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Page 5: Italian Reflexive Verbs - The School District of Haverford Web view · 2016-11-14Verbs in Italian are called ... Noi ci alziamo = We get upRemember: the word order is ... the past

Sentieri Capitolo 5

NOTA BENE!!!

All make-up work after school as always Extra help always available after school Before school by appointment (let me know!!!)

Remember to always visit and study the information of this WEBSITE!!!

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JOURNALS (notebooks) Each night every student must create a mini-lezione a lesson which teaches the grammar of the currenent daily lesson in class

5 to10 minitutes amount of time at leastplease

journals (notebooks)5 minutes to 10 minutes per night please!!!!!

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Wrapping things up! Capitolo 5

Remember the due date please

Esami- a finire il capitolo!

a finire……

I Provini di oggi Contengono

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L’informazione di:

Verbi: Conoscere and sapere

Passato Prossimo with AVERE

Passato Prossimo with ESSERE

Direct Object PronounsIndirect Object Pronouns

Pratica di risconoscere Scegliere

______________________________________In bocca al lupo

Capitolo 6

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La Routine del mattino

Reflexive Verbs in Italian

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Reflexive Verbs in Italiano

Italian Reflexive VerbsWhat is an Italian reflexive verb (verbo riflessivo)?

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This can often be a strange topic because, in English, verbs aren't often thought of as being reflexive, however, in Italian, a reflexive verb is one when the action carried out by the subject is performed on the same subject.

So for example, “I wash myself” or “I sit myself in the chair”. The subject, “I”, am doing the washing and the sitting.

What does a reflexive verb look like?In order to make an Italian verb reflexive, drop the -e of its infinitive ending and add the pronoun si. For example, pettinare (to comb) becomes pettinarsi (to comb oneself) in the reflexive. Si is an additional pronoun, known as the reflexive pronoun, which is needed when conjugating reflexive verbs.Note that some reflexive verbs can be used without the reflexive pronouns.

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- Alzarsi = to wake up/to get upTu ti alzi. (You get up.)

Tu alzi la sedia. (You lift the chair.)

How do you conjugate reflexive verbs?

Here are some tables of verbs in the present tense so you can get an idea of how reflexive verbs are conjugated.

Innamorarsi - To fall in loveMi innamoro - I fall in love Ci innamoriamo - We fall in

loveTi innamori - You fall in love Vi innamorate - You (all) fall

in loveSi innamora - He/she falls in love

Si innamorano - They fall in love

 

Sedersi - To sit oneself/To take a seatMi siedo - I sit (myself) Ci sediamo - We sit

(ourselves)Ti siedi - You sit (yourself) Vi sedete - You (all) sit

(yourselves)Si siede - He/she sits (him/herself)

Si siedono - They sit (themselves)

 

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Divertirsi - To enjoy oneself/to have funMi diverto - I have fun Ci divertiamo - We have funTi diverti - You have fun Vi divertite - You (all) have

funSi diverte - He/she has fun Si divertono - They have fun 

What about with the past tense?That is, the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

When you conjugate reflexive verbs in the past tense, you must use “essere” as your auxiliary verb. Here’s an example using the verb “svegliarsi - to wake up”.

Svegliarsi - To wake upMi sono svegliato/a - I woke up

Ci siamo svegliati/e - We woke up

Ti sei svegliato/a - You woke up

Vi siete svegliati/e - You all woke up

Si è svegliato/a - He/she Si sono svegliati/e - They

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woke up woke up 

Notice how the last letter of “svegliato” changes. That’s because the ending must agree in gender and number with the subject.

Here is a list of common reflexive verbs in Italian:accorgersi (di) to noticeaddormentarsi to fall asleepalzarsi to get uparrabbiarsi to get angrychiamarsi to be namedcoprirsi to cover oneselfdivertirsi to have fun, to enjoy oneselffarsi il bagno to bathe oneselffarsi la doccia to take a showerfarsi male to get hurt, hurt oneselfinnamorarsi (di) to fall in love withlavarsi to wash oneselflaurearsi to graduatemettersi to put (clothing) on

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pettinarsi to comb one's hairradersi to shavesedersi to sit downsentirsi to feelspogliarsi to undresssposarsi (con) to get marriedsvegliarsi to wake upvestirsi to get dressed 

Esempi: Le ragazze si sono sedute. - The girls are sitting down.

Sto cercando un posto dove sedermi un attimo. - I’m looking for a spot where I can sit for a while.

Ci siamo innamorati due anni fa e ci siamo sposati un anno fa. - We fell in love two years and we got married one year ago.

Mi sono svegliato/a alle 7. - I woke up at 7.

Marco fa sempre molta fatica a svegliarsi la mattina. - Marco always has to struggle to wake up in the morning.

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Chiara impiega tantissimo tempo a vestirsi! - Chiara takes a very long time to get dressed!

Tutti a lavarsi le mani prima di pranzo! - Everybody wash your hands before lunch!

Mykonos è un posto ideale per divertirsi. - Mykonos is the perfect destination to have fun.

Mio padre mi ha insegnato a radermi. - My dad taught me how to shave.

Per avere una bella pella bisogna sempre struccarsi prima di andare a letto. - In order to maintain a good skin you always have to take your makeup off before going to bed.

Mi sono laureata un anno fa. - I graduated one year ago.

Ho proprio bisogno di farmi un bagno! - I really need to take a hot bath!

Copriti bene che fuori fa freddo! - Cover yourself up because it’s cold outside!

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Non ho capito come ha fatto a farsi male. - I didn’t understand how he managed to hurt himself.

MORE ABOUT REFLEXIVE VERBS AND PRONOUNS

Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns are similar to direct object pronouns, except in the third person singular and plural ("si").

mi guardo allo specchio I look at myself in the mirrorti guardi allo specchio you look at yourself in the mirrorsi guarda allo specchio s/he looks at her/himself in the

mirrorci guardiamo allo specchio we look at ourselves in the mirrorvi guardate allo specchio you look at yourselves in the mirrorsi guardano allo specchio they look at themselves in the

mirror

These pronouns immediately precede the verb to which they refer, except when used with the past participle (without auxiliary verb), the infinitive, the gerund and the imperative. In that case, the pronoun is attached to the end of the verb form. Notice that the infinitive loses the final "e".

Alzàtosi, si féce la barba. Once he got up, he shaved.Domani dobbiamo alzarci presto. Tomorrow we'll have to get up early.Si è tagliato rasàndosi. He cut himself while shaving.Siéditi! Sit down!

Reflexive pronouns are used with many verbs, changing their meaning in the following way:

- Truly reflexive (the action's object is the same as the subject). - Reciprocal (with plural forms).

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- Idiomatic (no real reflexive or reciprocal meaning). Sometimes the reflexive pronoun changes the meaning radically.

Some verbs are used exclusively with reflexive pronouns. Their meaning is often idiomatic.

Examples: 

With reflexive pronoun

English Equivalent

Without reflexive pronoun

English equivalent

Mi lavo I wash myself Lavo i piatti I wash the dishesCi conosciamo We know each

otherConosciamo sua sorella

We know her sister

Vi sentite male You don't feel well

Sentite un rumore You hear a noise

Si è svegliato alle otto

He woke up at eight Ha svegliato tutti He woke

everybody upComportati bene! Behave yourself! Cosa comporta? What does it

involve?Mi sono imbattuto in Gino I ran into Gino [not used]

Si vergognano They are ashamed [not used]

Verbs combined with reflexive pronouns require the auxiliary "essere" in the past tense; therefore the past participle must always agree with the subject. Compare the use of similar verbs with and without reflexive pronouns-With reflexive pronoun English Equivalent Without reflexive pronoun

Ti sei pettinato You combed your hair Hai pettinato la bambinaCarla si è lavata i capelli Carla washed her hair Ha lavato la macchina

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Si sono conosciuti a Roma They met in Rome Hanno conosciuto Carlo a Roma

With potere (can), dovere (must, have to), volere (want), the choice of the auxiliary depends on the position of the pronoun:- when the pronoun precedes the modal

verb, "essere" is used;- when the pronoun follows the infinitive of

the main verb, "avere" is used.Pronoun before modal verb

Pronoun after infinitive of main verb

Englih equivalent

Maria si è dovuta alzare Maria ha dovuto alzarsi Maria had to get up

Ti sei voluta alzare Hai voluto alzarti You wanted to get up

Carla si è potuta riposare Carla ha potuto riposarsi Carla has been able to rest

Verb forms requiring a reflexive pronoun can be constructed without one if

combined with a causative verb (fare, lasciare, etc.).

