JUN

20

11

It is the time for us to upgrade our Energy Service Level 是時候提升我們的能源服務水平 The Building Energy Efficiency Ordinance (BEEO) was gazetted in December 2010, and it would be fully implemented in 2012. Under the BEEO, existing buildings are also required to enhance energy efficiency when undergoing major retrofitting works. The common areas of commercial buildings are required to carry out energy audits once every 10 years. It would be a huge market to our industry, especially for Energy Services Companies (ESCOs), in the years ahead because of the large numbers of existing commercial buildings in Hong Kong.

Features 今期特寫

p12

p13p12

As one of the leading ESCOs in Hong Kong, we have been performing Building Energy Services to various type of commercial buildings for more than 10 years, and would like to advocate that our industry upgrade the quality of our Energy Services in the following aspects:

1. From Direct Equipment Replacement to Whole System Optimization

There is almost no risk involved in replacing existing facilities, i.e. light bulbs, pumps and chillers, etc., one to one with the same size/capacity. However, should we seek a broader view of the whole system by providing overall building energy optimization?

2. From Solely First Cost Bidding to Life Cycle Cost Assessment

Nowadays, the First Cost Bidding policy is embedded so deep that i t has even penetrated Energy Performance Contracting. Should we take this opportunity to alert our customers, who ultimately benefit from a minimum Total Life Cycle Cost System?

3. From promising the Degree of Comfort to Improving Facility Quality for the Building’s Users

Have you ever hea rd about some “ t r i cky” suggestions that appear in Energy Audit Reports, such as “Cut the air-conditioning or lighting supply after 6:00 pm” and “Raise the indoor temperature setting to 26oC or above”? Of course, it works. However, should we strive to cut the energy bill, but at the same time not scarify the Quality Services that originally offered building users the services?

4. From One-off Energy Measurement to a Continuous Control & Monitoring System

Energy saving is a continuous battle and as new

technologies keep emerging, a well-organized energy consumption database is surely an inevitable, and sustainable weapon of future improvement.

5. From Short-term Retrofitting Working Contractor to Long-term Services Partner

The ultimate objective of an ESCO is not to remain just as one of the subcontractors but to develop as a long-term business partner. Do you have the quality of a Good Partner of Choice?

Below, we would like to show you a successful job for an Energy Improvement Project, “Festival Walk”. It is a self-explanatory case to demonstrate the above five key elements.

Background After the replacement of closed loop radiators to open loop cooling towers in the condensing water loop a number of years ago in this building, the customer decided to go further by calling for an open energy tender to improve the COP of the HVAC system in 2006. It was a Design and Build tender, and all the invited ESCOs were welcome to provide their own innovative proposals to increase the energy efficiency for the HVAC system.

First, an energy audit was performed for the captioned HVAC system at the beginning of the project. The existing plant consists of five sets of 1,600TR R134a water cooled centrifugal chillers and one set of 300TR R134a water cooled screw chiller serving both the shopping arcade and office tower, and they have been operating since the opening of the building. Understanding the existing chillers’ performance was critical, since the chillers consume a decent amount of electrical energy. The loading profile was reviewed to check whether the existing chillers’ configuration matched, otherwise a redesign of chiller configuration would be required. By using our energy software, the Trane Trace 700 plant analyzer, different chiller configurations could be input to the software for simulation against the baseline system energy consumption. By changing different chiller sizing and control strategies, it was shown that system energy optimization would be met by operating three sets of 1,300TR high-efficiency R123 water cooled centrifugal chillers and one set of 300TR R134a water cooled screw chiller, and that this configuration would be able to cover 99% of the load profile throughout a year.

In addition, by adopting the latest HVAC control technologies, namely variable primary flow (VPF) and chiller tower optimization (CTO), water-pumping energy

Features 今期特寫

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

2

400,000

800,000

1,200,000

1,600,000

2,000,000

028 9 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7

kWh

Month

Monthly Units Consumed in 2006 for Main Chiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Actual Units Consumed

Simulated Baseline

• Simulated < Actual • Baseline on conservative side

Actual Monthly Units Consumed in 2009-2010 VS 2006 for MainChiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Before

After

Actual annual saving

= 4.83 million kWh

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

Month

kWh

0

400,000

2,000,000

1,600,000

1,200,000

800,000

Actual Monthly Max. kVA in 2009-2010 VS 2006

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

kVA

Month

18 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Remarks:TRACE 700 complies with Performance Rating Method of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 for LEED analysis, and was the first simulation software approved by the IRS for energy-savings certification (EPAct). TRACE is also tested in compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140–2004.

BONUS SAVINGSMax. Demand ChargesSavings= HKD 1 M p.a.

