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PART E SURFACE COURSES

ITEM 300 AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

300.1 Description

This item shall consist of a wearing or top course composed of gravel orcrushed aggregate and binder material, whichever is called for in the Bill ofQuantities, constructed on a prepared base in accordance with this Specificationand in conformity with the lines, grades and typical cross-sections shown on thePlans.

300.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents

The aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of stoneor gravel and sand or other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and

lumps or balls of clay and of such nature that it can be compacted readily to forma firm, stable layer. It shall conform to the grading reuirements shown in table!"".# when tested by $$S%T& T ## and T '(.

Ta$e 300.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents

Sieve )esignation *ass Percent Passing

Standard $lternate +rading +rading +rading +rading*m . S.

Standard$ B )

' #/ #"" #"" #"" #""0.1.('.""

".1'"."(

!234o.1

4o. #"4o.1"

4o. '""

"-3!-5'-"#-!"-'"

5"-#"""-31"-("'-1-'"

--#""1"-#""'"-"5-'"

-("-#""-#""!"-("3-'

The coarse aggregate material retained on the '."" mm 64o.#"7 sieve shallhave a mass percent of wear by the 8os $ngeles Test 6$$S%T& T 057 of not morethan 1.

9hen crushed aggregate is called for in the Bill of Quantities, not less thanfifty 6"7 mass percent of the particles retained on the 1.( mm 64o. 17 sieve shallhave at least one 6#7 fractured face.

The fraction passing the "."( mm 64o.'""7 sieve shall not be greater thantwo-thirds of the fraction passing the ".1' mm 64o.1"7 sieve.

The fraction passing the ".1' mm 64o. 1"7 sieve shall have a liuid limitnot greater than ! and a plasticity inde: range of 1 to 0, when tested by $$S%T&T 30 and T 0", respectively.

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*aterials for gravel surface course and crushed aggregate surface courseshall have a soa;ed B< =alue of not less than '> and 3"> respectively asdetermined by $$S%T& T #0!. The B< =alue shall be obtained at the ma:imumdry density and determined by $$S%T& T #3", *ethod ).

300.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents

300.3.1 Pacin&

$ggregate surface course shall be placed in accordance with thereuirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base ourse.

300.3.2 Co#pactin& Re!"ire#ents

$ggregate surface course shall be compacted in accordance with thereuirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base ourse.

300.3.3 Tria Sections

Trial sections shall be carried out for aggregate surface course inaccordance with the reuirements of Item '"#, $ggregate Base ourse.

300.3.' S"r(ace Co"rse T)ic*ness an% Toerances

The aggregate surface course shall be laid to the designed level andtransverse slopes shown on the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be asspecified hereunder?

Permitted variation fromdesign T%I@4ASS & 8$CA and shall be euipped with a device for hand spraying of thebituminous liuid.

301.3.3 Appication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

Immediately before applying the prime coat, the full width of surface to betreated shall be swept with a power broom and if necessary, scraped to remove alldirt and other obGectionable materials. 9hen reuired by the Angineer,immediately prior to the application of the prime coat, the surface shall be slightlysprayed with water but not saturated. Bituminous material shall be applied bymeans of a pressure distributor at the temperature given in Item ("', Bituminous*aterials. The rate of application of the bituminous material shall be within therange of # to ' litres2m', the e:act rate to be ordered by the Angineer.

The prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least '1 hoursand shall not be opened to traffic until it has penetrated and cured sufficiently so

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that it will not be pic;ed up by the wheels of passing vehicles. The ontractorshall maintain the prime coat until the ne:t course is applied. are shall be ta;enthat the application of bituminous material is not in e:cess of the specifiedamount, any e:cess shall be blotted with sand or removed as directed by theAngineer. $ll areas inaccessible to the distributor shall be sprayed manually

using the device for hand spraying. The surface of structures and trees adGacentto the areas being treated shall be protected in such a manner as to prevent theirbeing spattered or marred.

301.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent

Bituminous Prime oat shall be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity tobe paid for shall be the number of tonnes of bituminous material applied andaccepted in the completed wor;.

301.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent

The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"#.1, shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Prime oat which price andpayment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials,including all labor, euipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete thisItem.

Payment will be made under?

Pay Item 4umber )escription nit of *easurement

!"# Bituminous Prime oat!"#6#7 * H ut-bac; $sphalt tonne!"# 6'7

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302.3.1 S"r(ace Con%ition

Tac; coat shall be applied only to surfaces which are dry or slightly moist.4o tac; coat shall be applied when the weather is foggy or rainy.

302.3.2 E!"ip#ent

Auipment shall conform in all respects to Subsection !"#.!.'..


Immediately before applying the tac; coat, the full width of the surface tobe treated shall be cleaned of loose and foreign materials by means of a power

broom or power blower, supplemented as necessary by hand sweeping. 9herereuired by the Angineer, immediately prior to the application of the tac; coat, thesurface shall be lightly sprayed with water but not saturated. Bituminous materialshall be applied by means of a pressure distributor at the temperature given inItem ("', Bituminous *aterials, of the particular material being used. The rate ofapplication of either the

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including all labor, euipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete thisItem.



