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A Technical Report Published in

IEEE conference

- by Prof. Devendra Nath Pani

EXPLORATORY OF TECHNOLOGY

ICT INNOVATION ACCELERATOR

Supply Chains

Finance

Economics

Transport and Logistics

Smart Cities

Energy

IT Network and Communication

Health

Resilience

Well-Being

Demography Migration

Conflict War Crime Corruption

Climate Change

Environmental Changes

Natural DisastersWater

Natural and Renewable Resources

EXPLORATORY OF ECONOMY

EXPLORATORY OF SOCIETY EXPLORATORY OF ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

Now a day’s proliferation of telecommunication technology is at peak level. Generation after

generation, new invention in communication sector is getting better and better towards

optimized sharpening results and susceptible of handling threats. As the development of new

technology and its implementation in various authoritative sectors, the risk factor for threat is

very high. So this is a very critical issue to handle the various threats came from any aspects.

Information and Communications Technologies abbreviated as ICT from the last two decade

has leading to various sector like telecommunications and broadcasting, computing.

Interdependency caused ICT infrastructure to more sensitive.

(ICT: A Typical structure)

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ENERGY TRANSPORT COMMUNICAIONS WATER

ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

CLIMATE THREATS

ADAPTIONS

INTERDEPENDENCIES

SHARED VULNERABILITY

THE ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

The environment of ICT is very complex and having many aspects causing positive as well as

negative effect in environmental property. An interconnected ICT infrastructure model is given

below.

(A typical interconnected ICT environmental structure)

For the ICT infrastructure there are some basic requirements, those are:

Good quality Broadband availability.

Wi-Fi of wide bandwidth must available.

Secured Fiber network for high speed data transmission.

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Very good infrastructure for digital industries.

To avoid threat there must be security for server.

Persistence in Infrastructure to protest the threats comes from climate change.

CLIMATE THREAT TO ICT IN COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Climate change has a huge impact throughout the ICT infrastructure due to its sensitive

nature. The entire Communication system is based on the principle of transferring and

receiving signals in various ways. The Communication system is interconnected with each

and every sector of ICT infrastructure. If there is one system found faulty then the whole ICT

infrastructure comes to a situation of jeopardy. Climate change encourages increasing the

threats like cyber attack. So it is very important to identify and fix the fault before ICT

undergoes such situation [Ref 7].

There are various ways of effect of climate and broadly categorized in two classes [Ref 7]:

1. Fast acting direct issue. (Flood and cyclone are the kind of fast acting direct issue

which has direct impact on the infrastructure.)

2. And Slow acting direct issue.

There are several threats due to climate change that can put the ICT sector in jeopardy. Those

threats are as below:

Cyclone or high speed wind can damage telephone terminals, which damage the

wired ICT infrastructure.

Variation in rain with heavier density can be a reason to attenuation and fading of Wi-

Fi signal and mobile signal.

The Ground heave can have an effect on grounded cables.

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ICT Climate Change

IT Network and CommunicationHigh speed wind, Rain density, Ground heave

Wired, Wireless and Optical fibreInterconnected Exploratories and ICT Platforms

Attenuation, damage wired connection, damage grounded cable

As wind speed and direction (velocity) varies significance for the stability of high

elevation communications platforms.

Building design can be a cause of interrupt wireless communication, for example

silvered windows disrupt mobile communications.

Changes in growth of plant could have an impact over interrupted wireless

communication.

Changes in atmospheric condition such as humidness could be a cause of gain

troposphere scintillation and disturbance [Ref 8].

Some ICT components are made up of rare earth metals; the deficit of those rare

physical resources is responsible for the threat due to climate change. The rare metals

are used to develop and deploy the equipment of ICT.

Satellite communication is affected by solar storm, although this is not a result of

climate change.

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Now a day’s ICT sectors is becoming more sustainable because most businesses and

individuals are dependent on continuous ICT coverage. Rather it is now a question whether it

is sustainable critical situation, because it is not 100% under such risk factors occurred during

climate change. The system resilience is preponderantly driven towards the business purpose

action to assert good service. There should be a cost effectiveness of the total network to be

robust for commercial justification rather it is necessary to motivate the investor for the

network infrastructure to focus on its 100% faultless services.

In ICT infrastructure the devices used by the end-user day to day is refreshed rapidly, but the

change in climate is quite slow than network element change rate makes this sector very

different from others. If one system fails then there is more number of diverse systems to

provide backup in the infrastructure. To get better efficiency in ICT infrastructure the degree

of diversity should be reduced.

There should be a minimum resolution distance depending on the vulnerability and

geographical location, for example 50km range of resolution could be most powerful and

susceptible to risk assessments. Climate change varies at different location, so there is a

variation in resolution range.

The information regarding climate change and forecasting of weather events, provided by

ICT is a huge advantage of the infrastructure.

