it all started with an invention…

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It all started with an invention…. • The first microscope – Sacharias Jansen, 1595, Middleburg, Holland – It launched great leaps in Astronomy and Biology. – Some of the first great observations with it were made by…

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It all started with an invention…. The first microscope Sacharias Jansen, 1595, Middleburg, Holland It launched great leaps in Astronomy and Biology. Some of the first great observations with it were made by…. Robert Hooke (1635-1703). Designed microscopes Discovered and documented - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: It all started with an invention…

It all started with an invention….• The first microscope

– Sacharias Jansen, 1595, Middleburg, Holland

– It launched great leaps in Astronomy and Biology.

– Some of the first great observations with it were made by…

Page 2: It all started with an invention…

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

– Designed microscopes

– Discovered and documented

the first “cells” in 1665• Named them after the

cells in which a monk sleeps.

From: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html

Page 3: It all started with an invention…

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A tradesman from Holland who became fascinated with Hooke’s bookDiscovered bacteria, protists, sperm

cells, blood cells, nematodes, etc.Became an expert lens grinder and

made over 500 simple microscopesAcute eyesight and lens grinding

skill let him build microscopes that were capable of 200X magnification

Page 4: It all started with an invention…

Cell Theory1838 Mattias Schleiden stated that

all plant tissues consisted of cells1839 Theodore Schwann stated that

all animal tissues consisted of cellsEach conjectured that there was a

nucleus1858 Rudolf Virchow combined the

two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory

Page 5: It all started with an invention…

Rudolf Virchow 1858

Cell Theory• All living things are

composed of one or more cells

• In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function.

• All cells are produced only from existing cells.

Page 6: It all started with an invention…

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Page 7: It all started with an invention…

Prokaryotic Cells primitive, ‘before kernal’

- NO NUCLEUS Lack internal membranes (no “membrane-bound” organelles) Genetic material: single, circular DNA molecule suspended in the cytoplasm

Ex. Bacteria (such as Anthrax or E. coli)

Microscopic, single-celled organisms

Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)

Page 8: It all started with an invention…

Unicellular (one) vs. Multicellular (many)Unicellular: Single-Celled Most common forms of

life on Earth. Carry out all functions

of Life. Bacteria Amoeba Paramecium

Page 9: It all started with an invention…

Unicellular (one) vs. Multicellular (many)Multicellular Larger organisms. Different cells have

specialized functions, together making a complete organism. Human Spider Jellyfish

Visit a “Tour of the Cell” at:video

Page 10: It all started with an invention…

Cell Membrane: “Security Gate” Surrounds the cell Controls movement of

materials into and out of cell

Page 11: It all started with an invention…

Nucleus: Controls the functions of the

cell (the brain) Includes the following:

Nuclear Envelope (Membrane): Controls movement into and out of the nucleus

Nuclear Pore: holes where movement takes place

Page 12: It all started with an invention…

Nucleus:

Nucleolus: Dark area inside nucleus, believed to be for making RNA and ribosomes

Chromatin: Genetic Material (DNA) which is organized into structures called chromosomes during cell division.

Page 13: It all started with an invention…

Cytoplasm:

remainder of the contents of the cell consisting of: Cytosol:liquid

environment Cytoskeleton: network

of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell and anchors its organelles and serves as a “track” for them to move on. Crisscrosses the cytoplasm

Page 14: It all started with an invention…

Mitochondria: “Powerhouse”

Provides energy for cell. Converts food to usable energy for cell.

Have their own ribosomes and DNA.

Page 15: It all started with an invention…

Golgi Apparatus (Complex): “packaging and distributing center”

Stack of membrane-enclosed spaces. Process/Sorts/Packages protein/lipids for distribution within the cell

and export out of the cell. Proteins/lipids come from endoplasmic reticulum.

Page 16: It all started with an invention…

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): (Highway) Set of

channels…aids in movement of molecules inside the cell.

Rough ER: Ribosomes found on

surface. Smooth ER:

No ribosomes on surface.

Page 17: It all started with an invention…

Ribosome (4d):

(Factory) Makes proteins and is found in the cytosol or on the ER.

Page 18: It all started with an invention…

Vacuole: “Storage Tanks”

Fluid filled sack. Stores water, food

molecules, ions and enzymes.

Animal cells contain many small vacuoles.

Plant cells contain a large central vacuole…we will be talking about this more later…

Page 19: It all started with an invention…

Lysosomes: “Suicide Sacs/Recycling Centers”

Carry enzymes to destroy cellular waste. Break down damaged/worn

out cell parts. Engulf/digest targeted molecules

Defend cell from invading bacteria/viruses

Once thought to be only in animal cells, but exist minimally in plant cells.

Membrane protects cell from enzymes.

Page 20: It all started with an invention…

Plant Cell

Page 21: It all started with an invention…

Plant Cells:

Cell Wall: Gives cells shape and

support and provides protection.

Found in algae, fungi and most bacteria too.

contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles) as well as:

Page 22: It all started with an invention…

Plant Cells:

Chloroplast: (green) Changes sun’s energy into

food. Also in green algae.

contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles) as well as:

Page 23: It all started with an invention…

Plant Cells:

Central Water Vacuole: Single, large water filled

vacuole in the middle of the cell.

Strengthen cells and provide support for plant.

Contains toxins to harm plant predators, waste products and pigment for color (petals).

contain all of the previous organelles (except centrioles) as well as:

Page 24: It all started with an invention…

Animal Cell

Page 25: It all started with an invention…

Animal Cells contain all of the previous organelles plus:

Centrioles: 2 cylindrical organelles (together called a centrosome)

Formed by hollow protein fibers called microtubules (part of the cytoskeleton)

Produce microtubules that aid in moving chromosomes during cell division.

Found in animals and algae only but not in all animal cells.

Video tour of cell