!"' Bituminous Tac; oat

!"'6#7

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over $ggregate for Type ' seal coat shall consist of sand and finescreenings, reasonably free from dirt or other organic matter.

$ggregate for Type ! seal coat shall be crushed stone, crushed slag orcrushed gravel. &nly one type of aggregate shall be used in a proGect unless

alternative types are approved.

$ggregate gradation shall conform with Table !"!.' when tested by$$S%T& T '(.

Ta$e 303.2 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents


Standard $lternate Type ' Type !

mm .S. Standard +rading $ +rading B

#'." K in. - - #""

0." !23 in. #"" #"" 3 H #""

1.( 4o. 1 3 H #"" 3 H #"" #" H !"

'.!5 4o. 3 5" H #"" #" H 1" " H #"

#.#3 4o. #5 - " H #" " H

".!"" 4o. " - " H -

".#" 4o. #"" " H #" - -

The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" whentested by $$S%T& T 05.

9hen crushed slag is used, it shall be of uniform density and uality andshall have a density of not less than 05" ;g2m! 65" lb2cu. ft.7 as determined by$$S%T& T #0.


303.3.1 eat)er an% Moist"re Con%itions

Seal coating shall not be underta;en during foggy or rainy weather or whenthe surface to be treated is wet. 9et cover coat material shall not be used on the

wor;. 4o seal coating wor; shall be continued at night unless provided withsufficient lighting. The Angineer shall always be consulted before thecommencement of the wor; and all wor; shall be terminated at once in the eventof rain.

303.3.2 Preparation o( S"r(ace

Seal coating operations shall not be started until the bituminous surface isthoroughly compacted by traffic and rolling. In no event shall seal coat be placedon newly constructed or reconditioned surfaces in less than ten 6#"7 days aftersuch surface is laid and opened to traffic, unless ordered in writing by theAngineer.

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Immediately prior to applying the bituminous material, the surface shall becleaned of all dirt, sand, dust and obGectionable material. This cleaning shall beeffected by means of a rotary power broom or a power blower, unless othermethods are authoriEed by the Angineer. )ried mud or other foreign materialwhich cannot be removed otherwise shall be removed by hand methods.


Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure distributor atthe rate of appro:imately ".0 to #.3 litres for asphalt cement and #. to !." litresfor cut-bac; asphalt, per suare metre of surface, in a uniform, unbro;en spreadover the section to be treated. The pressure distributor used for applyingasphaltic materials shall be euipped with pneumatic tires and shall be designedand operated so as to distribute the asphaltic material at the specified rate. Itshall be euipped with a fifth wheel tachometer registering the speed and solocated as to be visible to the truc; driver. The distributor pump shall be euipped

with a gauge registering litres per minute passing through the noEEles and readilyvisible to the operator. &ther suitable measuring devices approved by theAngineer may be used. The e:act uantity to be applied shall be determined bythe Angineer. The temperature at the time of application shall be within the rangeof temperature specified under Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. are shall beta;en that the application of bituminous material at the Gunction of spreads is not ine:cess of the specified uantities. $ny e:cess shall be removed from the surfaceby a sueegee. If necessary, to obtain proper Gunction of spreads, a strip ofmanila paper appro:imately # metre wide and at least as long as the spray barshall be used at the beginning and end of each spread. The paper shall beremoved after use.

$ny s;ipped areas or recogniEed deficiencies shall be correctedimmediately by hand application and hand operated pressure devices or by othereually suitable means.

In the event that any structure becomes discolored with bituminousmaterial, the ontractor, at his own e:pense, shall remove the discoloration to thesatisfaction of the Angineer.

303.3.' Appication o( t)e Coer A&&re&ate

Immediately after the application of asphalt, the cover aggregate shall beevenly spread over the surface at the rate of appro:imately ".""1 to ".""( cubicmetre per suare metre. The e:act uantity shall be as directed by the Angineer.Spreading shall be accomplished by aggregate spreader only so that an even andaccurate distribution is obtained. The use of spreader boards attached to tailgates of truc;s shall not be permitted. The tires of the aggregate truc;s shall atno time come in contact with the uncovered and newly applied asphalt.

$s soon as the cover aggregate has been spread, the surface shall bebroomed lightly with approved push or drag broom to insure an even distribution,

and shall then be rolled with an approved power roller weighing not less than ,nor more than 5 tonnes to a uniform surface.

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303.3.+ Maintenance

The ontractor shall be responsible for the maintenance of the surface untilthe wor; is accepted by the Angineer. The maintenance wor; shall consist of;eeping any e:cess aggregate evenly spread over the asphalt surface byapproved sweeping devices. It shall also consist of ;eeping all potholes orfailures which may occur, repaired by use of additional asphalt and necessaryaggregate. $ll fat or bleeding surfaces shall be covered with approved coveraggregate so that the asphalt will not adhere to, or be pic;ed up by the wheels ofvehicles.


