it in business - lect_2

8/8/2019 IT in Business - Lect_2

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IT in Business

Essentials of Computing

Lecture ± 02



2

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationDefinition

C omputer: An electronic system that can beinstructed to accept, process, store, and present

data and information.

C omputer System: A computer and all the hardwareinterconnected with it. ± Hardware

± Programs ± Information

± People

± Procedures



3

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationDefinition ( C ontinued)



4

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are

Hardware (computer hardware or devices):

The computer and its associated equipment. ± Input devices

± Processors

± Output devices

± Secondary storage devices



5

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are ( C ontinued)



6

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationHardw are ( C ontinued)



7

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationI nput Devices

I nput: The data or information entered into acomputer or the process of entering data or information into the computer for processing,

storage and retrieval, or transmission.

± Keyboards

± Point-of-sale terminals

± Mouse ± Image scanners

± Bar code scanners and wands

± Microphones



9

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationThe Processor ( C ontinued)

System Board ( M ot her Board): The system

unit in a microcomputer, located on a boardmounted on the bottom of a computer base.

Primary Stor age ( M ain M emory): Storage

within the computer itself. Primary memory

holds data only temporarily, as the computer

executes instructions.



10

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationOutput Devices

Output: The results of inputting and

processing data and information returned bythe computer, either directly to the personusing the system or to secondary storage. ± Printer

± Direct a display

± Control another device

± Generate sounds

± Initiate transmission of information



11

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices

Second ary Stor age (Auxi l i ary Stor age): A storage

medium that is external to the computer, but that canbe read by the computer; a way of storing data and

information outside the computer itself.

± Diskettes

± Zip Disks

± Hard Disks

± Optical Disks

± Magnetic Tape



12

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices ( C ontinued)

M agnetic Disks: A general term referring to twotypes of storage disk: the flexible/floppy disk and the

hard disk.

Z ip Disks: Similar to diskettes, but housed in a hardplastic case. These disks can store 70 to 175 times moreand can store and retrieve data more quickly thandiskettes.

R ead Onl y: A type of disk that information can be readfrom but not written onto.



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Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationSecond ary Stor age Devices ( C ontinued)

CD-ROM disk: Short for ³compact disk ± read

only memory,´ an optical storage mediumthat permits storage of large amounts of

information. CD-ROM disks can only be

written to and cannot be erased.

Drive: The device containing a secondary

storage medium¶s read/write unit.



14

Hardwar e: Computing, Stor ing and CommunicationPeripher al Equipments

Peripher al Equipment: A general term used

for any device that is attached to a computer system.



15

Pr og

rams: In ch

ar ge of the

Hardwar eDefinition

Softw are: The general term for a set of instructions that controlsa computer or a communications network.

Progr am: A set of instructions that directs a computer toperform certain tasks and produce certain results.

C ommunic ation Progr am: A program that manages the

interaction between a computer system and a communicationsnetwork and the transmission of data, programs, andinformation over the network.



16

Pr og

rams: In ch

ar ge of the

Hardwar eDefinition ( C ontinued)

O per ating System: A combination of programs thatcoordinates the actions of a computer, including its

peripheral devices and memory. For example, DOS(Disk Operating System), and Windows.

Gr a phic User I nterf ace ( GU I ): A link to an operatingsystem that allows users to use icons rather than

command words to start processing.

I nterf ace: The means by which a person interactswith a computer.



17

Pr og

rams: In ch

ar ge of the

Hardwar eSoftw are P ack age

Softw are P ack age: An application that

focuses on a particular subject, such as wordprocessing, and is sold to businesses andthe general public.

Document

ation: An instruction manual thataccompanies software. Also, a technical,

detailed written description of the specificfacts of a program.



18

Pr og

ra

ms: In char

ge of theHardwar

eSoftw are P ack age ( C ontinued)

Spreadsheet: A table of columns and rows used bypeople responsible for tracking revenues, expenses,

profits, and losses.

W ord - processing ( W P) Progr am: A program thatallows the user to enter, change (edit), move, store,and print text information.

Desktop Publ ishing ( DT P) Progr am: A program thatcombines text and image-handling features withdocument-design capabilities.



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Infor mation: Reason for using ITDefinition

I nformation: An organized, meaningful, and useful interpretationof data.

± Data ± Text

± Sound

± Images

Dat a: Raw facts, figures, and details.

Spoken I nformation: Information that is conveyed by sound.



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Infor mation: Reason for using ITDefinition ( C ontinued)



21

People: User & Cr eator s of IT ApplicationUser

User (End User): The people who uses IT in

their jobs or personal lives. ± Hands-on users

± Indirect end users

± User managers

± Senior managers



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People: User & Cr eator s of IT ApplicationI nformation T ec hnol ogy Professional s

Information Technology Professional: A person whois responsible for acquiring, developing, maintaining,

or operating the hardware associated withcomputers and communications networks. ± Programmers

± Systems Analysts

± System Designers

± Web Designers

± Project Managers

± Network Specialists

± Trainers

± Computer Operators



23

Pr ocedur e: Pr ocesses to Use & Maintain IT

Procedures

Procedure: A step-by-step process or a set of

instructions for accomplishing specificresults.

± Operations

± Backup and Recovery

± Security ± Development



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Procedures ( C ontinued)



25



Operations Procedure: A procedure that describeshow a computer system or application is used, how

often it can be used, who is authorized to use it, andwhere the results of processing should go.

Backup Procedure: A procedure that describes howand when to make extra copies of information or

software to protect against losses.

R ecovery Procedure: An action taken wheninformation or software must be restored.



26



Security Procedure: A procedure designed tosafeguard data centers, communications networks,

computers, and other IT components from accidentalintrusion or intentional damage.

Security Softw are: Software that is designed toprotect systems and data.

Devel opment Procedure: A procedure that explainshow IT professionals should describe user needsand develop applications to meet those needs.



27

An Intr oduction to Systems

Definition

System: A set of components that interact to

accomplish a purpose.

Sing l e-User System (Personal C omputer):

An IT system used by only one person. A

system that stands alone and is notinterconnected with other companies or

shared by other people.



28

An Intr oduction to Systems

Definition ( C ontinued)

M ul ti -user System: A communication system

in which more than one user share hardware,programs, information, people, andprocedures. ± To share a computer

± To share hardware

± To share software

± To share information

± To share communications



29

Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions

Capture

± Input ± Upload/Download

Upl oading: The process by which information is sent

from a PC to a mainframe.

Downl oading: The transfer of information from a central

system to a desktop computer.



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Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions (Continued)

Processing

± Compute ± Update

Batc h Processing: The grouping and processing of alltransactions at one time.

R eal-time Processing: The processing of eachtransaction as it occurs.

± Classify

± Sort

± Summarize



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Infor mation Pr ocessingI nformation Processing Activities Associated with I nformation-handling Functions

Generate ± Output

± Issue

Storage and Retrieval ± Inquire

± Store

± Retrieve

Transmit



The End

Thank You

it in business - lect_2

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