With causative verb

English Equivalent

Without causative verb

English equivalent

Ho fatto pentire Gianni di avérmi trattato male

I made Gianni sorry to mistreat me

Gianni si è pentito di avermi trattato male

Gianni was sorry for misteating me

Hanno fatto They made Dario Dario si è Dario realized

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accòrgere Dario dell'errore

aware of his mistake

accòrto dell'errore his mistake

REFLEXIVE VERBS II

EVEN MORE ABOUT ITALIAN REFLEXIVE VERBS!!!!

Verbs in Italian are called reflexive when the subject is carrying out the action with respect to himself or herself, for example when a man combs his hair.  As you might expect, not all verbs can be reflexive:  only the ones that the subject can do himself, such as falling asleep.  To create a reflexive verb, you add the ending -si, etiher at the end of the verb in its infinitive state (addomentarsi) or before the verb when it is conjugated (si e' addormentato). A verb is reflexive when the action is performed on the subject. For example the verb to wash one's self is a reflexive verb because the person who is doing the action of washing is also the person who is receiving the action of being washed. Some more examples are:

to comb your hair

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to dress upto undressto make yourself a sandwich

In all of the above examples, the subject (person who does the action) and the direct obejct (the person receiving the action) are one in the same. 

In Italian we know that a verb is reflexive when the verb has the letters "si" attached to the infinitive. Some examples are:

svegliarsi = to wake uplavarsi = to wash upfarsi un panino = to make yourself a sandwich

Notice that all of the Italian verbs above end in "si" so they are reflexive.

Again, How to conjugate a reflexive verb

To conjugate a reflexive verb you need three things:

Subject + matching reflexive pronoun + conjugated verb (in that order!!)

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The subjects in Italian are:

io = Itu = you (informal) lui = helei = sheLei = you (formal)noi = wevoi = you (plural)loro = theyLoro = You (plural and formal)

Now each one of the above subjects matches up with its very own reflexive pronoun:

io - mitu - tilui - silei - siLei - sinoi - civoi - viloro - siLoro - si

Finaly you will conjugate your verb. To learn how to conjugate a verb go to the following link: Italian Presente tense | Italy

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Now here are some common reflexive verbs in Italian:

AddormentarsiTo fall asleep or go to sleep

AlzarsiTo get up

AnnoiarsiTo be bored

AsciugarsiTo dry off

ChiamarsiTo be called / named

DivertirsiTo enjoy oneself

Farsi la barbaTo shave oneself (beard)

Farsi il bagnoTo bathe oneself (take a bath)

Fermarsi

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To stop

LavarsiTo wash oneself

Leggere il giornaleTo read the paper

MettersiTo put on clothing

Mettersi a [+ inf]To begin / start

PettinarsiTo comb one's own hair

Preoccuparsi (di)To worry (about)

Preparasi per [+ inf]To prepare oneself for

SalutarsiTo greet each other (reciprocal reflexive)

SentirsiTo feel

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SvegliarsiTo wake up

TruccarsiTo put on makeup

VestirsiTo get dressed

Let's try one: We get up

1. Identify the subject which is "we" (In Italian "noi")

2. Now match up "Noi" with the appropriate reflexive pronoun like I showed you in the chart earlier. Noi matches up with "ci"

3. Now find the verb "to get up" from the list above. The verb is "alzarsi". Now conjugate your verb according to the subject (noi.) Since the subject is noi, my verb ending will be "iamo" (alzarsi ---> alz ---> alziamo ) Notice how I cut off the "arsi" from the verb alzarsi and then I added my ending "iamo".

4. Now take the three bold words from

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numbers 1,2,3 above and put them together in a sentence:

Noi ci alziamo = We get up

Remember: the word order is always: Subject + pronoun + verb (in that order)

COMMON ITALIAN REFLEXIVE VERBS

mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si  + verb   

accorgersi (di) to notice

addormentarsi to fall asleep

alzarsi to get up

annoiarsi to get bored

arrabbiarsi to get angry

chiamarsi to be named

coprirsi to cover oneself

divertirsi to have fun, to enjoy oneself

farsi il bagno to bathe oneself

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farsi la doccia to take a shower

farsi male to get hurt, hurt oneself

innamorarsi (di) to fall in love with

lamentarsi to complain

lavarsi to wash oneself

laurearsi to graduate

mettersi to put (clothing) on

muoversi to move 

pettinarsi to comb one's hair

radersi to shave

sedersi to sit down

sentirsi to feel

spogliarsi to undress

sposarsi (con) to get married

svegliarsi to wake up

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trasferirsi to move

vestirsi to get dressed

The reflexive pronouns (i pronomi reflessivi), mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si, are identical in form to direct object pronouns, except for the third-person form si (which is the same in the singular and in the plural). The following table includes the reflexive pronouns in Italian.ITALIAN REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

PERSON SINGULAR PLURALI mi (myself) ci (ourselves)II ti (yourself) vi (yourselves)III si (himself; herself; itself; yourself, formal) si (themselves; yourselves, formal)

To see how reflexive pronouns work with reflexive verbs, see a sample conjugation of lavarsi (to wash oneself) in the table below.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LAVARSI (TO WASH ONESELF)PERSON SINGULAR PLURALio mi lavo=I wash myselftu ti lavi=you wash yourself

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lui/lei si lava=he/she washes him/herselfnoi ci laviamo=we wash ourselvesvoi vi lavate=you wash yourselfloro si lavano=they wash themselves

Just like direct object pronouns, reflexive pronouns are placed before a conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.Note that the reflexive pronoun agrees with the subject even when attached to the infinitive:

Mi alzo. (I'm getting up.)Voglio alzarmi./Mi voglio alzare. (I want to get up.)

Mi, ti, si, and vi may drop the i before another vowel or an h and replace it with an apostrophe. Ci may drop the i only before another i or an e:

Voi v'arrabbiate facilmente. (You get angry easily.)I ragazzi s'alzano alle sette. (The boys woke up at seven o'clock.)A casa, m'annoio. (At home, I get bored.)

Note that some reflexive verbs can be used nonreflexively—without the reflexive pronouns. In this case, their meaning changes:

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Tu ti alzi. (You get up.)Tu alzi la sedia. (You lift the chair.)

1) Io mi alzo - I stand up (or, sometimes, I wake up...)Ex. Io mi alzo alle 5 - I wake up at 5 o'clockEx. Mi alzo per vedere meglio - I stand up to have a better view.Ex. Mi alzo da tavola alle 3 - I finish eating at 3 o'clock.

2) Alzo - I lift.Ex. Alzo le borse della spesa - I lift the shopping bagsEx. Alzo la musica - I turn the music up.

Ex. Alzo la voce - I speak louder (that is about a quarrel: Alzo la voce coi miei vicini - I'm about to quarrel with my neighbours)

3) Io alzo - I lift.As Italian is very precise the use of I, You, He, She, We, etc. is not needed al the times. We just use them to remark a difference:

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Ex. Io alzo il tavolo, tu spolveri il tappeto. I lift the table, you vacuum the carpet.

So the reflexive verb forms are always stricly about YOUSERLF.

Mi lavo: I wash myselfLavo le lenzuola: I wash the sheets.