The uantities of bituminous material and cover aggregate shall bemeasured by the tonne 6t7, calculated by the actual rate of application approvedby the Angineer.


The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"!.1, shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Seal oat, which price andpayment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials,including all labor, euipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete thisItem.



!"! Bituminous Seal oat

!"! 6#7 over $ggregate, Type LLL Tonne

!"! 6'7 * LLL ut-bac; $sphalt Tonne

!"! 6!7

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applications of bituminous material each followed by a spreading of aggregate6double surface treatment7 in accordance with the Plans and Specifications.

30'.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents

30'.2.1 "antities o( Materias

The appro:imate amounts of materials per suare metre and seuence ofoperations for single and double surface treatment shall be as provided in Table!"1.# and Table !"1.', whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities.

The uantities given in the Tables are those of aggregates having a bul;specific gravity of '.5 as determined by $$S%T& T 31 and T 3. Proportionatecorrections will be made when the aggregate furnished on the Gob has a bul;specific gravity above '.( or below '.. In such case, the corrected amount

will be the product of the uantity shown in the tables and the ratio of the bul;specific gravity of aggregate to '.5.

The amounts given in the Tables are appro:imate and the e:act amountswill be set by the Angineer. Total amount of bituminous material per suare metremay be varied by the Angineer as necessary to fit conditions, but the total amountof aggregate per suare metre, after adGusting for specific gravity will not bechanged.

Ta$e 30'.1 "antities o( Materias an% Se!"ence o( Operations Usin& C"t4,ac* Asp)at or Asp)at Ce#ent

$ggregate +rading and Seuence of&perations

SingleS.T.

)oubleS.T.

irst ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' ".( H #.# $ #.5 H '." $

".0 H #. * #.3 H '.! *

Spread $ggregate? +rading $, ;g2m' ''." H '(."

+rading B, ;g2m'

##." H #1."Second ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' '.! H '.( $

'.3 H !. *

Spread $ggregate? +rading , ;g2m' ##." H #1."

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Ta$e 30'.2 "antities o( Materias an% Se!"ence o( Operations

Usin& E#"si(ie% Asp)at

$ggregate +rading and Seuence of&perations

SingleS.T.

)oubleS.T.

irst ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' ".0 H #.5 #.1 H '."

Spread $ggregate? +rading $, ;g2m' #1." H #0." +rading B, ;g2m' ##." H #1."

Second ourse? $pply bituminous material, 82m' '.# H !."

Spread $ggregate? +rading , ;g2m' ." H 3."

30'.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materias

Bituminous materials shall be either

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1.( 4o. 1 " H #" H !" 3 H #""

'.!5 4o. 3 - " H #" #" H 1"

#.#3 4o. #5 - " H " H #"

".!"" 4o. " - - " H

The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when

tested by $$S%T& T 05.

9hen crushed gravel is used, not less than " mass percent of theparticles retained on the 1.( mm 64o. 17 sieve shall have at least one fracturedface.

9hen crushed slag is used, it must be of uniform density and uality andshall have a density not less than 05" ;g2m! 65" lb2cu.ft.7 as determined by$$S%T& T #0.

30'.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents

30'.3.1 Rates o( Appication5Sprea%in& o( Asp)at an% A&&re&ate

The rates of application2spreading of asphalt and aggregate shall be withinthe range in Table !"1.# and !"1.' respectively. These uantities are given asguide only and will vary considerably according to the type and condition of thesurface, the grading, type, shape and absorbency of the aggregate, the weathercondition and the traffic. The actual uantities to be used for surface treatmentshall be determined by the ontractor in accordance with the design methods forone-siEe aggregate given in the $sphalt Institute *anual 6*S-#!7, $sphalt Surface

Treatment. The proposed design shall be subGect to the approval of the Angineer.

The ontractor shall furnish the Angineer a certified vendorFs certificate induplicate immediately upon delivery of asphaltic material to the Site.

The ontractor shall provide weighing euipment on the Site to control theapplication of aggregates. The weighing euipment shall have an approvedmultiple beam type scale with indicator and other necessary dials for accuratelyweighing the aggregate. The scale shall be protected by a weather-proof housewith a floor area not less than #" m'. The ontractor shall at his own e:pensehave the scale tested and approved by the )epartment of Public 9or;s and

%ighways.

30'.3.2 E!"ip#ent

Auipment for applying the bituminous material shall conform to thereuirements of Subsection !"#.!.', Auipment of Item !"#, Bituminous Primeoat. $ mechanical spreader shall be used for spreading the aggregates. It shallbe capable of spreading the aggregate uniformly over the full width of the areabeing treated and shall have controls to regulate the feed gates, the feed roll, theauger and the truc; hatch. The euipment shall be subGect to the approval of theAngineer.

30'.3.3 Appication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

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The application of bituminous material shall be done when the weather iswarm and dry.

The reuired asphaltic material shall be applied to the surface at least

twenty four 6'17 hours after it has been prime coated.