Before

After

Before

• 3 sets 1600 Tons R134a chiller• 1 set 300 Tons chiller• Old generation chiller plant control system

After

• 3 sets 1300 Tons R123 chiller• 1 set 300 Tons chiller• New generation chiller plant control system• Variable frequency drive for pumps

Monthly Units Consumed in 2006 for Main Chiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)2006年主冷水機房每月用電度數（根據2個高壓電錶）

2006年主冷水機房每月用電度數(根據2個高壓電錶)

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

3

could be saved. The VPF system was introduced to save chilled water pumping energy consumption. The VPF system separates the pump control from chiller sequencing, with the pump control designed to deliver adequate chilled water supply to the chilled water loop. On the other hand, the chiller sequencing ensures that the chiller makes the water cold enough to meet the cooling demand. To achieve so, the existing primary-secondary pump system was modified. The new VPF system eliminates the existing primary constant-flow chiller pumps and uses the existing secondary variable-flow pumps to circulate water throughout the entire chilled water loop. CTO was another control strategy introduced for the chiller plant with the objective to control and optimize the operation of the cooling tower and chiller system. The CTO program can determine the optimum cooling tower leaving-water set-point that allows for the lowest possible system energy use for both the tower and chiller. Since it is a dynamic value that varies over time and depending upon the system cooling load and real-time ambient wet bulb temperature, the CTO program can provide a solution and algorithms to calculate dynamically the cooling tower leaving-water set-point.

In Summary: Following intensive review of the existing plant conditions and energy simulations, a total energy solution proposal was subsequently put in place to convert the existing system to a more efficient system with the following features:

• High efficiency chiller • Chiller plant control • Variable primary flow (VPF) system • Cooling tower optimization (CTO) control strategies • Full maintenance service for the HVAC equipment

The solutions we provided to our customer helped it to achieve annual savings of up to 3.8MWh, with a payback period of less than five years, and without interfering with their plant operation schedule or compromising the thermal comfort of the tenants.

Although we were not the lowest first cost service provider, we were appointed mainly due to our “whole system approach”, which offered the largest energy savings. More importantly, we have developed a long-term business relationship with our customer.

400,000

800,000

1,200,000

1,600,000

2,000,000

028 9 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7

kWh

Month

Monthly Units Consumed in 2006 for Main Chiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Actual Units Consumed

Simulated Baseline

• Simulated < Actual • Baseline on conservative side

Actual Monthly Units Consumed in 2009-2010 VS 2006 for MainChiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Before

After

Actual annual saving

= 4.83 million kWh

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

Month

kWh

0

400,000

2,000,000

1,600,000

1,200,000

800,000

Actual Monthly Max. kVA in 2009-2010 VS 2006

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

kVA

Month

18 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Remarks:TRACE 700 complies with Performance Rating Method of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 for LEED analysis, and was the first simulation software approved by the IRS for energy-savings certification (EPAct). TRACE is also tested in compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140–2004.

BONUS SAVINGSMax. Demand ChargesSavings= HKD 1 M p.a.

Before

After

400,000

800,000

1,200,000

1,600,000

2,000,000

028 9 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7

kWh

Month

Monthly Units Consumed in 2006 for Main Chiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Actual Units Consumed

Simulated Baseline

• Simulated < Actual • Baseline on conservative side

Actual Monthly Units Consumed in 2009-2010 VS 2006 for MainChiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)

Before

After

Actual annual saving

= 4.83 million kWh

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

2006 Units Consumed

2009-2010 UnitsConsumed

Month

kWh

0

400,000

2,000,000

1,600,000

1,200,000

800,000

Actual Monthly Max. kVA in 2009-2010 VS 2006

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

kVA

Month

18 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Remarks:TRACE 700 complies with Performance Rating Method of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 for LEED analysis, and was the first simulation software approved by the IRS for energy-savings certification (EPAct). TRACE is also tested in compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140–2004.

BONUS SAVINGSMax. Demand ChargesSavings= HKD 1 M p.a.

Before

After

Features 今期特寫

Actual Monthly Units Consumed in 2009-2010 VS 2006 for Main Chiller Plant (By 2 HV Meters)2009-2010年主冷水機房實際每月用電度數與2006年數據比較

Actual Monthly Max. kVA in 2009-2010 VS 20062009-2010年實際每月最高kVA（千伏安）與2006年數據比較

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

4

《建築物能源效益條例》於2010年12月正式刊憲，並將於2012年全面實施。根據條例，現有建築物在進行大型翻新工程時必須提升能源效益。此外，按照規定，商業樓宇的公用地方必須每10年進行一次能源審計。由於香港現時有大量商業樓宇，因此未來數年，我們業界特別是能源服務公司（ESCO）必將擁有龐大商機。