Mi sposto: I move myselfSposto il tavolo - I move the table

Mi guardo allo specchio: I look at myself in the mirrorGuardo il panorama: I look at the landscape.

Mi vesto: I dress myself up.Vesto mio figlio: I dress my son up.

Reflexive verb forms are also for actions that you'll do alone o for yourself:

Mi preparo il pranzo - I prepare the dinner for myself (that means I will eat alone)Preparo il pranzo - I prepare the dinner (that means I will eat with somebody else)

Mi vedo un film - I watch a movie (that means I'll see it alone)Vedo un film - I watch a movie (I could be with

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someone else).

Tu ti alzi. (You get up.)Tu alzi la sedia. (You lift the chair.)

Sometimes non-reflexive verbs can be used in a reflexive form:mi sono comprato una macchina=ho comprato una macchina (per me)ci siamo mangiate una pizza=we ate a pizza

In the plural, non-reflexive verbs can be used with reflexive pronouns to indicate a reciprocal construction--some fun verbs are included here ;-)ci siamo innamorati=we fell in love with each otherci siamo baciati=we kissed each otherci siamo abbracciati=we embraaced each other

A. Complete the following with the appropriate present-tense forms of the indicated reflexive verbs.ITALIAN REFLEXIVE VERB EXERCISE

1. Il signor Rossi ________ in medicina. (laurearsi)2. Massimo ________ vicino alla porta. (sedersi)3. Io ________ Anna Grazia. (chiamarsi)

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4. Mia madre non lavora: ________ interamente alla famiglia. (dedicarsi)5. Perché tu non ________ una vacanza? (prendersi)6. Giorgio ________ la vita lavorando in un bar. (guadagnarsi)7. Cinzia ________ una gonna per la festa. (comprarsi)8. Il ghiaccio, col calore, ________. (sciogliersi)9. Il cristallo è fragile: ________ facilmente. (rompersi)10. Io e mio fratello ________ una lettera alla settimana. (scriversi

Answers:

1. Il signor Rossi si laurea in medicina. (Mr. Rossi is graduating in medicine.)2. Massimo si siede vicino alla porta. (Massimo sits near the door.)3. Io mi chiamo Anna Grazia. (My name is Anna Grazia.)4. Mia madre non lavora: si dedica interamente alla famiglia. (My mother doesn't work: she devotes herself entirely to the family.)5. Perché tu non ti prendi una vacanza? (Why don't you take a vacation?)6. Giorgio si guadagna la vita lavorando in un bar. (Giorgio earns his living working in a bar.)

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7. Cinzia si compra una gonna per la festa. (Cinzia buys a skirt for the party.)8. Il ghiaccio, col calore, si scioglie. (Ice, with heat, melts.)9. Il cristallo è fragile: si rompe facilmente. (Crystal is fragile: it breaks easily.)10. Io e mio fratello ci scriviamo una lettera alla settimana. (My brother and I write a letter to each other every week.)

end of lesson FINE

________________________________________________

Last glimpse of the direct object pronounsthe indirect object pronounsthe disjunctive pronouns

Direct object pronouns I Pronomi Diretti

MiTiLalola

Ci

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ViLiLelile

Apro il frigo. L’apro.Leggo le lettere. Le leggoNon ci invitiamo mai.

Buona sera, dottore. La vedo domani.

Hai cucinato le patate? Sì, le ho cucinate.

Avete incontrato Luigi?

No, non l’abbiamo incontrato.

Signora Rossi, non L’ho vista?

Gina, ti ho aspettato (aspettata).

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Cerchi la ricetta?

Sì, la cerco.

Indirect Object Pronouns I Pronomi Indiretti

mitigliLe le

civiLoroGlilorogli

Mi dai un passaggio?

Chi ti telefona?

Non gli parlo.

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Perchè non ci scrivete?

Le offro uncaffè.

Domando loro se è giusto.

Ma ricordate-

Gli parlo. OR Parlo loro.

Position Laws of direct and indirect object pronouns

Non voglio vederla. Non la voglio vedere.

Ti posso parlare? Posso parlarti?

Onject pronouns are placed (come) before conjugated verbs OR

They follow the infinitives and are attached

OR

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THEY FOLLOW THE PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND Are attached

Sto parlandogli. Gli sto parlando.Or

The follow the affirmative commands and are attached

Dimme la verità!Disjunctive Pronouns Pronomi Tonici

MeTeLeilui lei

noivoiLorolorosè Disjunctive pronouns are the pronouns forms used after prepositions ( and verbs ).

Davide esce con lei.

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Parla a lui, non a lei.

She spoke to him at noon and then she went to the store to buy some flowers and some bread.

No, she bought the bread for me, not you!

How to Say “Some” in Italian

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In Italian, you use something called l'articolo

partitivo (partitive article).

 This article appears before singular nouns (del miele, del caffè, del burro) as well as before plural nouns of an unspecified amount (dei libri, delle ragazze, degli studenti).

In the simplest terms, it can be defined as

meaning “some”, but you may also use it to mean, “any” or even “a few”, when it’s meant to be a rough estimate.

The partitive is expressed by the Italian preposition “ di ”, which typically means “of” or “from”, combined with the definite article, like “il” or “le”. For example:

Ho delle cravatte blu. - I have a few blue ties.

Beve del caffè. - She is drinking some coffee.

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Esco con dei compagni. - I go out with some friends.

Manca del burro. - He needs some butter.

Abbiamo soltanto della zuppa e un paio di cornetti. - We only have some soup and a couple of croissants.

SINGULAR

PLURAL

feminine della dellefeminine (before a vowel) dell' dellemasculine del deimasculine (before a vowel) dell' deglimasculine (before the letters z, x +consonant, and gn)

dello degli

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Un po’ diHowever, using a form of the preposition “di” as the partitive article isn’t the only way to express an imprecise amount. You can also use the expression “un po’ di”, which translates to, “a bit of”.

For example: Vuoi un po’ di zucchero? - Do you want a bit

of sugar?

Vorrei un po’ di vino rosso. - I would like a bit of red wine.

Aggiungi un po’ di sale e di pepe! - Add a bit of salt and pepper!

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Ci sono andato/a, perché volevo un po’ di pace. - I went there because I wanted a bit of peace.

Avete dei cibi senza glutine? - Do you have food without gluten?

Mi serve un po’ d’acqua. - I need a bit of water.When do you use the partitive article “di” vs. “un po’ di”?To answer your question, imagine this scenario. You walk into a panetteria because you want del pane (some bread) and you tell the   fornaio :

Vorrei un po’ di pane toscano. – I would like a bit   of   Tuscan bread .Do you see the difference there? Del pane is a more general way to say what you want, and you use un po di’ when you want to be more specific.Finally, instead of using a partitive article or the phrase “un po’ di”, you can use an indefinite pronoun, like “alcuni - some”, as in “alcuni

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ragazzi - some boys” or “qualche”, as in

“qualche piatto - some dishes”.  

1. Per lavorare con il vocabolario eLa grammatica

2. L’esame di Capitolo 5

Le Opere

1. Attivita’ di Capitolo 52. Ripasso del vocabolario 5A e 5B3. La grammatical ella lezione

AVVERBI

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Italian adverbs (avverbi) are invariable parts of speech used to modify or clarify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Ho riposato tranquillamente.I slept peacefully.

Quello scrittore è piuttosto famoso.That writer is quite famous.

Devi parlare molto lentamente.You have to talk very slowly.

Placement of Adverbs When an adverb refers to a verb, the

adverb is usually placed after the verb:

 Ho fatto tardi e la segreteria dell'Università era già chiusa. 

Depending on the context of the sentence, though, the adverb can be placed elsewhere: 

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Domani, se è una bella giornata, voglio andare nel bosco.

When the verb is a compound tense, many adverbs can also be placed between the auxiliary and the participle: 

Veramente non ho ben capito. When an adverb refers to an adjective, the

adverb comes before the adjective: 

Questo cane è bello e molto buono.