Prior to applying the aphaltic material, dirt and other obGectionable materialshall be removed from the surface. If so directed by the Angineer, the surfaceshall be cleaned by power broom until all dust and loose materials are removed.$sphaltic material shall be applied on a dry surface whenever cut-bac; or asphaltcement is used moist surface when emulsified asphalt is used.

Spraying shall not be done unless the road temperature has been above'"" for at least one hour prior to the commencement of spraying operations, andthe temperature shall not be less than '"" during the spraying.

The application temperature for asphalt cement shall be within the rangethat produces a viscosity of #" to 5" second Saybolt urol and for cut-bac;asphalt shall be within the range given in Item ("', Bituminous *aterial. Thetemperature shall be such that no fogging occurs.

30'.3.' Sprea%in& o( A&&re&ate

Immediately after applying the asphaltic material, dry aggregate shall beuniformly and evenly distributed over the treated surface from an approvedmechanical aggregate spreader. The truc; carrying the aggregate shall movebac;ward as it spreads the aggregate so as to prevent the tires of the truc; andthe mechanical aggregate spreader from driving directly on the newly sprayedasphalt.

4o portion of the sprayed surface shall remain uncovered for a period ine:cess of ' minutes. Immediately after spreading the aggregate, the treatedsurface shall be rolled with an approved pneumatic-tire roller.

9here asphaltic material is e:posed during rolling, the area shall becovered with additional aggregate and further rolled until an even surface results.

30'.3.+ Contro o( Tra((ic

The ontractor shall ta;e all steps necessary to control traffic over newly-laid bituminous surface treatment so that the surface is not damaged in any way.Traffic shall be prohibited from traveling at speeds in e:cess of 1" ;m2h until theasphaltic material has set. The ontractor shall ensure that no vehicles,including those delivering aggregates, shall be permitted to turn around on newly-laid material.

30'.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent

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Bituminous material and aggregate for Bituminous Surface Treatment willbe measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall be the number oftonnes of bituminous material and aggregate used and accepted in the completedwor;.

30'.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent

The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"1.1, shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Surface Treatment, which priceand payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materialsand for all labor, euipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item.



!"1 Bituminous Surface Treatment Tonne

!"1 6#7 $ggregate +rading Tonne

!"1 6'7 $sphalt ement Pen. +rade Tonne

!"1 6!7

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The amounts in the Table are appro:imate and the e:act uantity will beset by the Angineer. Total amount of bituminous material per suare metre maybe varied by the Angineer as necessary to fit conditions, but the total amount ofaggregate per suare metre, after adGusting for specific gravity will not be

changed.

Ta$e 30+.1 "antities o( Materias an% Se!"ence o( Operations

Type of Bituminous *aterial

Type of $ggregate and $sphalt ement AmulsifiedSeuence of &perations or

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e:cess of flat, soft or disintegrated pieces and free from stone coated with dirt orother obGectionable matter which will prevent adherence of the asphalt to theaggregate. 4atural gravel may be used for cover material. +radation shallconform to Table !".'.

Ta$e 30+.2 A&&re&ate Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents


Standard $lternate oarse ho;er @ey over

*m .S. Standard $ggregate $ggregate $ggregate $ggregate

5! ' H #2'/ #"" - - -

" '/ 0" H #"" - - -

!(. # H #2'/ ! H (" - - -

' #/ " H # - #"" -

#0 M/ - #"" 0" H #"" -

#'. K/ " H 0" H #"" '" H #""0. !23/ - 1" H (" " H # 3 H #""

1.( 4o. 1 - " H # " H #" H !"

'.!5 4o. 3 - " H - " H #"

#.#3 4o. #5 - - - " H

The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" whentested by $$S%T& T 05.

9hen the crushed gravel is subGected to five cycles of the sodium sulfatesoundness test 6$$S%T& T #"17, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #' mass

percent.

9hen crushed slag is used, it must be of uniform density and uality andshall have a density not less than ##'" ;g2m !6(" lb2cu. ft.7 as determined by$$S%T& T #0.

30+.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents

30+.3.1 eat)er i#itations

$pplication of bituminous material shall be made only when the aggregate

is dry and the atmospheric temperature in the shade is # " or above and whenthe weather is not foggy or rainy.

30+.3.2 E!"ip#ent

The euipment to be used shall include hand or power operated brooms,shovels, ra;es, self-powered bituminous material distributors or hand or power-operated spray pumps, broom dragging euipment and self-powered rollers. $sufficient number of stiff-fiber or steel-bristle push brooms shall be included.$pplication of the bituminous material by any means other than a pressure spraywill not be approved and the euipment used shall be of such nature that thetemperature of application of the bituminous material can be accurately controlled

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within the limits specified and such that the rates of application can be accuratelycontrolled.

The rollers shall be self-propelled steel wheel, vibratory or pneumatic type.The number and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the layer to the

reuired condition.