作為本港能源服務公司的其中一員，我們一直為各類商業樓宇提供完善的建築物能源服務，至今已累積了十多年經驗。現在，我們建議業界提升能源服務水平，特別是針對以下範疇：

1. 由直接一對一設備更換，提升為整個系統的優化 更換現有設施例如燈膽、水泵及冷水機組等，如按相同

體積或效能一換一地進行，差不多毫無風險。然而，我們是否應對整個系統作出宏觀檢討，以提升建築物的整體能源效益？

2. 由「最低初次成本投標者」，提升為「生命周期成本」 今天，「最低初次成本投標」政策已根深柢固，甚至已

滲入能源管理合約當中。我們是否應該把握機會，讓客戶採納最底全生命周期成本制度？畢竟，最低的生命周期成本最終會令客戶成為最大的受惠者。

3. 由對「舒適程度」妥協，提升為給客戶帶來更佳的「設施質量」

在能源審計報告上，你可曾遇過一些「取巧」建議？例如「晚上6時後大幅削減空調或照明服務」以及「把室內溫度設定於26度或以上」等等?當然，這些是可行的節能方法。然而，我們是否應該在節省能源的同時，也要維持大廈使用者原先享有的優質服務？

4. 由一次性能源審計，提升為持續監控的系統 節能是一場持久戰役。隨著科技日新月異，一個管理良

好的能耗量資料庫已是不可或缺。此外，有關資料庫亦可為日後改善工程提供重要參考。

5. 由作為短期的翻新工程承辦商，提升為長期的服務夥伴 能源服務公司的經營宗旨，不只是擔當普通的承包商，

還有與客戶發展長期的業務夥伴關係。你是否具備優良實力，成為客戶的首選夥伴？

我們將於下文介紹「又一城」工程項目，以闡述一項能源改善工程如何取得成功。這個案例很有代表性，符合了上述五大要素。

背景 數年前，我們為又一城的冷卻水環路進行更換工程，把密閉式散熱器更換為開放式冷卻塔。其後，客戶決定更進一步，於2006年就改善暖通空調系統的性能系數進行能源工程招標。該項招標工程包括設計與建造，而所有獲邀投標的能源服務公司均歡迎提交創新方案，以提升暖通空調的能源效益。

首先，在著手處理這個項目時，我們對有關的暖通空調系統進行了能源審計。有關機房包含了五台1,600冷噸 R134a水冷離心式冷水機組以及一台300冷噸R134a水冷螺杆式冷水機組，負責服務商場及寫字樓。這些設備自建築物啟用以來一直運作不停。由於冷水機組的耗電量處於可接受水平，我們認為現有冷水機組的性能才是問題癥結。我們檢討了機組的負載型態，查驗現有冷水機組的配置是否恰當；如不恰當，我們便須重新設計冷水機組的配置。我們運用了特靈的能源軟件Trace 700 plant analyzer，以便輸入不同冷水機組配置進行模擬，而有關數據將與基線系統的耗電量進行比較。透過變換不同冷水機組的體積及控制策略，我們發現，如要優化系統的耗電量，我們需要三台1,300冷噸高效能R123水冷離心式冷水機組以及一台300冷噸R134a水冷螺杆式冷水機組。這個配置將能夠滿足全年99%的負載型態。

另外，透過運用最先進的暖通空調控制技術，即一次泵變流量（VPF）及冷卻塔最佳化（CTO），我們可節省水泵電力。引入VPF系統，將可節省循環冷水泵的耗電量；而且VPF系統可把水泵控制與冷水機組排序獨立分開，使水泵控制專門負責向冷水環路供應充足冷水。另外，冷水機組排序程式，可確保冷水機組的水溫夠低，符合製冷需求。為此，我們必須修改現有的二次泵系統。全新的VPF系統省卻了現有的一次恒流冷水機泵，並使用現有的二次可變流量水泵推動整個冷水環路的冷水循環。CTO是為此冷水機組引入的另一種控制策略，目標是控制及優化冷卻塔及冷水機組系統的運作。CTO程式可計算出最佳的冷卻塔出水設定，使冷卻塔及冷水機組達致最低的系統耗電量。由於它是一個動態數值，會隨時間轉變，並取決於系統的冷負荷以及實時的環境濕球溫度。因此，CTO程式可作為一種解決方案，讓我們利用運算法則動態地計算出冷卻塔的出水設定。

總結： 在仔細檢查現有機房狀況並進行多次能源模擬後，我們建議了一個總體能源方案，藉此把現有系統改造成高效能系統，當中包括以下特點：• 高效能冷水機組 • 冷水機房控制 • 一次泵變流量（VPF）系統 • 冷卻塔最佳化（CTO）控制策略 • 為暖通空調設備提供全面保養服務

我們向客戶提供的方案，每年可節省電力達3.8MWh（兆瓦小時），回本期更少於五年，也不影響租戶所享有的舒適溫度和工作時間。

儘管我們標書所呈報的初次成本不是最低，但我們仍獲得委任，主要原因是我們的整體系統帶來了最大的節能效果。更重要的是，我們能跟客戶建立了長期的業務合作關係。

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

5

Hong Kong Air-conditioning Parts Centre has been appointed as the distributor by the Air Products and Controls of the U.S. for its full range products. The SL-701 Duct-mounted Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detector and SL-2000-P Duct Smoke Detector are the latest innovative products which made in USA, for the detection of CO and smoke in air ducts of HVAC applications.