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ADAPTIONS

ICT IN MOBILE PHONE COVERAGE AND ENHANCED DATA SERVICES

The wireless network plays a major role in ICT infrastructure make the system robust. The

user of mobile phone in both the urban as well as rural are increasing day by day results a

better coverage all over the network. Mobile phone use as a part of ICT infrastructure can

help poor people to know and understand important information about health and weather.

ICT encourages people to use mobile phones for multiple purposes and provide sharp and

clear coverage. Sending and receiving data through wireless media is increasingly adopted in

each and every sector. In 2G and 3G mobile technology there are various services provided

such as messaging, video calling and image transfer-all are part of mobile data services [Ref

12]. Important information sending through message, using internet by mobile phone makes

the ICT service more robust so that one can access mails everywhere in its coverage area.

The enhanced mobile data service offering network management service and hosting to make

better performance of users IT system by high efficiency. Dependency of mobile data service

is greater than wired data service as there is a climate change like cloudy sky, the broadcast

could be interrupted.

.

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ICT IN MACHINE TO MACHINE SYSTEMS (M2M)

The interconnection between physical world such as actuator network and remote sensor

network creates a machine-to-machine system in the ICT network. This M2M (Machine-to-

Machine) system enable devices and implementation in the Infrastructure makes the total ICT

infrastructure like a remote control network [Ref 2]. The remote control of the network is a

procedure of activity like receiving and sending information, processing the information and

if required then it can store the necessary information also.

The software and hardware part of M2M system is integrated to do some specific operation

like collection of information then processing it, transmit the required information after

processing. There is no human involved in the process of M2M system [ref 4].

In M2M system, there is various programming are planning and developing it for available it

any time anywhere (ubiquitous) usage.

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INTERDEPENDENCIES-

A SYSTEM APPROACH TO VARIOUS EXISTING COMMUNICATION SECTORS

Interconnecting all the major important sectors and integrating them with links is very

necessary. Such integrated arrangements like banking, airport, rail road and other government

sectors have been robust by the help of telecommunication sector.

Continuous supply of electricity is absolutely necessary for ICT infrastructure. In all wireless

network and wired network the exchange have a battery backup of two hours [Ref 6]. This

proves the ICT infrastructure is susceptible to threat in situation like flooding, severe

weather. Power supply is affected by flood and so mobile network, thus causing vulnerable to

broadcasting.

Bad weather can causing problem for engineer to enter wrong destination. In the coming

years ICT infrastructure will be more comprehensive and complex network, become harder to

identify and resolve the faults.

The discontinuity of power supply creates a very complex situation in the energy sector of

ICT Infrastructure as a result the smart metering is dependent on this issue. Operations of

antennae are affected by in heavy rain and flood.

In future year dependency will be more between Energy sectors, power network such as

smart meter and smart grids. Cloud computing will encourages increased homework in ICT

infrastructure and more homework will reduce the pressure from transport network with

growing data traffic [Ref 5].

Substantially, it will be the matter of population distribution, usage of power and water,

finally emission of carbon.

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ICT Infrastructure

Communication System

Wired Wireless Optical fibre

Threat: Climate Change: Flood, High wind

Thr

eat:

Ele

ctro

mag

netic

em

issi

on, n

ucle

ar r

adia

tion

.

INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN WIRED AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

In wired communication, signal is transmitted by means of a copper cable. Speed of data

transmission is more in wired communication, because the carrier signals are transmitting

through a cable wire. It is very effective use in business sectors.

Radio signals are communicating between source and destination in wireless communication.

There are many workstations in the wireless network having various types of antenna and

transceiver to receive and transmit radio signals. AM, FM, radio signals are part of wireless

communication which provide interdependency between various activities in the

Infrastructure of ICT. Sensor technology in wireless communication deals a vital role to

strengthen the defense sectors [Ref 12].

Wireless telephone can reaches to the rural Infrastructure area and put a big impact on rural

ICT in different ways, that are:

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Easy to access Information.

Correct the market inefficiencies.

Providing disaster relief communication Infrastructure.

Providing useful information about Education and health.

In the sector where electromagnetic emission could cause a disaster, for example

nuclear reactor can always have a threat from electromagnetic emission generated by

using wireless equipments.

Oil pipeline and gas pipeline should be kept away from electromagnetic emission. To

overcome the situation of tragedy from nuclear fission and explosion from gas

pipeline or oil pipeline fiber communication is the secured communication to those

sectors of ICT [Ref 1].

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

There are several advantages of optical fiber communication in ICT sector rather that wired

or wireless communication, few of those are:

Enormous bandwidth by total internal reflection with negligible loss.

Due to small size and weight easily transportable.

Not susceptible to electromagnetic interference and cross talk.

Secured transmission of signal due to no significant radiation.

Very reliable and easy to maintain rather any electrical conductor.