30+.3.3 Con%itionin& o( E7istin& ,ase

Before spreading the aggregate, the base shall be cleaned of all looseforeign materials. The e:isting base shall be swept until the embedded largeaggregate is e:posed, or in the case of a previously constructed asphalt surface,until the surface is free of mud or other covering.

If shown on the Plans and called for in the Bill of Quantities, a prime coatshall be applied to the prepared untreated base in accordance with the Item !"#,

Bituminous Prime oat, or in case of previously constructed asphalt or cementsurface tac; coat shall be applied in accordance with Item !"', Bituminous Tac;oat.

30+.3.' Sprea%in& an% Co#pactin& o( A&&re&ate a-ers

The number of layers in which the macadam pavement is to be constructedand the order and rates the bituminous material and mineral aggregates are to bespread shall be as indicated in Table !".#.

The type of aggregate reuired in the order of spreading shall be placed inthe reuired amount of approved aggregate spreaders, or by other approvedmechanical methods. $ll areas with non-uniformly graded aggregate shall beremoved and replaced with suitable materials before the rolling begins. Thesecorrections shall be made by hand pic;ing whenever necessary and shall becontinued after initial rolling until the appearance and te:ture of the aggregate areuniform and all irregularities are corrected.

The aggregate shall be dry-rolled until it is compacted and ;eyed.

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$long curbs, headers and walls, and at all places not accessible to theroller, the aggregate shall be tamped thoroughly with mechanical tampers or withhand tampers. Aach hand tamper shall have a mass of not less than ' ;g and aface area of not more than '" mm by '" mm.

$ggregate in any layer that becomes coated or mi:ed with dirt or clay priorto the application of the bituminous material shall be removed and replace withclean aggregates and the area shall be rerolled.

Prior to application of the bituminous material, the surface of the aggregatelayer will be tested by the Angineer using a !-m straight-edge at selectedlocations. The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight-edgebetween any two contacts with the surface shall at no point e:ceed #" mm. $llhumps or depressions e:ceeding the specified tolerances shall be corrected byremoving defective wor; and replacing it with new materials as specified.

Aach layer of aggregate shall be spread so that the bituminous material iscovered before wheels or trac;s pass over it.

30+.3.+ Appication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

The bituminous material shall be uniformly applied at the rate specified inTable !".#. Building paper shall be placed over the end of the previousapplication and the Goining application shall start on the building paper. Buildingpaper so used shall be removed and disposed off in a satisfactory manner.)uring the application of the bituminous material, care shall be ta;en to preventspattering of adGacent pavements, structures and trees.

The distributors shall not be cleaned or discharged into ditches, borrow pitsor shoulders along the right-of-way.

30+.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent

Bituminous *aterials, and $ggregate for Bituminous Penetration *acadamPavement will be measured by the tonne 6t7. The uantity to be paid for shall bethe number of tonnes of bituminous material and aggregate used and accepted inthe completed wor;.

30+.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent

The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !".1, shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Penetration *acadam Pavement,which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing allmaterials and for all labor, euipment, tools, and incidentals necessary tocomplete this Item.

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!" Bituminous Penetration*acadam Pavement

!" 6#7 $ggregates Tonne

!" 6'7 $sphalt ement Tonne

!" 6!7

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It shall conform to the applicable reuirements of Item ("!,$ggregates.

'. Salvaged $ggregate

9here aggregate reuired for the road mi: surface course isalready in place, the ontractor shall not be responsible for its gradingor uality e:cept for removal of oversiEe pieces. In general, salvagedaggregate to be used for road mi: surface course will consist ofmaterials meeting the reuirements given in Item ("!, $ggregates, fornew aggregate or may consist of selected granular material for othergradings. $ny particles of salvaged aggregate appearing in thesurface at the time of lay-down and finishing that will not pass !(.mm 6#-#2' inch7 sieve shall be removed by the ontractor as directedby the Angineer.

308.2.3 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate,shall be from 1. to (." mass percent when cut-bac; asphalt is used and from 5."to #"." mass percent when emulsified asphalt is used. The e:act percentage tobe used shall be fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula andthe other uality control reuirements.

)uring the mi:ing operation, one-half to one 6". to #."7 mass percent ofhydrated lime, dry aggregate basis, shall be added to the mi:ture. The lowerpercentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantly calcareous.


308.3.1 eat)er i#itations

The construction of road mi: bituminous pavement shall be carried on onlywhen the surface on which the material is to be placed is dry and when theweather is not foggy or rainy.

308.3.2 Constr"ction E!"ip#ent

The euipment used by the ontractor shall include scarifying, mi:ing,spreading, finishing and compacting euipment a bituminous distributor and theeuipment for heating bituminous material.

The distributor shall be so designed, euipped, maintained and operatedthat bituminous material at even heat may be applied uniformly on variable widthsof surface up to 1. m at readily determined and controlled rates from ".' to #"82m', with uniform pressure, and with an allowable variation from any specifiedrate not to e:ceed ".# 82m'. )istributor euipment shall include a tachometer

pressure gauge, accurate volume measuring devices or a calibrated tan;, and athermometer for measuring temperatures of tan; contents. )istributors shall be

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euipped with a power unit for the pump, and full circulation spray bars adGustablelaterally and vertically.

