it seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something
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Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least w/me, but really to 89’? 91’? Present?). It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something. So, Where do We Begin?. 44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least
w/me, but really to 89’? 91’? Present?)
It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something
44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act?
Or, 43’ and FDR at Tehran; W. African campaign?
Or, how about 1919, the White Army in Murmansk and Archangel?
So, Where do We Begin?
The Soviet Dream 20 mil. dead, 2 devastating
wars Satellites, buffers, spheres of
influence, and a cordon-sanitaire
The American Vision A free world based on
democratic principles Open markets and free people
Get Ready for the Clash of the Titans!
The New World, but for Whom?
44’: Bretton Woods, NH – IMF & World Bank (we’re taking charge!) Currency regulated based on the $
standard Development funds for “third-world”
countries 45’: S.F., CA (we rule!) – the U.N.
Charter N.Y. HQ set up; Big 5 Security
Council Peace-keeping, world wars never
again, WHO, etc. How about nukes?
48’: Israel and the 15 min. window
1944+ - New Int’l Ties/Frames/Paradigms (we no longer hate the world!)
World Bank HQ; D.C.
Nuremberg Trials (45’-6) 12 of 22 lynched?
Reparations vs. Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Austria & Germ. divided into 4
military zones (Fra., G.B., U.S., S.U.)
S.U. also receives Poland and Hungary
48’: Berlin cut off (Send in the bombers! For food?)
49’: Airlift ended, both Germ. gov’ts formalized
The Cold War is here to stay
What do We do w/Germany?
46’: George Kennan, Containment, & the Long Telegram (8k words!) from the Soviet embassy Article X The S.U. - paranoid, nationalistic,
aggressive, & expansionist by nature Contain their movements at every
opportunity 47’: The Truman Doctrine (new
doctrine, but the same themes) Official econ./pol. aid to anyone
resisting armed minorities or outside pressure
47’+: Let’s play dominoes!
Friend/Foe: What do We do w/the Soviet Union?
Civil war: monarchists (N.) v. Greek Communists (S.) Puppetmaster Josip Tito (Yugo.,
not S.U.) 47’: G.B. K.O. (way to go Mr.
Heasman) Mar. 12, 47’- Truman’s request
for $400 mil. to “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…”
The dominoes at work Polarization of the world? Too
harsh? Competition the only true path?
Case Study #1: Greece & Turkey (Let the Proxy Wars Begin!)
ELAS Soldiers (Comm.)
I’d be happy too…
Truman & Euro. Interests Sec. of State George Marshall
offers aid at Harvard Commencement (47’) – P.R. move of the century
Paris meeting immediately $13 bil. over 4 yrs to 16 countries Approved in 48’ after Czech. coup
Euro. Prosperity (Ita. & Fra. Commie party , econ. output in W. Euro. pre-war lvls)
48’: Smith-Mundt Act Voice of America, Radio for Europe Information Agencies & Museums
Now, What do We do w/the Rest of Europe?
49’: The Official End of Isolationism Signing of NATO to
unify W. Euro. w/U.S. (orig. 12)
Military defense pact (promised military aid, attack on one is attack on all)
Militarized & polarized a large portion of the world
Soviet Response? Warsaw Pact
A Ring to Bind Them All (Really a Pact)
Japan & MacArthur (the hope of the East) 46’ - New Constitution
Prohibited arms buildup, U.S. would be shield, ceremonial emperor, U.S. funds reconstruction
Japan becomes a superpower; credit – USA (point for us!)
49’ - The “Fall” of China Mao v. Jieshi ($510 mil. for the
leader of Formosa?) ~1/4 of world pop. “lost” Immediate Soviet ties Non-recognition until 73’
Let’s Not Forget Asia
Emperor Hirohito and the Big Mac
China goes Red Soviets go atomic! 52’ – Forced Hydrogen Bomb
dev. (9x power) Nuclear Fallout, the “Un”Lucky
Dragon, & the Atoll Islands 53’ - Soviets go hydronic? Houston, we’ve reached MAD
54’: 8K Nukes & Beyond! 57’ ICBM w/H-bomb capacity
dev. by S.U. How do you learn to love the
bomb? Dr. Strangelove (64’)
49’ (A Bad Year) & the Nuclear Race
First Soviet Test, aka Joe #1
An H-bomb at work
47’: The Nat’l Security Act CIA formed
Int’l AND domestic spying/operations
Dept. of Defense formed New Sec. of Defense & civilian
heads of Air Force, Navy, etc. Nat’l Security Council
formed (the new braintrust) 48’: Selective Service
reinstated (happy 18th men!)
The Fiery (not Cold) Domestic Front: Militarization & Fear
38’: HUAC formed to investigate “un-Amer. activities) Led by Richard Nixon (crook?) (CA-S) Paranoia, blacklisting, & the Hollywood 10
Amer. fears - spies, espionage, commies, books, homosex. (the new witch hunt) McCarren Int’l Security Bill (50’)
Over Truman’s veto Arrest of suspicious w/o evidence in
emergencies (familiar?) Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (53’)
‘47: Truman’s Loyalty Program Loyalty Review Board & oaths (~8k fed.
casualties) Expanded to state & local lvls
UC and CSU protests
The Hunt Begins: Second Coming of the Red Scare
46’: Lowly Wisc. Jr. Senator (R!) Aggressive, paranoid, abrasive,
manipulative, & all-around fun-loving guy
Devils w/in the Walls: capitalizing on Hiss-Chambers (50’) case Wheeling, WV (50’) – “I have in
my hand…” an envelope of commies w/in the state dept. 205 574
Attacking Dean Acheson & George Marshall
Kept by Rep. for pol. value (reasserting authority)
The Greatest of Them All: Joseph McCarthy
Vs.