When an adverb refers to another adverb, those of the avverbi di quantità type are placed ahead of the others: 

La mattina di solito mi alzo molto presto.

CONTINUE READING BELOW OUR VIDEO 

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The avverbio di negazione  non  always comes before the verb: 

Vorrei che tu non dimenticassi mai quello che ti ho detto.

Avverbi interrogativi introduce a direct interrogative sentence and are usually place before the verb: 

Quanto costano queste banane?

Formation of Adverbs

With respect to formation, Italian adverbs can be divided into four groups: 

1. semplici, 2. composti, 3. derivati, and 

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4. locuzioni avverbiali:

avverbi semplici are formed from a single word, and are not derived nor composed from others, for example: 

mai, forse, bene, dove, più, qui, assai, già.

avverbi composti are formed by the merger of two or more different elements, such as: 

almeno(al meno), invero (in vero), dappertutto (da per tutto), in fatti (in fatti), perfino (per fino).

avverbi derivati are those that are formed from another word, to which is added a suffix (-mente, -: allegro > allegramente,  ciondolare > ciondoloni) or through a simple functional modification, without altering the form of the word itself (for example, "parlar chiaro", "camminare veloce").

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locuzioni avverbiali are phrases arranged in a fixed order that function as adverbs: all'improvviso, di frequente, per di qua, press'a poco, poco fa, a più non posso, d'ora in poi. Locuzioni avverbiali are numerous and widely used in spoken language, often with regional variations. Note too that they can often be replaced with an adverb: all'improvviso = improvvisamente; di frequente = frequentemente.

Derived Adverbs using - MENTEMost adverbs are derived by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine form of the adjectives that end in -o: certa-mente, rara-mente, ultima-mente or to the singular form of those adjectives that end in -e: forte-mente, grande-mente, veloce-mente. But if the last syllable of these adjectives is -le or -re the final e is eliminated: general-mente, celer-mente.

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Special forms include:

benevolmente (instead of benevola-mente)ridicolmente (instead of ridicola-mente)leggermente (instead of leggera-mente)violentemente (instead of violenta-mente)parimenti (instead of pari-mente)altrimenti (instead of altra-mente)Adverbs indicating a particular body location are

often formed with the suffix -oni added to the base formed either from a noun or verb:

bocca » bocc-oniginocchio » ginocchi-onitastare » tast-oniciondolare » ciondolo-onidondolare » dondol-oniruzzolare » ruzzol-onitentare » tent-oniSome of these adverbs are also used with the preposition a: a tastoni, a tentoni.

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Italian Grammar Lessons: The Past / Passato ProssimoThis lesson will show you how to use the principle Italian past tense, the “passato prossimo”.Italian has a “near past” tense and a “remote past” tense.

For English speakers, there is one point of confusion: in English, you choose between the Simple Past tense (“I studied”) and the Present Perfect tense (“I have studied”). When speaking Italian, both forms would translate as the passato prossimo, even though the passato prossimo LOOKS more like the second one (“Ho studiato” = “I have studied”??) because of the use of the auxiliary verb “avere”..

The “passato prossimo” is formed with the auxiliary verb essere OR avere + participio passato (past participle).

Just in case you’re still vague on the conjugation of “essere” and “avere”, here they are:

essere – to beio sonotu seilui/lei ènoi siamo

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voi sieteloro sono

avere – to haveio hotu hailui/lei hanoi abbiamovoi aveteloro hanno

You probably don’t know the “participio passato” (past participle) of the verbs you’ve learnt, but not to worry!You can normally form the “participio passato” from the infinitive of a verb (this only applies to “regular” verbs) by changing the ending of verb:

Forming the past participles

-are → ato (mangiare-mangiato)-ere → uto (avere-avuto)

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-ire → ito (dormire-dormito)

So when you want to talk about a past action or event, you need to use avere or essere plus the past participle. But which one? Avere or essere?

Avere as the helping verbThe majority of verbs use “avere”, just like in English (I have studied). For example:

Paola ha dormito a lungo.Mario ha visitato un museo.Io e Marco abbiamo pranzato in un locale tipico.I ragazzi hanno mangiato una pizza.

Essere as the helping verb-

But essere is used with:– verbs of movement

– verbs of changing state–– reflexive verbs–

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For example:Paola è andata al cinema.

Mario è andato al cinema.

Io e Maria siamo andate al cinema.

I ragazzi sono andati a casa.

Note that with “essere” the ending of the past participle changes to reflect the gender and singluar/plural of the subject.The final thing you need to remember is that there are regular and irregular past participle forms.Examples of regular past participle forms:

andare – (essere) andato/aavere – (avere) avutotornare – (essere) tornato/adormire – (avere) dormitocercare – (avere) cercatomontare – (avere) montatomangiare – (avere) mangiatopreparare – (avere) preparatoguardare – (avere) guardato

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Examples of irregular past participle forms:

fare – (avere) fattomettere – (avere) messovenire – (essere) venutoprendere – (avere) presoessere – (essere)stato/aleggere – (avere) lettorimanere – (essere) rimastoaprire – (avere) apertodire – (avere) dettoscegliere – (avere) sceltoscrivere – (avere) scrittouscire – (essere) uscito/avedere – (avere) visto

fine

Out on Jury Duty Sub Work:Il lavoro per questa SETTIMANALesson plans for Mr. J Capaldo-Masi

All clases in room 135

All work on looseleaf (or in notebooks if indicated)

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Italian III Block I and IIISENTIERI textbook

page 131 PRATICA 1, 2 and 3 Complete sentences and underline the correct response

page 132 Comunicazione 4

page 136 Read UN GIRO PER I NEGOZI and answer the ATTIVITA’ at the bottom of the page #1-10

Page 152 review the vocabulary

page 153 PRATICA complete 1 2 and Some helpful verbs used with the computer:

Accendere to turn onCancellare to erase

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Caricare to loadçto chargeCominciare to startComporre to dialEssere in linea to be on lineFunzionare to workçto function

Navigare in rete to surf the netRegistrare to recordSalvare to saveScarciare to downloadSpegnere to turn offStampare to print

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Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

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– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.– E tu ci sei stato?– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

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Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

Using ESSERE as the helping verb:

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Partire

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

partito/a

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

partiti/e

Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

stato/a

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

avuto

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

stati/e

PASSATO PROSSIMO INDICATIVO Il participio passatoI verbi in ARE al PARTICIPIO PASSATO fanno ATOparlaremangiar

parl-ATOmangi-ATO

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ecomprare

compr-ATO

I verbi in ARE al PARTICIPIO PASSATO fanno UTOvendereperdere 

credere

vend-UTOperd-UTOcred-UTO

I verbi in IRE al PARTICIPIO PASSATO fanno ITOpartire sentirefinire

part-ITOsent-ITOfin-ITO

Il passato prossimoSi forma il PASSATO PROSSIMO con:  ausiliare  ESSERE/AVERE+PARTICIPIO PASSATO

partire pagareIO TULUILEINOIVOILORO

SONO PARTITO/ASEI PARTITO/AE' PARTITOE' PARTITASIAMO PARTITI/ESIETE PARTITI/ESONO PARTITI/E

HO PAGATOHAI PAGATOHA PAGATOHA PAGATOABBIAMO PAGATOAVETE PAGATOHANNO PAGATO

m = maschile f = femminile

Uso dell'ausiliareI verbi transitivi vogliono

l'ausiliare AVERE

Mara HA ROTTO un vasoHAI COMPRATO un vestito?I Rossi HANNO DATO una festa.Mario HA MANGIATO una pizza

I verbi intransitivi vogliono

l'ausiliare ESSERE l'ausiliare AVERE

Il cane E' SCAPPATO

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Il film mi E' PIACIUTO.Mario E' PARTITO.Tu SEI ARRIVATA tardi.Loro SONO TORNATI.Il libro E' COSTATO poco

In treno loro HANNO VIAGGIATO in piedi.HAI PASSEGGIATO in centro.In piscina HO NUOTATO 

