it related abbreviation

8/18/2019 IT Related Abbreviation

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২০, ২০১৬

১৯৮৩ , , , —

, ‗ ‘ ১৫ ‗ ‘

৭ , ১৯৪১ , , , , ,

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২ , ৩ , ৪ , ৫ , , , , ,

, —

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৩ ১৮ ,

, ২০০৯ ২০১২ ২০১৩

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, , , , , - - - , ,

, ৩০

, , , , ২০১০ , ,

- , ২০১৪ ১৬ ৭ ২০১৪

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-

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২৮ , , ৩০ ,

, - , ৩১

: ‘I WANT TO GO TO GERMANY’, ‘I WANT TO LIVE IN SECURITY’, ‘WE DON'T WANT TO STAY IN HUNGARY’ ।

৭১ ১১১ - ২৯ ১৭৫ 4X4

- , - , , ,

,

(NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS) ২৮

- , , , , , , ,

- , - , (HEGEMONIC STABILITY THEORY)


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, , - , - - - - , - - , , , , , -

, ‗ ’ , - -

, , , - , - , : , ,

- - -

' ' ( ১০ ) ,

; ' ' , , , -

, ১৫ , - , , , ; ; , , ,


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, ' - ২০১৩' ২০ ১৭ - ১৭

? ৬৫ ৬০ , , -

- - , -

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; , , , , , - - ,

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, ঋ , - , ,


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২৫

২০১৩ , ১১ , ২৩ ৭, ২, ২৫ ৪ ৩৩ ২ , , , , , , , , ,

২২ ৪১ ৭৯৩ ২২ ৪১৮ , ১৫ ১৩ ৬১ ৬৭০ , ১ ২২ ১২ ৭ ৫৮ ১১১ , ১৩ ১৯ ১০২ , ৩৪ ৯৯২ , ২২ ৬২১ , ৪২ ২০৮ , ১ ১ ৫২৬ ৭ ২১ ৩৪৪ ২ ৭০ ২ ৮০০

৬ ৪০ , ১ ৭ ৬ ৭ ৪০০ , ৪০ , ২ ১

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,

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, ১৯৭৪ ২০১০ ২৫ , , ২ ৫ ১১ ৬৪০ ,

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- —

১৯৭২ ২৬ , ― , ১ ,২ ,

৩ ,৪ ,৫ ,৬ - ,৭ ১৫ , ৮

৯ ‖

১৯৭২ , ― , , , - , , , - , -

, ‖

১৯৭২ ৯ , ― , ৭

— ৭ ৭ ২৫ ৭ ১ ‘


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, ‖

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-

২১ ২০১৬,

২০১০ ‗ ২০১০‘ , ,

, , ১৬ , ৩০০ , ১০০ , ১০০ , ২২৫ , ৩০ , ২১০ - ১৪৯

২০১৪ , ৫০০ ৩০০ ‗ ‘ ‗ ‘ ২০১৪

১৬ ২০১৪ , ,


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, ‗ ‘ , ‗ ‘

, ২০০৮

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১৪ ১৩২০ ১৩২০ ১৮৩৪ , ২৫ , ,

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২০১৫ ২২ , ,

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- ২১ ২০১৬

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, ঋ ,

, , - , ঋ ৩৪ ঋ


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, - www. dai l ynayadi gant a. com

March 21, 2016 Tackling Asia-Pacific's inequality trap Shamshad Akhtar

RISING inequality threatens to derail, from the start, successful implementation of the new 2030 Agenda

for Sustainable Development in the Asia-Pacific region. Stronger, more equitable social protection will be

critical in overcoming these challenges.

New research by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

indicates that inequality, related to both outcomes and opportunities, is on the rise in the countries of Asia

and the Pacific – and where it has not risen it has remained unacceptably high. This is having an adverse

impact on sustainable development.

Growing disparities in income and wealth, as well as unequal opportunities, reinforce each other, creating

an “inequality trap” that disproportionately affects women and the most vulnerable members of society,

including the poor, youth, persons with disabilities, migrants and older persons.

This stands in sharp contrast to both the shared growth that defined the rise of the 'Asian Tigers' in the

1960s, and more recent trends in other parts of the developing world, in particular Latin America, where

income inequality has been decreasing over in recent decades.

Over the past 20 years, the rich in Asia and the Pacific have grown richer, at the expense of the poor.

Inequalities in regional opportunities also abound, with nearly 80 per cent of the population lacking access

to affordable health care, and as many as 18 million children out of school. Access to these basic socialservices are considerably lower among low-income groups and rural communities.