Travelling or stationary mi:ing plants or other euipment of provenperformance may be used by the ontractor in lieu of the specified euipment, if

approved by the Angineer.

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If the surface moisture of the aggregate is more than ' percent of the dryweight of the aggregate, e:cept when the bituminous material is emulsifiedasphalt, the aggregate shall be turned by blades or disc harrows or otherwiseaerated until the moisture content is reduced to ' percent or less. The aggregate

shall then be spread smoothly and uniformly over half the road or otherconvenient width of the surface ready for the application of bituminous material,e:cept that when a traveling mi:ing plant is used, the aggregate shall be formedinto a uniform cross-section.

In lieu of aerating and drying the aggregate, the ontractor may use anapproved additive, e:cept where emulsified asphalt is used, which shall besatisfactorily blended with the bituminous material. The additive shall permitsuitable coating of the wet aggregate and shall prevent the bituminous coatingfrom stripping in the presence of water.

308.3.+ Appication o( ,it"#ino"s Materia

The bituminous material shall be uniformly distributed in successiveapplication, in such amounts and at such intervals as directed. The mi:ingeuipment shall follow immediately behind the distributor, after each application ofbituminous material, to partially mi: the aggregate and the bituminous material.

308.3.8 Mi7in&

$fter the last application of bituminous material and partial mi:ing, theentire mass of bituminous material and aggregate shall be windrowed on the roadsurface and then mi:ed, by blading the mi:ture from side to side of the road, or bymanipulation producing euivalent results, until all aggregate particles are coatedwith bituminous material and the whole mass has a uniform color and the mi:tureis free from fat or lean spots, or balls of uncoated particles. )uring the mi:ingoperations, care shall be ta;en to avoid cutting into the underlying course orcontaminating the mi:ture with earth or other e:traneous matter. 9hen directed,the mi:ing process shall be confined to part of the width or area of the road so asto allow traffic to pass.

Should the mi:ture show an e:cess, deficiency or uneven distribution of

bituminous material, the condition shall be corrected by the addition of aggregateor bituminous material as reuired and re-mi:ing. If the mi:ture containse:cessive amounts of moisture or volatile matter, it shall be bladed, aerated orotherwise manipulated until the moisture and volatile content are satisfactory.The spreading of the mi: shall not be done when the surface to be covered is inan unsatisfactory condition. $t the end of each dayFs wor;, or when the wor; isinterrupted by weather conditions or otherwise, all loose materials shall be bladedinto a windrow, whether mi:ing is completed or not, and shall be retained in awindrow until operations are resumed.

9hen the mi:ing operations have been satisfactorily completed, the

mi:ture shall be formed into a windrow of uniform cross-section.

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If the ontractor elects to use traveling or stationary mi:ing plants in lieu ofthe specified euipment, the same reuirements regarding residual moisture andevaporation of volatiles given above shall apply.

308.3.: Sprea%in&; Co#pactin& an% Finis)in&

The material shall be spread by a self-propelled pneumatic-tire bladegrader or a mechanical spreader of approved type. In spreading from thewindrow, care shall be ta;en to avoid cutting into the underlying base.

$fter the material is spread, the surface shall be rolled.

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The accepted uantities, measured as prescribed in Section !"5.1 shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous

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with samples and sources of the components and viscosity-temperaturerelationships information to the Angineer for testing and approval.

Aach Gob-mi: formula submitted shall propose definite single values for?

#. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve siEe.'. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.!. The temperature of the mi:ture delivered on the road.1. The ;ind and percentage of additive to be used.. The ;ind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.

$fter the Gob-mi: is established, all mi:ture furnished for the proGect shallconform thereto within the following ranges of tolerances?

Passing 4o. 1 and larger sieves O ( percentPassing 4o. 3 to 4o. #"" sieves 6inclusive7 O 1 percent

Passing 4o. '"" sieve O ' percentBituminous *aterial O ".1 percentTemperature of *i:ture O #""

Should a change in source of material be proposed or should a Gob-mi:formula prove unsatisfactory, a new Gob-mi: formula shall be submitted by theontractor in writing and be approved by the Angineer prior to production.

$pproval of a new Gobmi: formula may reuire laboratory testing andverification.

The mi:ture shall have a minimum compressive strength of #.1 *Pa 6'""psi7.

The mi:ture shall have a mass percent air voids with the range of ! to .

The mi:ture shall also have an inde: of retained strength of not less than(" when tested by $$S%T& T #5. or aggregates having ma:imum siEesover ' mm 6# inch7, $$S%T& T #5 will be modified to use #" mm : #" mm 65 : 5 inches7 cylindrical specimens. The #" mm 65 inches cylinders will becompacted by the procedures outlined in $$S%T& T #5( modified to employ #"

repetitions of a molding load of 0.5 *Pa 6#1"" psi7, with no appreciable holdingtime after each application of the full load.