I verbi riflessivi vogliono

l'ausiliare ESSERE

Laura si E' PETTINATALucia si E' LAVATA.Mario e Gianni si SONO SALUTATI.Mi SONO DIVERTITA molto

I participi passati irregolariaccendere  aprireberechiederechiuderecogliereconcederedireemetterees-porreesserees-trarrefaregiungereleggeremetteremorderemorirenascereoffrireperdereprenderepro-durrerendererimanererispondereromperesceglierescendere

accesoapertobevutochiestochiusocoltoconcessodettoemessoespostostato (è)estrattofattogiunto (è)lettomessomorsomorto (è)nato (è)offertoperso/perdutopresoprodottoresorimasto (è)rispostorottosceltosceso (è/ha)

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scriverespenderespegneretoglierevederevenirevincerevivere

scrittospesospentotoltovisto/vedutovenuto (è)vintovissuto (è/ha)

ALCUNI VERBI INTRANSITIVI CHE VOGLIONO L'AUSILIARE ESSEREpiacereandarearrivarecaderecostarediventareentrareesseremorirenascerepartirerimanereriuscirestaresuccederetornareuscirevenire

è piaciutosono andatosono arrivatosono cadutoè costatosono diventatosono entratosono statoè mortosono natosono partitosono rimastosono riuscitosono statoè successosono tornatosono uscitosono venuto

1 - I verbi costare, morire, succedere si usano quasi sempre alla terza persona. 2 - Essere e stare hanno lo stesso participio passato, perciò hanno la stessa forma al passato prossimo.

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ITALIANO III!!

Sapere/Conosceresapere: to know, know how (to), can; to be aware (of), learn, hearIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a direct object) conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

SAPERE to know a FACT

SAPEREPresenteio sotu sailui, lei, Lei sanoi sappiamovoi sapeteloro, Loro sannoloro, Loro sapevanoloro, Loro seppero

Futuro Sempliceio sapròtu saprailui, lei, Lei saprànoi sapremo

Passato Prossimoio ho saputotu hai saputolui, lei, Lei ha saputonoi abbiamo saputovoi avete saputoloro, Loro hanno saputo

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Futuro Semplicevoi sapreteloro, Loro sapranno

Conoscere to know a person or something very very wellItalian Verb Conjugations: Conoscere Conjugation table for the Italian verb conoscereconoscere: to know, be familiar with, meet; recognize, experience, enjoyIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a direct object)

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

Presenteio conoscotu conoscilui, lei, Lei conoscenoi conosciamovoi conosceteloro, Loro conoscono

Imperfettoio conoscevotu conoscevilui, lei, Lei conoscevanoi conoscevamovoi conoscevateloro, Loro conoscevano

Futuro Sempliceio conosceròtu conoscerailui, lei, Lei conoscerà

Passato Prossimoio ho conosciutotu hai conosciutolui, lei, Lei ha conosciuto noi abbiamo conosciutovoi avete conosciutoloro, Loro hanno conosciuto

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Futuro Semplicenoi conosceremovoi conoscereteloro, Loro conosceranno

Conoscere o Sapere?Ways to Say "to know"

I. Conoscere. Ask these people if they are acquainted with the people and places indicated:

Esempio: tu: Paolo   >  Conosci Paolo?voi: l'amico di Giorgioloro: Veneziatu: mia madreGiovanna: Boston Lei : i signori De Sanctis

 II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these

questions with the correct form of sapere.Graziella, ________ dov'è la biblioteca?

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Mi scusi, signore, _________ per caso che ora è?Ragazzi, ___________ che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera?Scusi, signora, _______ se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui?Io _______ il nome di quella ragazza.Tu _______ anche il suo numero telefonico?Bambini, _____________ chi fu il primo presidente?

 III. Sapere + Infinitive. Say these

people know how to do the following activities:

 Esempio: tu : parlare

spagnolo  > Sai parlare spagnolo? lei: cantarevoi ragazzi: nuotarenoi : giocare a calcioMimmo : andare a cavalloio : cucinare la pasta

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i ragazzi : suonare la chitarra IV.  Conversazione. Creare un dialogo

usando le parole date e facendo altri cambiamenti necessari.

esempio:  -Scusi, signorina (signore). Sa dov'è lo zoo?

-Mi dispiace, non conosco bene Pistoia.             il ristorante Tritone            Roma            il cinema Odeon            Siena            lo stadio            Napoli            la Bibilioteca Nazionale            Firenze            la stazione Termini            Roma            piazza San Marco            Venezia            La Scala            Milano 

V. Conoscere o sapere?A. Scegliere il verbo giusto.

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1. Sai  /  Conosci    il fratello di Giorgio?2. Sapete  /  Conoscete    dove Giorgo

abita?3. Sa  /  Conosce    giocare a futbol

Massimo?4. Sappiamo  /  Conosciamo   la politica

di Estonia.5. So  /  Conosco   bene la regione

Chianti nella Toscana.

 B. Completare le frasi con il verbo

appropriato. 

1. ____________ Roma, signorina?2. Io ____________ suonare il pianoforte.3. Tutti _________ che Pietro arriva oggi.4. Noi ___________ dov'è il castello

Sforzesco.5. (tu)  _________ se vengono stasera?6. Chi _______ la differenza fra "ciao!" e

"arrivederci"?

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7. Lei non _______ quando partono.8. Tu ____________ bene Mariangela;

infatti, esci sempre con lei.9. Enzo non _______ quanti CD ha.10. Non compro il biglietto ancora

perché non ______ se Gianna viene.11. Marco, _______ benissimo che i tuoi

nonni abitano a Genova!12. Ragazzi, _______ il numero

telefonico della professoressa?13. Voi ____________ bene francese e

avete molti amici francesi.14. Quell'uomo ____________ mio padre;

lavorano insieme.15. Io _______ cucinare, ma preferisco

uscire per mangiare.16. Io non _______ da quanto tempo

Maria ____________ Giuseppe.17. I signori Martinelli non  ________

dov'è il loro figlio.18. Mia madre vuole __________ se io

ho un ragazzo.19. Franco __________ bene la

matematica. 

Answer Key:

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I. Conoscere.Voi conoscete l'amico di Giorgio?Loro conoscono Venezia?Tu conosci mia madre?Giovanna conosce Boston?  OR  Giovan

na, conosci Boston?Lei conosce i signori De Sanctis? 

II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these questions with the correct form of sapere.Graziella, sai dov'è la biblioteca?Mi scusi, signore, sa per caso che ora è?Ragazzi, sapete che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera?Scusi, signora, sa se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui?Io so il nome di quella ragazza.Tu sai anche il suo numero telefonico?Bambini, sapete chi fu il primo presidente?

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 III. Sapere + Infinitive: to know how to do. 

Lei sa cantare.Voi ragazzi sanno nuotare.Sappiamo giocare a calcio.Mimmo sa andare a cavallo.So cucinare la pasta.I ragazzi sanno suonare la chitarra.

 IV.  Conversazione.

 --Scusi, signoria, sa dov'è il

ristorante Tritone.--Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene

Roma. --Scusi, signore, sa dov'è il cinema

Odeon?--Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene

Siena. eccetera

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 V. Conoscere o sapere?Part A. Scegliere il verbo giusto.

1. Conosci    il fratello di Giorgio?2. Sapete dove Giorgo abita?3. Sa giocare a futbol Massimo?4. Conosciamo la politica di Estonia.5. Conosco bene la regione Chianti

nella Toscana.

 Part B. 1. Conosce Roma, signorina?

2. Io so suonare il pianoforte.3. Tutti sanno che Pietro arriva oggi.4. Noi sappiamo dov'è il castello

Sforzesco.5. (tu) sai se vengono stasera?6. Chi sa la differenza fra "ciao!" e

"arrivederci"?7. Lei non sa quando partono.8. Tu conosci bene Mariangela...9. Enzo non sa quanti CD ha.10. ...non so se Gianna viene.11. Marco, sai benissimo...12. Ragazzi, sapete il numero

telefonico...