In the context of the 2030 Agenda, inequality casts deep shadows on all three pillars of sustainability –

economic, social and environmental.


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Economically, inequality threatens regional dynamism, is destructive to the sustainability of growth and

makes it more difficult to reduce poverty through growth. Had Asia-Pacific inequality not increased, an

additional almost 200 million people would have been lifted out of poverty in the three largest countries in

the region over the last two decades.

Inequality undermines social cohesion and solidarity. A growing divide between the rich and the poor is

often a factor in rising levels of crime and social unrest, undermining trust and weakening bonds of

solidarity. In extreme cases, especially where inequality manifests along ethnic lines, it can lead topolarisation, radicalisation and even failure of the State.

Environmental sustainability is also hampered by inequalities, which create resentments and disincentives

and, in turn, generate pervasive free-riding and overuse of resources, with unsustainable environmental

outcomes. For instance, evidence from India and Nepal suggests that inequalities in local rural

communities actually intensify deforestation.

This is why tackling inequality must be central to the sustainable development agenda. Perfect equality of

wealth and income is not attainable but, when it comes to inequalities of opportunity, uch as access to

health and education, Asia-Pacific governments should not settle for less than a perfectly “level playing

field.” It is encouraging to see that, in addition to traditional cash transfers, Asia-Pacific countries are introducing

innovative measures to reduce inequalities, such as health equity funds, impact investing in education,

universal health coverage and expanding access to old-age pensions.

Building on this momentum, countries could also develop sets of complementary policies to tackle

inequality in all its forms:

First, national taxation systems could be strengthened. There is ample room to expanding the tax base and

strengthen compliance frameworks across the region. This is an effective way of broadening fiscal space to

finance redistributive mechanisms, while building solidarity across socioeconomic groups and generations.

Second, productive and decent work should be even more strongly promoted. Forward-looking

macroeconomic policies, coupled with active labour market programmes and policies that encourage

diversification, including industrial upgrading and productivity growth are critical. Such approaches will

ensure that economic growth generates more and better employment for people working in vulnerable

conditions, while avoiding a “race to the bottom” triggered by unfettered international competition.

Third, social protection should be enhanced to ensure that everyone has access to quality essential

services. Transformative social protection policies need to be anchored in national legislation and aim

beyond providing short-term safety nets, to lift people out of poverty and vulnerability. Complementing

their redistributive role, well-designed and implemented cash transfers are an important vehicle of

inclusive, pro-poor growth. Good practices from around the region illustrate that comprehensive social

protection systems are feasible and affordable but necessitate political will. Strengthening the evidence

base on inequalities and social protection will also further facilitate the development and implementation

of effective policies and programmes. Innovative financing schemes, especially in partnership with the

private sector, will be essential in this regard.

These three policy measures benefit all, from individuals and communities, to public institutions and

private actors. They constitute a shared responsibility to inspire new partnerships and creative approaches,

as we move to implement the 2030 Agenda.

Asia-Pacific inequality cannot be ignored. To do so jeopardises the future we want of a more prosperous,

inclusive and sustainable Asia-Pacific region.


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Protecting the Sundarbans is our national duty-Anu Muhhamad

The Sundarbans, the last reserve forest in the country and a world heritage site, is again under attack. On March 19, 2016, acargo vessel carrying 1,300 tonnes of coal sank in Shela River of the Sundarbans. This incident, along with other similarcases of oil and cement-laden cargo sinking since 2014, clearly illustrates the enormity of the threat of carrying coal throughthe forest and of coal-related pollution in the power generation process of the Rampal coal-fired power plant. Earlier in theoil spillage disaster on December 2014, the government was hopelessly ill-prepared to control the damage. The local population came forward with whatever knowledge they had to clean up the oil from the river, risking their lives and health.We did not see any effective action from the government except a flurry of rhetoric. In the last one year, the government hasrepeatedly promised to stop the plying of vehicles through this route within the Sundarbans. These words have proved to behollow and that's why we have seen another disaster in the Sundarbans. We can only conclude from the government'slacklustre attitude that they are not sincere about protecting the mangrove forest.

We have repeatedly urged the government to stop this controversial project. But the government, paying no heed to thesedemands, allowed plying of big vessels through the nearby river route, construction of large coal-fired power plant and


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encroachment of forest lands by land grabbers and business groups. The cabinet has already allocated funds for anothercoal-fired power plant at Rampal. This power plant project at the vicinity of the Sundarbans lacks transparency. Mostworryingly, the project would destroy the Sundarbans that plays the role of a natural shield to protect the people and natureof Bangladesh and maintain the ecological balance nurturing the invaluable biodiversity. Millions of people will lose theirlivelihood due to destruction of the forest. The whole population of the coastal area will be affected.