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Category/Sectors Dependencies on

ICT Sector

Dependencies on

Climate and

Population

Dependencies

on neighbor’s

ICT (overseas

system)

Impact on Infrastructure

Communications

Sector

In Communication

Sector for all

services energy

needed; So

communication is

dependency on

Energy Sector.

Statistical changes

and user behaviour

affects ICT

Infrastructure.

Example: increased

home working.

Being a

global system

ICT sector

has many

dependencies

on other

country.

For control system many

sectors progressively

dependent on ICT,

For sensing and

Coverage the ICT

infrastructure increasingly

dependent.

In communications controlling by command on a battlefield of a very highly sophisticated

like in Army is much more dependence on Electronic Warfare. It proves our vulnerability to

enemy as well as dependency of communicator. Spread spectrum technology with high band-

width is used in this sector for high security. Between this bandwidth different FM ranges are

used to sustain the bandwidth with direct sequence spread spectrum [Ref 11].

In a situation where enemy deliberately attempt to intervene with the communication of

Army is made by incorrect electronic components, to avoid this issue advance technology

with EMC is used [Ref 11].

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ICT Infrastructure Access

Satellite Capacity-Sharing

ICT-Bundled Infrastructure

Railway roads+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Sewerage Lines+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Gas Pipeline+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Power Grid+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Water Lines+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Oil Pipeline+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Multiple Utilities+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Wired Communication by Power Line

Broad over Power Line

Network Sharing

Base Station Sharing

Wireless Capacity-Sharing

Roads+ Fiber/Telephone cables

Fiber Communication ICT Infrastructure

ICT-Enabled Infrastructure

Wired Communication Using Power Lines

ICT-Shared Infrastructure

Wireless Sharing Network Facilities for ICT

Interdependencies of Wired, Wireless and Fiber Communication in ICT Infrastructure

The interdependencies of different type of communication system such as wired, wireless and

fiber network in ICT infrastructure access is as below.

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STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE SITUATION

Implementation of action plan is expected by developing new probabilistic methodology to

the ever-changing climate condition and the issue rooted from complex engineering

infrastructure. The actions needed are:

Share the infrastructure between all communication medium, in situation one system

stops working others are ready to use.

In flood situation, wired communication is in hazard but wireless communication is

ok. So place the base station and substation in a comparatively height place and

should be connected to the power line.

Backup battery of the exchange should be recharged by solar or wind.

Undergrounded fiber cable could avoid the situation made by high wind or tornado.

CONCLUSION

In ICT infrastructure the devices used by the end-user day to day is refreshed rapidly, but the

climate change is quite slow than network element change rate makes this sector very

different from others. If one system fails then there is more number of diverse systems to

provide backup in the infrastructure. The information regarding climate change and

forecasting of weather events, provided by ICT is a huge advantage of the infrastructure.

Pure commercial outsourcing that lift worries over security, reliability and accessibility of

capacity coupled with the high costs and relatively slow deployment. If there is barrier in the

signal transferring medium then it affects the total system. The barrier is like signal jamming,

trapping or any technical fault occurred during transmission of signal wave. Jamming and

trapping a signal in high bandwidth range is a type of threat from enemy or fraud. ICT sectors

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can be more efficient and better tolerance to the ever changing climate by good planning and

intelligent designing.

REFERENCES

1. “We will create a presumption in favour of sustainable development in the planning

system.” http://programmeforgovernment.hmg.gov.uk/environment-food-andrural-

affairs/

2. M2M Evolution, "Syniverse Expands Clients Base; Signs Multi-Year Deal with M2M

Provider Numerex," October 4, 2010

3. Remote Site & Equipment Management, “Redefining Green Technology: Enabling

Smart Controllers for Water Conservation,” August/September 2010

4. M2M Evolution, “Numerex Enables DIY Vehicle Monitoring,” September 13, 2010

5. Hargroves K. C. and Smith H. (Eds.). (2005). The National Advantage of Nations:

Business Opportunities, Innovation and Governance in the 21st Century. Section 3:

The regulatory measure response. London: Sterling, VA, (182-188).

6. Markle Foundation. Creating a Development Dynamic. 2.2.5 ICT for the

Environment. United Nations Development Programme. Final report of the digital

opportunity initiative. July 2001, from

http://www.opt-nit.org/framework/pages/2.2.5.html

7. Sands P. (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law (2nd Ed.).

Cambridge University Press. (200-211).

8. The UK Climate Change projections use 30-year periods, designated by the middle

decade (i.e. the 2020s refers to the period 2010-2039).

9. www.raeng.org.uk/adaptation

10. Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 3rd Edition – Frenzel – McGraw-

Hill (2009)

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11. EMC for Product Designers - Tim Williams

12. Radio Communication 2nd Edition – D C Green – Longman (2000)

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