香港冷氣配件中心新增代理美國品牌Air Products and Controls一系列管道探測器產品。SL-701管道一氧化碳探測器及SL-2000-P管道煙霧探測器為創新設計產品，均由美國製造，能探測暖通空調系統內管道的一氧化碳和煙霧流動情況。

Product Introduction 產品介紹

Air Products and Controls Duct Detectors管道探測器

SL-2000-P Duct Smoke DetectorSL-2000-P管道煙霧探測器

SL-701 Duct Mounted CO DetectorSL-701管道一氧化碳探測器

Features and Specifications• CO Detector: UL2075/2034 (Life Safety) and OSHA (IAQ) Listed• Duct Smoke Detector: UL, CUL, CSFM, and MEA Listed• Operating Voltages: 230VAC, 115VAC, 24VAC, 24VDC • Air Velocity: 100 to 4000 ft. /min.; 0 to 2,000 ft. /min.• Ambient Temperature: CO detector – 0˚C ~ 70˚C Smoke detector – 0˚C ~ 60˚C• Compatible with Building Automation and Combination CO / Fire Alarm

Systems• “Hidden” Self-test every 24 hours• No additional screens or filters to clean • Interconnect up to 30 units for common functions• Compatible with WP-2000 weatherproof enclosure• Patented “No-Tools Required” front or rear loading and removing sampling /

exhaust tubes

功能及規格• 管道一氧化碳探測器已獲認受UL2075/2034（安全性）及OSHA（室內空氣質素）• 管道煙霧探測器已獲認受UL,CUL,CSFM,及MEA• 操作電壓:230VAC,115VAC,24VAC,24VDC• 風速:100to4000ft./min.;0to2,000ft./min.• 環境溫度：一氧化碳探測器—0ºC~70ºC 煙霧探測器—0ºC~60ºC• 適用於樓宇自動化及消防警報系統• 每24小時隱藏式自我測試• 不需額外屏幕或清洗過濾網• 常用功能的互聯單位多達30個• 適用於WP-2000防水外殼•「無需工具」專利設計，容易安裝

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

6

Produced in mainland China, Trane’s new generation RTAC air-cooled screw chiller utilises R134a refrigerant with a cooling capacity of 140-375 tons. The chiller sets itself apart with high reliability, a low level of noise, and a shorter delivery lead time compared with that of French- and US-made chillers. Trane’s new chiller is widely used in factories, hospitals and commercial buildings.

特靈新一代中國製造的RTAC風冷螺杆式冷水機組，採用R134a冷媒，冷量由140至375冷噸，可靠性高及低噪音，付運其較法國及美國的貨期為短。廣泛應用於工廠、醫院及商業樓宇。

The Tracer UC400 Controller is a multi-purpose, programmable device that offers highly efficient equipment control. Field or factory programmed and installed, it can be adapted to a wide range of equipment, including single and dual-duct VAV units, fan coil units, water-source heat pumps or any other application requiring application flexibility and performance. The Tracer UC400 is fully configurable and programmable to meet unique sequence or hardware needs. Its input/output capacity can be adapted through extension modules, offering large flexibility in input/output count.

Tracer UC400是一個用以提升控制機組效率的可編程式及多功能控制器，它可於現場工地或出廠前安裝已編程式，廣泛適用於單一及雙管道變風量末端裝置、風機盤管、水源熱泵及其他指定應用系統，並提高靈活及表現性。Tracer UC400的硬件能完全滿足特有串連的已編程式及可編程式，透過模件伸延，可增加其輸入/輸出點的擴展能力。

RTAC Air-cooled Screw ChillerRTAC 風冷螺杆式冷水機組

Tracer UC400 ControllerTracer UC400控制器

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

7

Knowledge and Handling of Refrigerant冷媒的認識與處理Refrigerant, also known as “seed of snow” or “cooling agent”, is a chemical that changes its state easily (i.e. from liquid to gas, or from gas to liquid). When it changes its state, heat will be absorbed or released.

A compressor drives the circulation of refrigerant. When the condenser releases heat, gaseous refrigerant will become liquefied refrigerant due to a drop in temperature. However, when liquefied refrigerant flows into an evaporator via the expansion valve, it will become gaseous refrigerant and carry out the heat absorption function. Since refrigerant can transfer heat efficiently, it has been used in air-conditioning for over 100 years, and has been widely utilizing in both residential and commercial air-conditioning systems.

Basically, refrigerants can be divided into two categories, namely non- environmentally friendly ones (CFC, R12, R11 and HCFC R22, which have been banned from import) and environmentally friendly ones (HCFC R123, HFC R134a, R407c and R410a).

Types of common refrigerants:Refrigerants used in air-conditioning are generally of two types, namely single component refrigerants and blended refrigerants (Fig. 1).