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13. Voi conoscete bene francese...14. Quell'uomo conosce mio padre...15. Io so cucinare...16. Io non so da quanto tempo

Maria conosce Giuseppe.

17. I signori Martinelli non sanno dov'è il figlio.

18. Mia madre vuole sapere se io ho un ragazzo.

19. Franco conosce bene la matematica.

 CONOSCERE/SAPEREio-conoscereconoscotu-conoscereconoscilui/lei-conoscereconoscenoi conoscereconosciamovoi-conoscereconosceteloro-consocereconoscono

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io-saperesotu-saperesailui/lei-saperesanoi-saperesappiamovoi-saperesapeteloro-saperesannochiwhoperche'whycomehowdovewherequandowhenqualewhichche/cosawhatto know a factsapere

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To know how to do somethingSapereto be familiar with a person, place or thingconscereIo so ballareI know how to danceIo so l'indirizzo della scuolaI know the address of the schoolIo conosco DavideI know DavidIo consoco RomaI know RomeIo so chi e' DavideI know who David isIo so dov'e' RomaI know where Rome is

fine

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THE DIRECT OBJECTRecognize a direct object when you see one.A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, orclauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

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SUBJECT  +  VERB  + what? or who? =  D IRECT

OBJECT

Here are examples of the formula in action:

Zippy and Maurice played soccer  wi th a grapefrui t pul led from a backyard tree.

Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object.

Zippy accidental ly kicked Maurice   in the shin.

Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who?Maurice = direct object.

Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer andMaurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same.

Sylina hates biting her fingernails .

Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?Biting her fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct object.

Even worse, Syl ina hates  when Mom lectures her about hand care .

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Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?When Mom lectures her about hand care [asubordinate clause] = direct object.

Direct objects can also follow verbals—infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the formula:

verbal + what? or who? = direct object

Here are some examples:

To see magnified blood cells , Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.

To see = infinitive. To see what? Blood cells = direct object.

Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda , his lab partner, more clear ly.

To see = infinitive. To see who? The beautiful Miranda = direct object.

Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd   through the door is Roseanne's least favori te part of going to the vet.

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Dragging = gerund. Dragging what? Her seventy-five pound German shepherd = direct object.

Heaping his plate  wi th fr ied chicken, Clyde winked at Delores, the cook.

Heaping = participle. Heaping what? His plate = direct object.

Don't mistake a direct object for a subject complement.Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is linking, then the word that answers the what? or who? question is asubject complement.

The space al ien from the planet Zortek accidental ly locked his keys   in his space ship.

Alien = subject; locked = action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys = direct object.

The space al ien was happy   to f ind a spare key taped under the wing.

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Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The space alien was what? Happy = subject complement.

Don't use subject pronouns as direct objects.The chart below contains subject and object pronouns. Because direct objects are objects, always use the objective form of the pronoun when you need a direct object.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

Iweyou

he, she, ittheywho

meus

youhim, her, it

themwhom

Check out these sample sentences:

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After I give my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me  wi th her st icky tongue.

She = subject; kisses = verb. She kisses who? Me = direct object.

Because Jo had skipped Mr. Duncan's class f ive t imes in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him  on campus.

She = subject; spotted = verb. She spotted who? Him= direct object.

Because David was always eat ing her food, Theresa sneaked corn chips and candy bars into her room and hid  them   in the clothes hamper.

Theresa = subject; hid = verb. Theresa hid what?Them = direct object.

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THE INDIRECT OBJECTRecognize an indirect object when you see one.Indirect objects are rare. You can read for pages before you encounter one. For an indirect object to appear, a sentence must first have a direct object.

Direct objects follow transitive verbs [a type of action verb]. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the

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direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

SUBJECT  +  VERB  + what? or who? =  D IRECT

OBJECT

Here are examples of the formula in action:

Jim bui l t a  sandcastle  on the beach.

Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object.

Sammy and Maria brought  Bill ie Lou   to the party.

Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Billie Lou = direct object.

To explain the broken lamp, we told a   l ie .

We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object.

When someone [or something] gets the direct object, that word is the indirect object. Look at these new versions of the sentences above:

Jim bui l t his  granddaughter  a sandcastle  on the beach.

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Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object. Who got the sandcastle?Granddaughter = indirect object.

So that Darren would have company at the party, Sammy and Maria brought  him  a blind date .

Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Blind date = direct object. Who got the blind date? Him = indirect object.

To explain the broken lamp, we told  Mom  a  l ie .

We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object. Who got the lie? Mom = indirect object.

Sometimes, the indirect object will occur in a prepositional phrase beginning with to or for. Read these two sentences:

Tomas paid the mechanic  200 dol lars to f ix the squeaky brakes.

Tomas paid 200 dol lars  to the mechanic   to f ix the squeaky brakes.

In both versions, the mechanic [the indirect object] gets the200 dollars [the direct object].

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When the direct object is a pronoun rather than a noun, putting the indirect object in a prepositional phrase becomes a necessary modification. The preposition smoothes out the sentence so that it sounds natural. Check out these examples:

Lesl ie didn' t have any money for a sandwich, so Smit ty purchased her   i t .

Blech! That version sounds awful! But now try the sentence with the indirect object after a preposition:

Lesl ie didn' t have any money for a sandwich, so Smit ty purchased i t  for her .

Locating the indirect object her in a prepositional phrase lets the sentence sound natural! Now read this example:

After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuff ing, he passed us   i t .

Ewww! This version sounds awful too! But with a quick fix, we can solve the problem:

After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuff ing, he passed i t  to us .

With the indirect object us in a prepositional phrase, we have an improvement!

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Pronomi diretti e indiretti

Direct object pronouns

Mind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the

object (the thing or person) and take the place of the noun. The direct object pronoun receives the action

of the verb directly: there is no preposition after the verb!

For example, after the verb “To invite” we don’t have the preposition “to” > I invited her. “Her” is the

“direct object pronoun“, but the verb “to talk” need the preposition “to” before the pronoun > I will

talk to him:  “to him” in Italian is an indirect object pronoun!

Generally the object pronouns are before the verb, but they are after the verb in the infinitive or in the

imperative mood. Before a vowel, singular pronouns use an apostrophe.

 

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Pronomi oggetto diretto Direct object pronouns

Mi Me

Ti You

Lo Him/It (masculine – sing.)

La Her/It (feminine – sing.)

Ci Us

Vi You

Li Them (masculine – pl.)

Le Them (feminine – pl.)

Some examples in present tense (pronouns are before the verb):

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Prendo il coltello = I take the knife becomes Lo prendo = I take it

Mangio una mela = I eat an apple La mangio = I eat it

Incontro Marco = I meet Marco L'(=lo) incontro = I meet him

Incontro Maria = I meet Maria L'(=la) incontro = I meet her

Taglio I pomodori = I cut the tomatoes Li taglio = I cut them

Affetto le melanzane = I slice the eggplants

Le affetto = I slice them

 

 

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

While direct object pronouns answer the question what? or whom? Indirect object pronouns answer the question to whom? or for

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whom? Also, they're the same as the Direct Object Pronouns except for the pronouns in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to them).Singolare Singular Plural

e Pluralmi (to/for) me ci (to/for) usti (to/for) you

(informal) vi (to/for) you (informal)

gli (to/for) him, it LoroGli

(to/for) You formal

le (to/for) her, it

Le(to/for) you (formal f. & m.)

loro

gli(to them

The direct object is governed directly by the verb, for example, in the following statement: Romeo loved her.

The Indirect Object in an English sentence often stands where you would expect the direct object but common sense will tell you that the direct object is later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought her a bunch of flowers.The direct object — i.e. the thing that Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”;

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Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence actually means "for her" and is the Indirect Object.

Examples:» Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina dalla Spagna   Someone (has) sent me a postcard from Spain.