The PM has said that her government would not embark on any development project that affects the environment.Contrarily, we see the government is impatient about carrying out this project.

The people of our country as well as the relevant international bodies are quite aware of the importance of the Sundarbans.Ramsar and Unesco have sent several letters to the government urging them to stop constructing the power plant near theforest. They have even threatened to strike the Sundarbans off the list of world heritage sites unless the stop theconstruction. The Norwegian government has withdrawn their investment of Global Pension Fund from the Indian company NTPC for its involvement in this catastrophic project. Many international banks have refused to fund this project. Afterconducting a field level survey at the project site, South Asian Human Rights body has urged the government to stop it.Initially, various branches of the government had also showed their reservation about this project. These concerns andwarnings have fallen on deaf ears of the government.

The government is pursuing this questionable project in the name of solving power and energy crisis. There is no doubt thatwe have to solve these problems. But the way the government is approaching this issue, it seems that they are more eager to protect the interests of some local and international companies than solving the crisis. We can give more such examples ofdestructive development projects, such as open pit mining at Phulbari-Barapukuria, leasing out gas blocks in the Bay ofBengal to foreign companies, maintaining high price of oil amid global slump in oil price, undertaking questionable projectsat Cox's Bazar, constructing foreign company-dependent Ruppur Nuclear power plant and so on.

Since the oil and gas of the Bay of Bengal are the main resources for our future, it is only expected that our plans on usingthese resources are judicious. Otherwise, the country will be totally deprived of the huge potentials it possesses. Sadly, onewould be astonished to know the attempts that are being made to destroy these natural resources. Without floating anytender and based on ―mutual understanding,‖ the government has decided to lease out the oil and gas blocks of our sea. Inorder to do so, the government has resorted to the Speedy Supply of Power and Energy Special Act for 2010, which isessentially an 'indemnity law'. As per this law, no one can seek the court's assistance in matters of the energy ministry.

The Act not only applies to the energy sector, but it also exempts the directors and officials of nuclear power companiesfrom all possible damages and expense. In this regard, on September 8, 2015, ―Nuclear Power Plant Bill 2015‖ was passedin the parliament. In its 28th clause, under the title 'Protecting the activities done with innocence,' it has been said: ―No civilor criminal case can be filed or any other legal steps can be taken against the government, chairman, managing directors, project directors, other directors, advisers, consultants, officials or employees for their innocent activities done for buildingand running nuclear power plants before or after the issuance of this ordinance.‖ So, in essence, no one will take

responsibility for the harm that will be caused. Only our people will suffer.

On February 15, 2016, Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhit admitted that 'Sundarbans will be harmed because of theRampal power plant.‖ But then added that ―the location cannot be changed.‖ Why must the government implement this

project despite the fact that it will devastate the resources and shelters of the country which is incomparable to anything?Are their hands really tied, and if so, to whom?

No government should have the right to play an 'our-hands-are-tied' role and threaten our natural resources. There isdefinitely a proper solution to the energy crisis. We have highlighted these -- hundred percent national ownership innational properties and using all properties for the development of the country; cancelling the indemnity law which enablescorruption and instead enacting a law ―Banning Export of Mineral Resources‖; cancelling the PSC process and enabling the

national institutions to explore fresh gas blocks in the sea and land areas by providing them with the necessary fund, powerand facilities; repairing and renewing the national power plants; banning of open-pit mining and full implementation ofPhulbari Agreement; developing the national capacity; adopting a national energy policy by making the best and mixed useof renewable and non-renewable energy; and putting emphasis on long-term renewable energy. These are the ways toachieve a long-term, sustainable, cheap, safe and pro-people development.


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However, the government is going the other way: They are going for expensive, risky, donor-dependent projects which aredestructive for forests, water, people and the environment. Although some local and foreign coteries are reaping the benefitsof such projects, these activities are pushing our present and future generations towards severe uncertainty, danger anddestruction. No matter how the government tries to sell these as development, these projects, like the weapons of massdestruction, are destructive for the environment and the people. We would not allow such arrangements to jeopardise ourcountry and the people. Sundarbans protects Bangladesh, so it is our national duty to save the Sundarbans.

The writer is member secretary of the National Committee to Protect Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources, Power and

Ports.

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-

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