1 Single component refrigerantConsisting of a single kind of refrigerant, e.g. R134a, R22 and R123.

2 Blended refrigerantConsisting of two or three kinds of refrigerants, e.g. R410a, R404a and R407c.R410a composition: 50% of R32 and 50% of R125R404a composition: 44% of R125, 52% of R143 and 4% of R134aR407c composition: 23% of R32, 25% of R125 and 52% of R134a

Since different types of refrigerants have different boiling points, single component refrigerants can be charged and recovered either in liquid or gas state, whereas blended refrigerants must be charged in a liquid state and full

recovery must be done by completing the liquefied and gaseous recovery procedures.

If we handle a blended refrigerant without following the above procedures, the ratio among the refrigerant’s components will be changed, which in turn alters the refrigerant’s quality and original chemical composition, affecting the operation and cooling efficiency of an air-conditioning system (Fig. 2). In addition, different types of refrigerants require different lubricants. Incorrect use of lubricant will severely damage the compressor, and therefore one must refer to the instructions of the chiller maker when choosing lubricant. Safe handling of refrigerantsDifferent refrigerants work under different pressures, and therefore in the pressure point of view, refrigerants can be categorized into low-pressure refrigerants (e.g. R123), high-pressure refrigerants (e.g. R134a, R22 and R407c) and ultra-high-pressure refrigerants (e.g. R410a).

Take R410a as an example. The operation pressure of this refrigerant at the low-pressure end of an air-conditioning system is 8 bars, while the operation pressure at the high-pressure end is 28-32 bars. Therefore, its refrigerant circuit design is different from others in terms of various requirements, which including the tube thickness for the chiller, welding, parts replacement, refrigerant recovery machine, connecting tube for maintenance tools and pressure gauge. None of these can be used by other refrigerants. Hence, technicians should undergo appropriate trainings to understand how to handle refrigerants properly and safely.

Moreover, the plant room must maintain adequate ventilation rate when handling refrigerant and equipped with protective gear like goggles and gloves.

冷媒是俗稱雪種或製冷劑的化學品，具備輕易改變形態的特性（例如：由液態轉化為氣態，或由氣態轉為液態），而在轉變的過程中，冷媒可吸收或排走熱量。冷媒的流動由壓縮機循環運送，當冷凝器排走熱量時，氣態冷媒因溫

Technical Classroom 技術學堂

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

8

度下降而變為液態冷媒。相反，當液態冷媒從膨脹閥進入蒸發器，在吸收熱量後便會轉為氣態冷媒。由於冷媒能有效傳遞熱量，故應用於空氣調節系統已超過100年，並廣泛應用於家居及商業空調系統。

冷媒大致可分為非環保冷媒（已禁止入口的CFC R12、R11及HCFC R22） 和 環 保 冷 媒（HCFC R123、HFC R134a、R407c及R410a）。

一般冷媒的特性：空調系統常用的冷媒可分為兩類：單一型及混合型（圖一）

1 單一型冷媒 由單一種冷媒成份組成，例如R134a、R22及R123

2 混合型冷媒 由兩或三種冷媒成份組合而成，例如R410a、R404a及R407c。R410a的成份：50%是R32及50%是R125R404a 的成份：44% 是 R125、52% 是 R143 及 4% 是R134aR407c 的成份：23% 是 R32、25% 是 R125 及 52% 是R134a

由於不同種類冷媒的蒸發沸點溫度各異，所以單一型冷媒能以液態或氣態狀態灌充和回收，但混合型冷媒則須以液態灌充，回收冷媒時亦必須完成液態及氣態回收過程，才可將混合型冷媒完全回收。

若操作混合型冷媒時並無遵從上述方法，將會改變冷媒的成份比例，繼而導致冷媒變異，更改其原來的化學組合，影響空調系統的操作及製冷效率（圖二）。另外，不同的冷媒必須配合不同的潤滑油。錯誤使用潤滑油會導致壓縮機嚴重故障，而選擇潤滑油時應參照製冷機生產商的指引。

安全操作冷媒各種冷媒的操作壓力不同，一般可分為低壓冷媒（例如R123）、高壓冷媒（例如R134a、R22及R407c）和特高壓冷媒（例如R410a）。

以R410a為 例， 空 調 系 統 的 低 壓 端 冷 媒 操 作 壓 力 達8 bar，高壓端的操作壓力更達28至32 bar。製冷機喉管的厚度、焊接的要求、替換零件、冷媒回收機與維修工具的接駁管及壓力錶亦有別其他冷媒的標準，不可與其他冷媒共用。技術人員應參加適當的技術培訓課程，以便正確及安全使用冷媒。

進行冷媒操作時，必須確保通風良好，並應使用個人防護裝備，例如安全眼罩及防護手套。

Temperature GlideBubble Point

Dew Point

Superheated Superheated

glideBoiling Boiling

Evaporating Bubble Point(Liquid with a “bubble” in it)

Dew Point(Vapour with a “dew drop”

in it)

Condensing

(Constant Pressure)

Single Component Blends

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E

Subcooled Subcooled

Fig. 1: The glide of evaporation temperatures between single component refrigerant and blended refrigerant圖一：單一型及混合型冷媒蒸發溫度滑移示意圖