» Il professore le ha spiegato il problema   The teacher (has) explained the problem to her.

» Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per sua madre?   Did you tell him/them to buy a present for (his/their) mother.

» Voglio telefonargli   I want to phone him.

» Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato l'italiano   Mr Brambilla taught us Italian.

» Cosa gli dici?   What are you saying to him/to them?

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» Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti!   Lucia, your father wants to speak to you!

» Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi   I (have) never asked him to help me.

» Non oserei consigliarti   I would not dare to advise you

» Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini   I gave her a present of a pair of earrings.

Italian “passato prossimo”Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (=

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participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)”

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or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

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Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:

– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

––

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

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Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

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– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.

– E tu ci sei stato?

– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?

–– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

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Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

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Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

ITALIAN DISJUNCTIVE OR "STRESSED" PRONOUNS: I PRONOMI   TONICI Ages ago we learned the direct and indirect object pronouns - mi, ti, lo, la, gli, le, etc. Unlike English, Italian has another version of these which you use after a preposition or verb, often for greater emphasis (hence the name "stressed pronouns"). First we'll learn what these pronouns are, then we'll see how to use them.

Stressed Pronouns

me (me)te (you)Lei (you formal)lui (him)

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lei (her)sé (yourself, himself, herself, oneself - reflexive)noi (us)voi (you plural)Loro (you plural formal)loro (them)sé (yourselves, themselves - also reflexive)

So they look like a hybrid of direct or indirect object pronouns and subject pronouns. But take note: although Lei, lui, lei, noi, voi and loro look like subject pronouns, when used disjunctively they are not subjects!

So how are they used?

1) after a preposition

Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.)Siamo usciti con loro. (We went out with them.)Pensa sempre a sé. (He always thinks about himself.)Studiano sempre da sé. (They always study by themselves.)A me non piace questo vino. (I don't like this wine - a more emphatic way of saying, "Non mi piace questo vino.")Andiamo da lui. (We're going to his place.)

2) after a verb to give the direct or indirect object greater emphasis

Lo amo. - Amo lui. (I love him.)Ti cercavo. - Cercavo te. (I was looking for you.)Mi abbraccia. - Abbraccia me. (She hugs me.)

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The above pairs of sentences have the same meanings, but the second in each pair is more emphatic. For even greater emphasis, use anche, proprio or solamente - e.g. Cercavo proprio te. Abbraccia solamente me.

3) after a verb to distinguish between multiple objects

Riconosce me ma non lui. - He recognizes me but not him.Ha invitato noi e loro. - He invited us and them.

4) in comparisons

Marcello è più alto di me. (Marcello is taller than me.)Loro sono meno paurosi di noi. (They are less fearful than us.)Tuo fratello non era intelligente quanto te. (Your brother wasn't as smart as you.) 

A very common Italian idiomatic expression that uses stressed pronouns is, "Tocca a me!" - It's my turn! Of course, you can use it with the other disjunctive pronouns too - Tocca a te, tocca a noi, etc. So when the waiter brings you the bill and someone asks, "Chi paga oggi?" just say, "Eh purtroppo oggi tocca a te!" (Who's buying today? - Unfortunately today it's your turn!) C4N!

I pronomi diretti tonici e atoni

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I pronomi personali diretti hanno due forme: la FORMA TONICA e la FORMA ATONA.

FORMA TONICA significa che l’accento della frase si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova dopo il verbo.

FORMA ATONA significa che l’accento della frase non si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova prima del verbo.

Poiché le due forme hanno lo stesso significato, la FORMA TONICA è preferita quando il tono della frase è enfatico, cioè si vuole dare risalto alla persona a cui si riferisce il discorso.Esempio:

Cercano TE (FORMA TONICA)TI cercano (FORMA ATONA)Nella frase “Cercano te” l’accento tonico cade sul pronome a sottolineare la II

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persona singolare; nella frase “Ti cercano” l’accento cade su “cercAno” e “Ti” specifica solo chi viene cercato.In presenza di verbi modali, la posizione del pronome diretto in forma atona non ha una grande importanza: infatti può trovarsi prima del verbo modale (Esempio: Giorgio mi vuole sposare) o dopo l’infinito, ad esso unito (Esempio: Giorgio vuole sposarmi).

Diretto Tonico Diretto Atono

me mi

te ti

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lui lo

lei la

Lei (cortesia) La (cortesia)

noi ci

voi vi

loro (m.) li (m.)

loro (f.) le (f.)

OSSERVA gli esempi:Angela ha visto il suo amico Lorenzo per strada e l’ha chiamato.

Angela ha visto la sua amica Cecilia per strada e l’ha chiamata.

Dottor Poggiali, ieri L’ho vista per strada, L’ho salutata con la mano, ma Lei non mi ha visto.

Angela ha visto i suoi amici per strada e li ha salutati.Angela ha visto le sue sorelle, ma non e le ha salutate.

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Il participio passato dei verbi che reggono i pronomi diretti di III persona singolare e plurale concorda in genere ed in numero con il pronome atono.

Solo alla III persona singolare, maschile o femminile, il pronome atono può essere apostrofato.

PASSATO PROSSIMO!Questo tempo indica:

un'azione trascorsa da poco

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un'azione trascorsa da tanto tempo con effetti anche nel presente  un'esperienza di vita un'azione passata in un periodo di tempo non ancora trascorso del tutto

Per formare il passato prossimo si usa:

il presente indicativo dei verbi essere o avere

+il participio passato del verbo in questione

Esempi:

Dopo pranzo Marco ha letto il giornale. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Quest'anno siamo andati in vacanza a Barcellona. (quest'anno è ancora in corso) 

Hai studiato all'estero? (un'esperienza di vita)

Sono stata a Parigi due anni fa. (un'esperienza di vita)

Oggi, Luigi e Simona hanno fatto la spesa. (oggi non è ancora finito) 

Sono uscita da scuola mezz'ora fa. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Sono sposato da 14 anni. (sono ancora sposato, rapporto con il presente)

Nota: Per la maggior parte dei verbi si usa l'ausiliare avere; per molti verbi di movimento si usa l'ausiliare essere.

Passato prossimo dei verbi mangiare, credere e partire:

Mangiare Credere io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

mangiato

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

creduto

Quando il Passato prossimo è costruito con l'ausiliare essere, occorre concordare il participio in genere e numero con il soggetto.

Partire

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 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

partito/a

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

partiti/e

Italian “passato prossimo”

Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

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Italian regular “participio passato”-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

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Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that usethe auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

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Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

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– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.– E tu ci sei stato?– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

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Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

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Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

stato/a

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

avuto

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

stati/e

 

Vedi anche:

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer italiano: Cinderella man

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer in Italiano: Crazy, Stupid, Love

Corso di Italiano: Unità 8 La formazione del participio passato e il passato prossimo

Dettato: Il viaggio di Paolo Verbo passato prossimo e participio passato

Esercizi di Italiano: Passato Prossimo - verbo STARE

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Il presente indicativoparl - are cred- ere part- ire

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io parl - o cred- o part- otu parl- i cred-i part- ilui/lei parl- a cred- e part- enoi parl- iamo cred- iamo part-iamovoi parl- ate cred- ete part- iteloro parl- ano cred-ono part- ono

fin- ire (isco)fin- iscofin- iscifin-iscefin-iamofin-itefin-iscono

 How to conjugate verbs / Come coniugare i verbi

Auxiliary verbs / Verbi ausiliari

The two most important verbs in Italian, by far, are avere (to have) and essere (to be). They are called verbi ausiliari (auxiliary verbs), and they are irregular in nearly every tense, including the present indicative, sometimes extremely so. Here are their conjugations.Avere (to have):

Italian English

(Io) ho I have

(tu) hai you (singular) have

(lui/lei/Lei) ha

he/she/you (singular formal) has

(noi) abbiamo we have

(voi) avete you (plural) have

(loro) hanno they have

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Essere (to be):Italian English

(Io) sono I am

(tu) sei you (singular) are

(egli(lui)/ella(lei)/Lei) è

he/she/you (singular formal) is

(noi) siamo we are

(voi) siete you (plural) are

(loro) sono they are

Regular verbs / Verbi regolariIn Italian, regular verbs are the most common ones. They always end with -are, -ere, and -ire, are the same in the first person (singular and plural) and second person singular. They are different in the third person (singular and plural) and second person plural. According to the different suffix, verbs are assigned to one of the three regular conjugation of verbs in Italian. For instance:• amare (to love): is a first conjugation verb (prima

coniugazione);• ripetere (to repeat): is a second conjugation verb (seconda

coniugazione);• dormire (to sleep): is a third conjugation verb (terza

coniugazione).

