeitUimt-, @uie)LKCE], A) * OXNII, R) &822?- Lettmio On0 Jnxgex rxmicmrkls xejlect ni tfemx xnle evmt &Gelhnuxie0 Ceitxe jnx StxkteomcEducktmni-)LEMTF_NND, A), SEKSFNXE LNUMS, A), KIDEXSNI, S) * _KFLSTXNG, A) &8224- Fnw Lendksfmr MijlueicesStudeit Lekximio0 Lekximio jxng Lekdexsfmr Rxn`ect &Tfe _kllkce Jnuidktmni) Nilmie kt0fttr0..www)wkllkcejnuidktmni)nxolAinwledoeCeitex.AinwledoeTnrmcs.CuxxeitKxeksnjJncus.EducktmniLekdexsfmr.Rkoes.FnwLekdexsfmrMijlueicesStudeitLekximio)ksrv-)GCEET]K) &8224- Degkid kid Surrl} njRxmgkx} kid Secnidkx} Scfnnl Tekcfexs mi Kustxklmk0 Jull xernxt &CkxltniSnutf, Zmc0 GCEET]K-)NXOKIMSKTMNI JNX ECNINGMC CNNREXKTMNI * DEZELNRGEIT &NECD-) &8226- Mgrxnz1io Scfnnt

Lekdexsfmr &Rkxms0 NECD-)RKRK, @,X), JXKIA, C, LKIAJNXD, F) * _]CANJJ, @) &8228- Tfe Kttxmhutes kid Ckxeex Rktfs nj Rxmicmrkls0Mgrlmcktmnis `n x mgrxnzmio rnlmc})Gkxcf &I]0 Uimzexsmt} njKlhki}, SUI]-)


13/13

Mssues mi Xemizeitmio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr ;3

XNHMISNI Z)G)@) &822:- Ruttmio educktmni hkca mitn educktmnikl lekdexsfmr,Lekdmio kid Gkikomio, ;8&;-, rr) :8'?5)XNHMISNI Z)G@) &822?- Tfe Mgrkct njLekdexsfmr ni Studeit Nutcnges0 Gkamio seise nj tfe ezmdeice, rkrex rxeseitedtn KCEX Xesekxcf cnijexeice (Tfe Lekdexsfmr Cfklleioe0 Mgrxnzmio lekximio mi scfnnls(, Gelhnuxie &;8';4Kuoust-, Cnijexeice rxnceedmios, rr) ;8';?)SCFXKTP, G) * RETPNLD, A) &822?- mgrxnzmio Scfnnl Lekdexsfmr0 Ckuitl} hkcaoxnuid xernxt.nx Kustxmk, Gkxcf&Rkxm( NECD-)SFERFEXD, H) &8224- Tfe _eljkxe njRxmgkx} Scfnnl Lekdexs) Iktmnikl Suxze} ' @uie.@ul} 8224 &Kustxklmki Rxmgkx}Rxmicmrkls/ Kssncmktmni Mic) ' wehsmte0 fttr0..www)krrk)ksi)ku@-)STEZEISNI, F) &822:- Gnzmio tnwkxds, mitn kid tfxnuof rxmicmrklsfmr0 Dezelnrmio k jxkgewnxa tnx xesekxcfmio tfeckxeex txk`ectnxmesnj scfnnl lekdexs, @nuxikl njEducktmnikl Kdgmimstxktmni, 44&4-, rr) 426K82)TEKCFMIO KUSTXKLMK &8226k- Iktmnikl Rxnjessmnikl Stkidkxds jnx Kdzkiced Tekcfmio kid jnx R x m i c m r k l y @ SecnidCnisultktmni Rkrex) Gk} &Ckihexxk0 Tekcfmio Kustxklmk-)TEKCFMIO KUSTXKLMK &8226h- Iktmnikl Rxnjessmnikl Stkidkxds jnx Kdzkiced Tekcfmio kid jnx Rxmicmrkls) SecnidCnisultktmniGk} 8226) Xernxt ni Xesrnises &Ckihexxk0 Tekcfmio Kustxklmk-)_KTEXS, T), GKXPKIN, X)@) * GCIULT], H) &8223- HklkicedLekdexsfmr0 _fkt 32 ]ekxs njxesekxcf tells us khnut

tfe ejject nj lekdexsfmr ni studeit kcfmezegeit) _nxamio Rkrex, &Kuxnxk, CN0 Gmd'cnitmieit Xesekxcf jnxEducktmni kid Lekximio-)_FMTKAEX, A)S) &8223- Rxmicmrkl xnle cfkioes kid mijlueice ni rxmicmrkl xecxumtgeit kid selectmni0 Ki mitexiktmniklrexsrectmze, @nuxikl njEducktmnikl Kdgmimstxktmni, 4;&;-, rr) 3?'54)_MITEX, R)K) * GNXOEITFKL, @)X) &8228- Rxmicmrkl xecxumtgeit mi k xejnxg eizmxnigeit0 Ejjects nj scfnnl

kcfmezegeit kid scfnnl lezel ni krrlmckit kttxkctmni tn tfe`nh, Educktmnikl Kdgmimstxktmni [ukxtexl} 36&3-,Kuoust, rr) 3;='342)

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