50% A50% B

• Charge wrong composition - poor system behavior

• Leave behind wrong composition- rest of cylinder no good

80% A, 20% B

50/50

50/50

InvertCylinder

Dip Tube

Fig. 2: The charging method of blended refrigerant affects its composition圖二： 混合型冷媒灌充方法直接影響冷媒成份比例

50% A50% B

50% A50% B

55% A, 45% B 55% A, 45% B

Low FractionationPotential (Low glide)

High FractionationPotential (High glide)

55/45 80/20

PA >>>>PBPA PB>~

50% A50% B

80% A, 20% B

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

9

CenTraVac™ Chiller Turns 50 Years OldCenTraVac™冷水機組剛度過50壽辰

Three-star Green Building Certificate三星級綠色建築認證

Recently, the International Convention Performance Building of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, which employs a Trane air-conditioning system and the security hardware system solutions of Ingersoll Rand, was awarded by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (hereinafter referred to as “MOHURD”) with a three-star green building certificate. The “Green Building Certificate” is the only authoritative attestation for a building’s energy saving performance in China that is set and administrated by the government, with three-star being the programme’s highest level. The green building certifications are divided into three levels (one-star, two-star and three-star) according to indicators stipulated in the “green building evaluation criteria”, such as efficiency coefficient, greening rate, renewable energy efficiency, non-conditional water utilization ratio and recycling material dosage.

中國環保部之環境國際公約履約大樓，一直採用英格索蘭之特靈空調系統及安防五金系統解決方案。該大樓近日榮獲住房和城鄉建設部授予三星級綠色建築標識證書。這個「綠色建築認證」計劃由中國政府設立及管理，是國內有關建築物節能表現之唯一官方證明，而當中以三星級為此計劃的最高評分。這個綠色建築認證共分三個等級（即一星、二星及三星）。評分根據《綠色建築評價標準》所訂指標得出，包括建築節能率、住區綠地率、可再生能源利用率、非傳統水源利用率、可再循環建築材料用量等，十分嚴謹及全面。

Trane’s World 特靈世界

The Trane CenTraVac™ chiller serving the Dallas Museum of Natural History recently turned 50 years old. Having received proper service and maintenance during its lifetime, the unit has run continuously for 50 years — that’s over 438,000 hours. Although the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines the average life of a centrifugal chiller to be about 25 years, it is not uncommon for Trane chillers to far exceed that average. The CenTraVac has a simpler, direct-drive design with no gears, less moving parts and only two bearings — in short, the unit was designed so that there is less that can go wrong.

安裝於達拉斯自然歷史博物館內的特靈CenTraVac™冷水機組剛度過50壽辰。由於一直得到妥善維修及保養，該機組已連續運作50年，超過438,000小時。雖然美國供暖製冷及空調工程師學會指出，一般離心式冷水機組的使用壽命平均約為25年，但特靈的冷水機組性能優越，往往遠超此數。CenTraVac採用了較簡單的直驅驅動設計，沒有齒輪及採用較少活動部件，而且僅得兩個軸承。換言之，該機組的設計力求簡單，因而減少了故障的機會。

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

10

Trane Awarded the Singapore Green Building Product Certification特靈獲頒新加坡綠色建築產品認證

The Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC) has launched the Singapore Green Building Product (SGBP) Certification Scheme, an inaugural scheme that complements the Singapore Building and Construction Authority’s (BCA) existing Green Mark assessment scheme for all green buildings in Singapore. Six Trane water-cooled chiller models have been assessed according to the criteria of the SGBP Certification Scheme. The “Singapore Green Building Product” is the trademarked green building product certification system developed and operated by the Singapore Green Building Council. The SGBP makes an important contribution in completing the total evaluation of a green building.

新加坡綠色建築協會剛推行「新加坡綠色建築產品（SGBP）認證計劃」。這項嶄新計劃旨在配合新加坡建設局現時為全國綠色建築所訂立的評核計劃，即「綠色建築標誌」（Green Mark）評核計劃。特靈共把六款水冷式冷水機組型號送交評審，結果成功通過SGBP認證計劃的嚴格準則。事實上，SGBP由新加坡綠色建築協會制訂及管理，是已取得商標的綠色建築產品認證系統。這系統使綠色建築的整體評估更添完善，發揮了重要功用。

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

11

Technical Seminars for Clients客戶技術講座Trane has been organising technical seminars to deepen clients’ knowledge of its air-conditioning products and systems. Recently, two seminars for MTR and David SK Au & Associates were held in May and June to expound the features of Trane’s central air-conditioning units, variable primary flow system, chiller plant control system and development trends of refrigerants.

Trane Attends Annual Dinners特靈出席週年晚宴

Company News 公司簡訊

Trane attended the HKIE Building Services Division’s 24th Annual Dinner, which took place at JW Marriott Hotel Hong Kong on 24 May 2011. Ms Eva Cheng, JP, Secretary for Transport and Housing, was the guest of honour. Trane also attended the ASHRAE HK Chapter’s Annual Dinner at the Hong Kong Jockey Club’s Happy Valley Clubhouse on 10 June 2011.