30:.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

The ;ind of bituminous material to be used will be as called for in the Bill ofQuantities, while the type and grade will be specified in the Special Provisions.The grade may be changed one step by the Angineer at no change in unit price.It shall conform to the applicable reuirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials.

30:.2.3 A&&re&ates

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$ggregates shall conform to the applicable reuirements of Item ("!,$ggregates.

30:.2.' Minera Fier

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item ("! $, *ineral iller.

30:.2.+ =-%rate% i#e

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item ("#, onstruction 8ime.

30:.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The proportion of bituminous material, on the basis of total dry aggregate,shall be from ." to 3." mass percent. The e:act percentage to be used shall be

fi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with Gob-mi: formula and other uality controlreuirements.

%ydrated lime shall be added to the mi:ture during the mi:ing operation inthe amount of one-half to one 6". to #."7 mass percent, dry aggregate basis.The lower percentage limit is applicable to aggregates which are predominantlycalcareous.

30:.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents

30:.3.1 eat)er i#itations

Bituminous Plant mi: shall not be placed on any wet surface, or whenweather conditions would prevent the proper handling or finishing of thebituminous mi:tures.

30:.3.2 Constr"ction E!"ip#ent

#. Bituminous *i:ing Plant

Sufficient storage space shall be provided for each siEe of aggregate. The

different aggregate siEes shall be ;ept separated until they have been delivered tothe cold elevator feeding the drier. The storage yard shall be maintained neatand orderly and the separate stoc;piles shall be readily accessible for sampling.

Plants used for the preparation of bituminous mi:tures shall conform to thereuirements for all plants under 6a7 below e:cept that scale reuirements shallapply only where weight proportioning is used. In addition, batch mi:ing plantsand continuous mi:ing plants shall conform to the respective reuirements whichfollow this Subsection.

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*i:ing plants shall be of sufficient capacity and coordinated to adeuatelyhandle the proposed bituminous construction.

#. Plant Scales. Scales shall be accurate to ". percent of thema:imum load that may be reuired. Poises shall be designed to be

loc;ed in any position to prevent unauthoriEed change of position. Inlieu of plant and truc; scales, the ontractor may provide an approvedautomatic printer system which will print the weights of the materialdelivered, provided the system is used in conGunction with anapproved automatic batching and mi:ing control system. Suchweights shall be evidenced by a weight tic;et for each load.

Scales shall be inspected and sealed as often as the Angineer maydeem necessary to assure their continued accuracy. The ontractorshall have on hand not less than ten '"-;g weights for testing thescales.

'. Auipment for Preparation of Bituminous *aterial. Tan;s for thestorage of bituminous material shall be euipped with the properdevices to heat and hold the material at the reuired temperatures.The heating shall be accomplished by steam coils, electricity, or otherapproved means so that no flame shall be in contact with the tan;.The circulating system for the bituminous material shall be designedto assure proper and continuous circulation during the operatingperiod. Provision shall be made for measuring and sampling storagetan;s.

!. eeder for )rier. The plant shall be provided with accuratemechanical means for uniformly feeding the aggregate into the drierso that uniform production and temperature will be obtained.

1. )rier. The plant shall include a drier or driers which continuouslyagitate during the heating and drying process. or cold-typebituminous mi:, euipment for mechanical cooling of the driedaggregate to the temperature prescribed for cold mi:tures shall beprovided and shall be capable of supplying prepared material for themi:er to operate at full capacity.

. Screens. Plant screens, capable of screening all aggregate to thespecified siEes and proportions and having normal capacities ine:cess of the full capacity of the mi:er, shall be provided.

5. Bins. The plant shall include storage bins of sufficient capacity tosupply the mi:er when it is operating at full capacity. Bins shall bearranged to assure separate and adeuate storage of appropriatefractions of the mineral aggregates. Separate dry storage shall beprovided for filler or hydrated lime when used and the plant shall beeuipped to feed such material into the mi:er. Aach bin shall be

provided with overflow pipes, of such siEe and at such locations as toprevent bac;ing up of material into other compartments or bins. Aach

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compartment shall be provided with individual outlet gate, constructedso that when closed, there shall be no lea;age. The gates shall cutoff uic;ly and completely. Bins shall be so constructed that samplescan be readily obtained. Bins shall be euipped with adeuate tell-tale devices to indicate the position of the aggregates in the bins at

the lower uarter points.

(. Bituminous ontrol +ate. Satisfactory means, either by weighing ormetering, shall be provided to obtain the proper amount of bituminousmaterial in the mi: within the tolerance specified. *eans shall beprovided for chec;ing the uantity or rate of flow of bituminousmaterial into the mi:er.

3. Thermometric Auipment. $n armored thermometric of adeuaterange in temperature reading shall be fi:ed in the bituminous feed lineat a suitable location near the charging valve at the mi:er unit.

The plant shall also be euipped with either an approved dial-scale, mercury-actuated thermometer, an electric pyrometer, or otherapproved thermometric instrument so placed at the discharge chute ofthe drier as to register automatically or indicate the temperature of theheated aggregates.