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Here is a table of the regular present indicative for -are, -ere, and -ire verbs.

Who amàre (to love)

ripétere (to repeat)

dormìre (to sleep)

Io àmo ripéto dòrmo

tu àmi ripéti dòrmi

lui/lei/Lei àma ripéte dòrme

noi amiàmo ripetiàmo dormiàmo

voi amàte ripetéte dormìte

Essi/loro àmano ripétono dòrmono

It is important to note the change of stress position in different person forms. Regular verbs follow the same position change. Stress is shown in table above to help learning, it is not written in real texts (see Pronunciation for details on stress).

Irregular verbs / Verbi irregolariIn Italian, there are also several irregular verbs. A very few of

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them do not even apply to the conjugation previously seen, such as porre (to put down, to place) and tradurre (to translate); actually they derive from second conjugation (ponere,traducere). This is a list of common usage verbs which are known to be irregular, and do not apply to the conjugation rules seen before:

• andare (to go)• bere (to drink)• cercare (to seek, to look for)• dare (to give)• dire (to say)• fare (to do, to make)• piacere (to like)• stare (to stay, to remain)• uscire (to leave, to go out)• venire (to come)• vivere (to live)

Modal verbs / Verbi serviliThree other important verbs, dovere, potere and volere, are irregular too; these three particular verbs are known as verbi servili (modal verbs), as they have the function to “serve” and “support” other infinite verbs. In particular:• dovere is equivalent to the English modal verb must, but also

the have to form: for instance, devo studiare (I have to study, I must study).

• potere is equivalent to the English modal verbs can and may: for instance, puoi andare (You can go, you may go).

• volere expresses willingness to do something, and is actually equivalent to the English verbs to want, to wish and to will; for instance, voglio mangiare (I want to eat). The verb volere can be also used in non-modal forms, that is not in support of an infinite verb.

Another chart to examine the regular verbs in Italian:

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Used for:• events happening in the present;• habitual actions;• current states of being and conditions.

amare/a

ˈmaːre/

credere/

ˈkreːdere/

dormire/dor

ˈmiːre/finire/fiˈniːre/

essere/

ˈɛssere/

avere/a

ˈveːre/

andare/an

ˈdaːre/

stare/

ˈstaːre/

dare/

ˈdaːre/

io/ˈiːo/

amo/ˈaːmo/

credo/ˈkreːdo/

dormo/ˈdɔrmo/

finisco/fiˈnisko/

sono/ˈsoːno/

ho/ɔ/

vado (Tuscan: vo)/ˈvaːdo//vɔ/

sto/stɔ/

do/dɔ/

tu/tu/

ami/ˈaːmi/

credi/ˈkreːdi/

dormi/ˈdɔrmi/

finisci/fiˈniʃʃi/

sei/ˈsɛi/

hai/ˈai/

vai/ˈvai/

stai/ˈstai/

dai/ˈdai/

lui / lei / Lei/ˈlui//ˈlɛi/

ama/ˈaːma/

crede/ˈkreːde/

dorme/ˈdɔrme/

finisce/fiˈniʃʃe/

è/ɛ/

ha/a/

va/va/

sta/sta/

dà/da/

noi/ˈnoi/

amiamo/aˈmjaːmo/

crediamo/kreˈdjaːmo/

dormiamo/dorˈmjaːmo/

finiamo/fiˈnjaːmo/

siamo/ˈsjaːmo/

abbiamo/abˈbjaːmo/

andiamo/anˈdjaːmo/

stiamo/ˈstjaːmo/

diamo/ˈdjaːmo/

voi / Voi/ˈvoi/

amate/aˈmaːte/

credete/kreˈdeːte/

dormite/dorˈmiːte/

finite/fiˈniːte/

siete/ˈsjɛːte/

avete/aˈveːte/

andate/anˈdaːte/

state/ˈstaːte/

date/ˈdaːte/

loro/

amano/

credono/

dormono

finiscon

sono/

hanno/ˈanno/

vanno/

stanno

danno

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ˈloːro/

ˈaːmano/

ˈkreːdono/

/ˈdɔrmono/

o/fiˈniskono/

ˈsoːno/ ˈvanno//ˈstanno/

/ˈdanno/

• io credo "I believe"• lei dorme "she sleeps"

Pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject.

• credo "I believe"• credi "you believe" (2nd pers. sing.)• dorme "he/she sleeps"The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Voi are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei can also mean "she".Lei va "you are going" (formal)tu vai "you are going" (informal)vai "you are going" (informal)va "you are going" (formal)The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural.sono "I am"/"they are"The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare, but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect.The infix -isc- varies in pronunciation between /isk/ and /iʃʃ/, depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs:leggo /ˈlɛɡɡo/ "I read" vs. leggi /ˈlɛddʒi/ "you read"dico /ˈdiːko/ "I say" vs. dici /ˈdiːtʃi/ "you say"etc.

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another example of basic regular - ARE - ERE -IREconjugations

amare temere sentire finire

(io) amo (io) temo (io) sento (io) finisco(tu) ami (tu) temi (tu) senti (tu) finisci(lui, lei) ama (lui, lei) teme (lui, lei) sente (lui, lei) finisce(noi) amiamo (noi) temiamo (noi) sentiamo (noi) finiamo(voi) amate (voi) temete (voi) sentite (voi) finite(loro) amano (loro) temono (loro) sentono (loro) finiscono

It may be a little late in the game for discussing these, but

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it's still worth covering the topic of question words in Italian and looking at some ways they might be used which aren't immediately apparent.

Che?

The word che in Italian means what, but when asking "what" questions it is preferred to ask che cosa, or "what thing". In fact, this is so common that it is actually possible to omit che and just ask cosa as if it were a question!Che cosa fai?What are you doing?

Cosa hai detto?What did you say?

Chi?

The word chi means who. It can be used to ask and answer question about people.Chi hai incontrato?Who did you meet?

chi riceve gli ospitihost (the one who receives guests)

Dove?

The word dove is used to ask where questions. Also, one interesting thing to note is that for questions of "how far?", Italians ask fin dove? or "ending where?".Di dove sei?Where are you from?

Fin dove andrai?How far will you go?

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Quando?

The Italian word quando means when. It asks and answers "when" questions. When paired with da (from), it can be used to form the present perfect tense.Quando torni?When will you return?

Da quando sei qui?How long have you been here?

Perché?

The word perchè means both why and because.Sono in ritardo perché avevo dimenticato di mettere la sveglia.I an late because I forgot to set my alarm clock.

Dimme perchè.Tell me why.

Come?

The word come means both how and like. It is capable of both asking and answering "how" questions.Come è vestido?How is he dressed?

È vestido come un poliziotto.He is dressed like a policeman.

It can also be used in the phrase come mai to ask "why" questions (how come).Come mai non sei venuto alla festa?Why didn't you come to the party?

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Quanto?

The Italian word quanto translates both as how much and how many, depending on its ending. In English, we have separate words for questions about single or plural quantities. In Italian, you just pluralize the question word as you would any other word.Quanto sono grandi i cani?How big are the dogs?

Quanto anni hai?How old are you?

Quale?

IN BOCCA AL LUPO!