italian unification. map of italy before unification

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Italian Unification

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Page 1: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Italian Unification

Page 2: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Map of Italy before Unification

Page 3: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Nationalists had long wanted to unite the Italian peninsula into a single state.

During the first half of the century, however, opinion differed about the manner and goals of Italian unification.

Page 4: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Romantic Republicanism

• After the Congress of Vienna, secret republican societies were founded throughout Italy, the most famous of which was the Carbonari.

• They were singularly ineffective.• Following the failure of the nationalist

uprisings in 1831, the leadership of romantic republican nationalism passed to Giuseppe Mazzini.

Page 5: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini

• 1805 – 1872• 1831: Founded Young Italy

Society to drive Austria from the peninsula and establish an Italian republic.

• 1830s and 1840s: Mazzini and Garibaldi led insurrections.

• Both were deeply involved in the ill-fated Roman Republic of 1849.

Page 6: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Republican nationalism frightened moderate Italians. - wanted to rid themselves of Austrian domination, but not at the cost of establishing a republic.• For a time, these people had looked to the papacy as

a possible vehicle for unification. - That became impossible after the experience of Pius IX with the Roman Republic in 1849.

Page 7: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Piedmont

• Also known as the Kingdom of Sardinia, it was the most independent state on the peninsula.• The Congress of Vienna had restored the

kingdom as a buffer between French and Austrian ambitions.

• During 1848 and 1849, King Charles Albert unsuccessfully fought Austria twice.

• After second defeat, he abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II.

Page 8: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Victor Emmanuel II

• Ruled Piedmont as a constitutional monarch.

• Ruled from 1849 – 1878.

• Chose Count Camillo Cavour as his prime minister.

Page 9: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Camillo Cavour

• Began political life as a conservative, but gradually moved toward moderate liberalism.

• He had no respect for Mazzini’s ideals.

• He was a strong monarchist who rejected republicanism.

• Ideas of unification were based on economic needs and belief in material progress.

Page 10: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Cavour recognized the need to capture the loyalties of those Italians who believed in other varieties of nationalism.

• He fostered the Nationalist Society, which established chapters in other Italian states to press for unification under the leadership of Piedmont.

• But he came to the realization that Italy could not be unified without the aid of France.

• The recent accession of Napoleon III seemed to open the way for such aid.

Page 11: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Napoleon III and the Crimean War

Page 12: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Cavour used the Crimean War to bring Italy into European politics.

• In 1855 Piedmont joined the conflict on the side of France and Britain.

• They only sent 10,000 troops to the front, but this small, yet significant participation allowed Cavour to raise the Italian question at the Paris Peace conference.

Page 13: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Even though Cavour left with no diplomatic reward at the conference, his intelligence and political capacity had impressed everyone.

• He also gained the sympathy of Napoleon III.• He also gained international respectability as he

opposed the various plots of Mazzini, who was still attempting to lead nationalistic uprisings.

• By 1858 Cavour represented a moderate liberal alternative to both republicanism and reactionary liberalism in Italy.

Page 14: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Cavour continued to bide his time.• Then , in January 1858, an Italian named Orsini

attempted to assassinate Napoleon III.• Napoleon III now became more concerned with

the “Italian question.”• He saw himself continuing his famous uncle’s

liberation of the peninsula.• He also saw Piedmont as a potential ally against

Austria.

Page 15: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Plombieres

• July 1858 meeting between Cavour and Napoleon III took place in this city in southern France.

• Here they discussed a Piedmont-France against Austria agreement.

• Napoleon III agreed to support Piedmont in a war against Austria.

Page 16: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• Cavour and Napoleon envisioned an Italy divided into four confederated states: A) Piedmont-Sardinia as Kingdom of Upper Italy 1) Venetia and Lombardy 2) Part of the Papal States 3) Several duchies B) Second state in central Italy – Napoleon’s cousin, Prince Napoleon Bonaparte would be king C) Papal State of the remaining territories from the original D) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1) Sicily 2) Mainland area

This delighted Napoleon – 3 of the 4 confederated states would require French support; they would receive Nice and Savoy from Piedmont.