Good ole-fashioned American patriotism! The drafting of aide
Schine - you don’t mess w/the army
The power of television and blundering fools (clips!)
54’ censure 3 years to cirrhosis and
death
What Finally Took McCarthy Down?
45’: Korea split at 38th parallel w/Japanese surrender (N. accepted by S.U., S. by U.S.) Both out by 49’
Jun. 25, 50’ - Kim il Sung rolls S. against Syngman Rhee w/Soviet tanks
Action now = less aggression later, right? (Truman acts!)
U.N. declaration w/Kim as aggressor (capitalizing on the Soviets’ absence, score!)
MacArthur (Inchon, stalemate, stupidity, no sub. for victory, see you later!)
NSC-68 Civilization at stake defense spending 4x ($50 bil.), 3.5 mil.
servicemen Tying together of industry, economy, & military
53’: Treaty & Casualties (nukes in action, $10 bil. drain, 30k dead Amer., 17k U.N. casualties, 2 mil. dead Koreans
FTW?
Case Study #2: Korea
Ho Chi Minh’s nat’lists v. Japan in WWII Indep. of Dem. Rep. of
Vietnam (45’)? All men created equal? (Not on France’s watch! Or ours!)
54’: Dienbienphu & our $1 bil. investment
Separation at the 17th (Minh in Hanoi, Diem in Saigon)
56’: No elections for you! 61’: 675 “advisers” in
waiting
Case Study #3: Stirrings in Indochina
vs.
vs.vs.
vs.
48’: Truman v. Dewey v. Thurmond v. Wallace? The New Deal v. Elitism v.
Dixiecrats & Sectionalism (here we go again…) v. Progressivism (pfft)
52’: Ike v. Adlai Stevenson (Truman out b/c of MacArthur) Commander of Allied troops, 1st
NATO troops Attacked Dems. as soft (epic fail
in Korea) Trump!
48’ and 52’: 2 Elections & the Passing of the Torch
vs.
Ike wanted a thaw, feared overextension, cut costs 55’ Geneva Summit Open Skies? (Not on
Khruschev’s watch!) 53’ E. Germ. protest, 56’
Hungarian freedom fighters Sec. of State John Dulles
S.U. military adv. (1 mil. strong!)
Massive retaliation, boldness, brinksmanship
Take that China and Soviet Union!@#
Ike & His Cronies (Restraint v. Rampaging)
Why can’t we be friends?
If we attack them here…
Truman & Pres. Weizmann
Ixnay on Israel (I blame Mr. Heasman again)
53’:Coup in Iran Nationalization of oil fields
(Kremlin influence?) Get out Mossadegh! Welcome
Shah Pahlevi! A legacy of hate & distrust
56’: Egypt, Nasser, the Nile, & the Suez Canal No oil for you!
Forced withdrawal of Fra., G.B., and Israel
57’: Ike Doctrine – aid to any M.E. nation threatened by communism
Problems in the Middle East
Prime Minister Mossadegh
The Shah, good-looking fellow, isn’t he?
54’: CIA in Guam Nationalization of Amer. fruit
fields & receiving Soviet funds Get out reform-minded,
democratically elected Guzman! 59’: Castro in Cuba
Ousting of Amer. friendly Batista
Expropriation of Amer. property sugar imports more expropriation 61’ end of diplomacy
60’: Org. of Amer. States in Costa Rica & $500 mil. for Latin America
Not enough to sweeten the bitter mouths
Yet More Problems in Latin America (Investments v. Nationalism, pfft)
CIA leader Allen Dulles, sound familiar?
Side note - Ike trounced Stevenson again in 56’ w/Nixon as VP (w/e)
Oct. 4, 57’: Sputnik I launched w/H-bomb capacity Nov. – first dog cosmonaut w/nuclear
chew toy! U.S. response – the infallible Vanguard
Missile, NASA, 58’ Nat’l Defense Act Funding to college students and
math & sciences in schools 59’: Khruschev in N.Y. and
Maryland (Camp David) Lowering the Russian #’s, dealing
with Berlin 60’: All is well - see you in Paris in
May! Perhaps not…U-2, Gary Powers, &
plausible denial
U-2: It’s Not a Beautiful Day
Laika, seriously, the actual dog
USA! We’re number 1!
61’: Ike’s Exit -Warnings of the Military Industrial Complex Power of the military to affect domestic &
foreign affairs due to tying of military to society & econ.
Unions targeted & expelled (11 from CIO)
Blacks, Homosexuals, Latinos attacked for ties to labor & anti-gov’t criticisms (WEB Du Bois, Oppenheimer)
MAD, nuclear fallout, paranoia, arms race
Who is to blame?
Legacies of the 50s: Warnings and Casualties
Always remember ladies and gentlemen: Duck and Cover! Or purchase yourself a
swanky new fallout shelter to protect you from nuclear bombs (of course they work; don’t be silly; why else would 1/20 Americans have/make one?).
One Last Note!