香港工程師學會屋宇設備分部於5 月24日，假香港萬豪酒店舉行第24屆週年晚宴，特靈當晚亦派員出席；運輸及房屋局局長鄭汝樺太平紳士應邀擔任晚宴的主禮嘉賓。此外，特靈亦出席了美國供暖製冷及空調工程師學會香港分會，於6月10日在跑馬地香港賽馬會舉行的週年晚宴。

為使客戶對特靈空調產品及系統有更深入的認識，特靈不時為客戶舉辦技術講座，於5月及6月分別為港鐵及區兆堅設計顧問舉行了兩場技術講座，內容包括特靈中央空調設備、一次泵變流量系統、冷水機房控制系統及冷媒發展趨勢。

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

12

Mainland and Hong Kong Construction Industry Forum 20112011內地與香港建築業論壇From 27 to 31 May, Dr KL Chan, Operations Director, in the capacity of Honorary Treasurer of the Hong Kong Federation of Electrical and Mechanical Contractors Limited (FEMC), attended the Mainland and Hong Kong Construction Industry Forum 2011 held in Luoyang, Henan. With the theme “Sustainable Urban Form: Preservation and Development of Historical and Cultural Cities”, the forum was jointly organised by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the People’s Government of Henan Province and the Development Bureau of HKSAR Government. Dr Chan and Mr MK Woo, Director of Gammon Construction Limited were invited to be keynote speakers; they recounted how contractors executed conservation projects in Hong Kong and shared their insights on the latest issues of mechanical and electrical equipment.

業務董事陳家龍博士以香港機電工程商聯會名譽司庫身份，於5月27日至31日在河南省洛陽市出席2011年內地與香港建築業論壇 ─ 「可持續城市形態：歷史文化名城的保護和發展」。論壇由中國住房和城鄉建設部、河南省人民政府及香港特區政府發展局主辦。陳博士與金門建築有限公司董事胡文京先生一同主講了一場承建商在港保育工程個案及相關之最新機電設施的議題。

New Business Development and Marketing Department 成立業務發展及市場推廣部In order to provide the best support to Trane’s customers and address their needs, Trane Hong Kong has established a Business Development and Marketing Department on 1 July 2011. It aims to enable Trane customers to have a better understanding of our products, system applications and services. It can enhance the synergy between products, parts and services, and lead the changes that will ensure the success in the future. Mr Kelvin Tang is the person in charge of the Business Development and Marketing Department. He will develop customers and maintain better customer relationships. Kelvin is a qualified engineer and working in Trane Hong Kong over 13 years. He has experiences in system applications, controls and HVAC products.

為向特靈客戶提供更佳支援，以滿足他們的需要，特靈於今年7月1日成立業務發展及市場推廣部。這個部門將協助客戶認識特靈的產品、系統應用及服務，並加強產品、零件及服務三個不同部門的協調。鄧社堅先生出任業務發展及市場推廣部主管，專責客戶管理，建立良好的客戶關係。鄧先生是一位認可工程師及於特靈香港工作了超過13年，在系統應用、自控系統及暖通空調產品方面擁有豐富的經驗。

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

13

Hoi Fu Shopping Centre under the Link領匯海富商場Over the past few years, Trane has replaced chillers for a host of shopping centres managed by the Link. The latest project is the retrofit of two 200-ton air-cooled screw chillers at Hoi Fu Shopping Centre in Tai Kok Tsui, which is scheduled for completion this November.

過去數年，特靈已為領匯旗下商場更換多台冷水機組，近期則為大角咀海富商場更換兩台200冷噸的風冷螺杆式冷水機組，預計於今年11月竣工。

Two Pacific Place 太古廣場二座Two Pacific Place in Admiralty is undergoing a replacement project of two 750-ton water-cooled centrifugal chillers; the project is scheduled for completion by the fourth quarter of this year. Earlier, Trane supplied One Pacific Place with six water-cooled centrifugal chillers totalling over 4,800 tons.

位於金鍾的太古廣場二座，將更換兩台750冷噸的水冷離心式冷水機組。工程預計於今年第四季前完工。早前，特靈已為太古廣場一座提供6台超過4,800冷噸之水冷離心式冷水機組。

Development Project for KIL 11073 Hoi Wang Road, West Kowloon西九龍海泓道11073地段發展項目Today, West Kowloon is developing quickly, with many projects taking place. One such project is KIL 11073, for which Trane has supplied 2,050 ceiling concealed duct type split units, including inverter multi-split units. All units are anticipated to be delivered to the worksite by the end of the year.