Page 17: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

War with Austria

• In early 1859 tension grew between Austria and Piedmont.• Austria began to draft men from Lombardy and Venetia into

their army.• Piedmont then began to mobilize their troops.• On April 22, Austria demanded that Piedmont demobilize.• That demand allowed Piedmont to claim that Austria was

provoking a war and France intervened to aid its ally.• The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Solferino.• While that was going on Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the

Romagna provinces of the Papal States had revolutions breaking out.

Page 18: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Villafranca Armistice

• With the Austrians in retreat and the new revolutionary regimes calling for union with Piedmont, Napoleon III feared Piedmont’s extensive victory.

• On July 11, Napoleon independently concluded a peace with Austria at Villafranca.

• Piedmont received Lombardy, but Venetia remained under Austrian control.

• Cavour felt betrayed by France.• Later that summer, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna

voted to united with Piedmont.• Piedmont however united all of north and central Italy except

for Venetia and Rome.

Page 19: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi

• May 1860: Garibaldi landed his 1000 Red Shirts in Sicily.

• This compelled Cavour to pursue the complete unification of northern and southern Italy sooner than he had anticipated.

• He captured Palermo and prepared to attack the mainland.

• By September he controlled Naples.

Page 20: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Uniting the South

• At this point, Cavour stalled Garibaldi.• He rushed Piedmontese troops south to confront him. • On the way, they conquered the rest of the Papal

states except the area around Rome, which was protected for the pope by French troops.

• Cavour and Garibaldi met. Garibaldi’s nationalism won out over his republicanism, and he unhappily accepted Piedmontese domination.

• In late 1860 Naples and Sicily voted to join the northern union forged by Piedmont.

Page 21: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

The New Italian State

• In March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy.

• Three months later Cavour died.• The new state needed his skills more than ever

because, in effect, Italy had been conquered more than united by Piedmont.

• Republicans resented the treatment of Garibaldi.• Clericals resented the conquest of the Papal States.• In the south, armed resistance continued until 1866

against the Piedmont administration.

Page 22: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Economic Problems

• The economies of north and south Italy were incompatible.

• The south was rural, poor, and backward.• The north was industrializing, and its economy

was increasingly linked to the rest of Europe.• The social structures of the two regions reflected

those differences, with large landholders and peasants dominant in the south and an urban working class emerging in the north.

Page 23: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

The New Government

• The political framework of the united Italy could not overcome these problems.

• The constitution that had ruled Piedmont in 1848, provided for a conservative constitutional monarchy.

• Parliament consisted of two houses: a senate appointed by the king; and a chamber of deputies elected on a narrow franchise.

• Ministers were responsible to the monarch, not the Parliament.

Page 24: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• This situation did not foster vigorous parliamentary life.

• Political leaders often avoided major problems.• In place of efficient, progressive government, such

as Cavour had brought to Piedmont; a system called transformismo developed; political opponents were “transformed” into government supporters through bribery, favors, or a seat in the cabinet.

• Italian politics became a byword for corruption.

Page 25: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

Unification Not Complete

• Many Italians believed that other territories should be added to their nation.

• The most important were Venetia and Rome.• Venetia was gained in 1866 in return for Italy’s alliance with

Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War.• Rome and the papacy continued to be guarded by French

troops until the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 which forced their withdrawal.

• The Italian state then annexed Rome and made it their capital.• The papacy confined itself to the Vatican, and it remained

hostile to the Italian state until the two sides concluded a treaty, the Lateran Accord of 1929.

Page 26: Italian Unification. Map of Italy before Unification

• By 1870 only the small province of Trent and the city of Trieste, both ruled by Austria, remained outside Italy.

• These areas were not really important, but they fueled the continued hostility toward Austria.

• The desire to liberate Italia irredenta, or “unredeemed Italy, was one reason for the Italian support of the Allies against Austria and Germany during World War I.