Italy in the Era of Gothic Florescence

 Fragmentationvaried and almost autonomous regional stylesanti-French sentiment (started in the late 13th cen.)

Decline in the universal church Laicizationsecular outlook of prelatesgrowth of towns grew Indebtedness to lesser building types Late phases of art in generalnew solutions turned into established formulas developed further by refining and elaborating

LATE GOTHIC

Milan Cathedral, choir 1386

Milan, Italy

Italy in post-Carolingian invasions of Europe Italy in ca. 1000

The Romanesque churches of Rome so faithful to Early Christian models➞immaculately historicist – Romanesque in terms of date only

Early Christian St. Peter’sRomanesque S. Giorgio in Velabro

Rome, 12th century

Italy in Trachtenberg’s thesis historical consciousness paradigmI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Early Christian basilica Early Christian Santa Sabina, Rome

Strong legacy of the early Christian basilica

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments Italy in Trachtenberg’s thesis historical consciousness paradigm

Italy in relation to Europe at the height of the Romanesque period

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Norman Romanesque in Italy: Trani Cathedral, Trani (Apulia), Italy, 1089-1200s

Italian Romanesque in Rome:S. Giorgio in Velabro, 12th century

Reception of northern European Romanesque: NormansI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Norman Romanesque Trani CathedralItalian Romanesque in Tuscany:Pisa Cathedral

Reception of northern European Romanesque: NormansI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Speyer, Germany

Rome, Italy

Lombardy, Italy

Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire

Romanesque in Northern Italy

Rhine Valley Germany

NorthernItaly

Reception of northern European Romanesque: GermanyI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

S. Ambrogio in Milan with quadripartite rib vaults on double-bay system, complete by 1117

Reception of northern European Romanesque: GermanyI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Venice, ItalyPérigueux, France

Constantinople

St.-Front, Périgueux, France, 1120 St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy, b. 1063

Other historicizing influences in Italy: ConstantinopleI. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Venice, Italy

Constantinople

St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy, b. 1063

Other historicizing influences in Italy: Constantinople

The Katholicon (Byzantine monastic church)Stilo (Calabria), Italy , b. 982

Stilo, Italy

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Southern Italy as Magna Graecia(Greater Greece)

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Normans arrive in Southern Italy in 999establish dukedoms by 1095

Cappella Palatina (Palatine Chapel)Palermo (Sicily), Italy, ca. 1131-1145

Ste-Chapelle (Palatine Chapel)Paris, 1241-48

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments Norman kings in Sicily vs. Capetian royal house of France

Cappella Palatina (Palatine Chapel)Palermo (Sicily), Italy, ca. 1131-1145

Ste-Chapelle, Paris, 1241-48

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Cappella Palatina, Palermo

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Cappella Palatina, Palermo

nave

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Cappella Palatina, Palermo

muqarnas ornament on nave ceiling

I. Italy’s Diverse Romanesque experiments

Italy at the dawn of the High Gothic period

II. Italy (in contrast to France) as fertile ground for the Gothic style (opus francigenum)

II. Italy (in contrast to France) as fertile ground for the Gothic style (opus francigenum)

Reims Cathedral, France, 1211-90

4 points of contrast

Siena Cathedral, nave and transepts 1220-60clerestory and vault rebuilt from 1369

III. Italy’s lessons in Gothic from Cistercian monasteriesNetwork of Cistercian monasteries

Siena Cathedral, 1220-60San Galgano, Cisterican abbey, b. 1218

III. Italy’s lessons in Gothic from Cistercian monasteries Siena Cathedral – Italy’s only early 13th cen. Gothic great church

Siena Cathedral

III. Italy’s lessons in Gothic from Cistercian monasteries

San Galgano, Cisterican abbey

Gothic Siena Cathedral

III. Italy’s lessons in Gothic from Cistercian monasteries

Romanesque Pisa Cathedral

IV. Italy’s own mendicant order Gothic

Franciscan monastery in Florence, Italy: Santa Croce, 1294-1492

IV. Italy’s own mendicant order Gothic

Santa Maria Novella, Florence

IV. Italy’s own mendicant order Gothic

Santa Maria Novella, Florence

Milan Cathedral, Milan, Italy, b. 1386

V. Northern European Gothic in Italy: Milan Cathedral, b. 1386

Milan Cathedral

V. Northern European Gothic in Italy: Milan Cathedral

Milan Cathedral

V. Northern European Gothic in Italy: Milan Cathedral

Milan Cathedral

V. Northern European Gothic in Italy: Milan Cathedral

Milan Cathedral

V. Northern European Gothic in Italy: Milan Cathedral