現時，西九龍正進行多個發展項目，特靈為其中的11073地段工程項目提供2,050台天花暗藏風喉式分體機組，包括變頻多聯式分體機組；所有機組預計於今年年底付運至工地。

Project Highlights 工程新知

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

14

Maintenance Contracts保養合約 This year, Trane Service Hong Kong has secured maintenance contracts with two major clients, namely the Hong Kong Jockey Club and Bank of China Tower. The maintenance contract with the Hong Kong Jockey Club covers places like the grandstands of Happy Valley and Sha Tin racecourses, the Olympic Equestrian Stable and the Quarantine Stable, where a number of Trane air-cooled and water-cooled chillers have been installed. On the other hand, operation and maintenance services are included in the maintenance contract with Bank of China Tower in Central, where ten air-cooled screw chillers were phased in a couple of years ago. All these attest to Trane’s one-stop after-sales service strengthening customers’ confidence.

今年，特靈空調服務成功獲得香港賽馬會及中銀大廈兩大客戶的保養合約。香港賽馬會的保養合約包括跑馬地和沙田馬場看台大樓、奧運馬房及檢疫馬房。場內裝設了多台特靈台風冷及水冷式冷水機組。此外，中環中銀大廈的保養合約包括操作及保養服務，該大廈於數年前已陸續更換了十台風冷螺杆式冷水機組。由此可見，特靈的一站式售後服務，有助鞏固客戶對特靈的信心。

Staff Update 員工資訊

CIBSE Fellow Member英國特許屋宇設備工程師學會資深會員

Mr Frankie Chan, Operations Director of Trane Service Hong Kong, was recently elected a Fellow Member of The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, UK. Mr Chan has extensive business and professional experience in the building and construction industry. The HKSAR government appointed him a member of the Contractors Registration Committee Panel of the Building Authority and the Appeal Board Panel under the Energy Efficiency (Labelling of Products) Ordinance. He is also a Fellow Member of the HKIE.

特靈空調服務業務董事陳偉平先生最近獲選為英國特許屋宇設備工程師學會資深會員。陳先生在本港建造業擁有豐富業務及專業經驗，並曾獲委任為香港特區政府建築事務監督轄下承建商註冊事務委員會委員，以及能源效益（產品標籤）條例上訴委員會成員。陳先生亦為香港工程師學會資深會員。

Tran

eNew

slet

ter

JUN

• 2

011

15

For enquiry, please contact Ms. Cannisa Au of Business Development Tel : 3128 4782 Email : cannisa.au@jec.comand Marketing Department. 12/F., Dragon Centre, 79 Wing Hong Street, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon

如有查詢，請聯絡業務發展及市場推廣部區小姐。 電話：3128 4782 電郵：cannisa.au@jec.com 九龍長沙灣永康街79號恒龍工商中心12樓

Staff Update 員工資訊

New President-elect of ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter新任副會長

Mr Albert Lo, (third from right), Senior Manager of Trane Hong Kong, elected as President-elect of the ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter in May 2011. His tenure ends in May 2012.

特靈香港高級經理勞燦傑先生（右三）於今年5月獲選為美國供暖製冷及空調工程師學會（香港分會）之副會長，任期將於2012年5月屆滿。

Trane Graduerate Training Programme特靈畢業生培訓課程

In mid-January 2011, Mr Ronald Kong from the New Buildings Market Department joined the Graduate Training Programme (GTP) in Trane’s USA Headquarters. The 4-month programme included fundamental knowledge of air-conditioning, solutions and sales strategies. The students also visited some projects that use Trane air-conditioning systems. More than 30 engineers come from all over the world this year. Ronald earned the GTP Fire Hydrant, which was awarded to the GTP attendee who excelled in leadership, class moral professionalism and technical development.

屋宇設備部江毓豐先生於今年1月中遠赴特靈美國總部，參加為期四個月的畢業生培訓課程。課程包括空調系統基礎認知、系統解決方案及銷售策略。學員獲安排參觀

多個採用特靈空調系統的工程項目。今期課程超過三十名來自世界各地的工程師參加。江先生更獲得培訓課程的消防栓獎項，以表揚他在課程期間之出色表現。

System Application Engineering Department系統應用技術部

From May 2011, Mr Victor Wong, assumes a new post as Senior Manager of the System Application Engineering Department of Trane Service Hong Kong. Victor will focus on providing application engineering support to Trane customers, in particular building energy, Trane system design and applications. In addition, he assumes the role of in-house technical trainer for Trane engineering staff.

由2011年5月起，黃宗傑先生出任系統應用技術部高級經理之新職位。黃先生致力為特靈客戶提供應用技術的支援，特別在建築節能與特靈系統設計和應用。此外，他將肩負起作為內部技術培訓導師，為特靈工程人員提供培訓課程。

Staff Promotions員工晉升

Congratulations on the following promotions in June 2011:From Left: Mr Edwin Chan (Engineer) and Mr Tom Cheung (Manager)

恭喜以下同事於2011年6月獲得擢升：左起: 陳英傑先生（工程師）及張景威先生（經理）

TraneNew

sletterJU

N • 2

011

16