The Angineer may reuire replacement of any thermometer by anapproved temperature-recording apparatus for better regulation of thetemperature of aggregates.

0. )ust ollector. The plant shall be euipped with a dust collectorconstructed to waste or return uniformly all or any part of the materialto the hot elevator collected as directed.

#". Truc; Scales. The bituminous mi:ture shall be weighed on approvedscales furnished by the ontractor or on public scales at theontractorFs e:pense. Such scales shall be inspected and sealed asoften as the Angineer deems necessary to assure their accuracy.6See paragraph I7.

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maintained at all times in and around the truc; loading area. Thisarea shall be ;ept free from drippings from the mi:ing platforms.

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The clearance of blades from all fi:ed and moving parts shall note:ceed ' mm 6# inch7 unless the ma:imum diameter of theaggregate in the mi: e:ceed !" mm 6#-#21 inches7, in which case theclearance shall not e:ceed 1" mm 6#-#2' inches7.

1. ontrol of *i:ing Time. The mi:er shall be euipped with anaccurate time loc; to control the operation of a complete mi:ing cycle.It shall loc; the weigh bo: gate after the charging of the mi:er until theclosing of the mi:er gate at the completion of the cycle. It shall loc;the bituminous material buc;et throughout the dry and wet mi:ingperiods. The dry mi:ing period is defined as the interval of timebetween the opening of the weigh bo: gate and the start ofintroduction of bituminous material. The wet mi:ing period is theinterval of time between the start of introduction of bituminous materialand the opening of the mi:er gate.

The control of the timing shall be fle:ible and capable of being setat intervals of seconds or less throughout a total cycle of up to !minutes. $ mechanical batch counter shall be installed as a part ofthe timing device and shall be so designed as to register onlycompletely mi:ed batches.

The setting of time interval shall be performed in the presence andat the direction of the Angineer who shall then loc; the case coveringthe timing device until such time as a change is to be made in thetiming periods.

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!. SynchroniEation of $ggregate eed and Bituminous *aterial eed.Satisfactory means shall be provided to afford positive interloc;ingcontrol between the flow of aggregate from the bins and the flow ofbituminous material from the meter or other proportioning device.This control shall be accomplished by interloc;ing mechanical means

or by any other positive method satisfactory to the Angineer.

1. *i:er. The plants shall include a continuous mi:er of an approvedtype, adeuately heated and capable of producing a uniform mi:turewithin the Gob-mi: tolerances. It shall be euipped with a dischargehopper with dump gates which will permit rapid and completedischarge of the mi:ture. The paddles shall be adGustable for angularposition on the shafts and reversible to retard the flow of the mi:.The mi:er shall have a manufacturerFs plate giving the net volumetriccontents of the mi:er of the several heights inscribed on a permanentgauge. harts shall be provided showing the rate of feed or

aggregate per minute for the aggregate being used.

'. %auling Auipment

Truc;s used for hauling bituminous mi:tures shall have tight, clean, smoothmetal beds which have been thinly coated with approved material to prevent themi:ture from adhering to the beds. Aach truc; shall have a cover of canvass orother suitable material of such siEe as to protect the mi:ture from the weather.9hen necessary, such that the mi:ture will be delivered on the road at thespecified temperature, truc; beds shall be insulated and covers shall be securelyfastened.

Truc; beds shall be drained prior to loading.

!. Bituminous Pavers

The euipment shall be self-contained, power-propelled units, providedwith an adGustable activated screed or stri;e-off assembly, heated if necessary,and capable of spreading and finishing courses of bituminous plant mi: material inlane widths applicable to the specified typical section and thic;ness shown on thePlans.

Pavers shall be euipped with a control system capable of automaticallymaintaining the screen elevation as specified herein. The control system shall beautomatically actuated from either a reference line or surface through a system ofmechanical sensors or sensor directed mechanisms or devices which willmaintain the paver screed at a predetermined transverse slope and at the properelevation to obtain the reuired surface. 9hen directed, the transverse slopecontrol system shall be made inoperative and the screed shall be controlled bysensor directed automatic mechanisms which will independently control theelevation of each end of the screed from reference lines or surface.

The controls shall be capable of wor;ing in connection with any of thefollowing attachments.

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a. S;i-type device of not less than 0 m 6!" feet7 in length or as directedby the Angineer.

b. Taut stringline 6wire7 set to grade.c. Short s;i or shoe

The ontractor shall furnish the long s;i, the short s;i or shoe and furnishand install all reuired sta;es and wire for a taut stringline.

Should the automatic control systems become inoperative during the dayFswor;, the ontractor will be permitted to finish the dayFs wor; using manualcontrols, however, wor; shall not be resumed thereafter until the automatic controlsystem has been made operative.

The ontractor shall provide and have ready for use at all times enoughcovers, as may be necessary, for use in any emergency such as rain, chilling

wind, on unavoidable delay, for the purpose of covering or protecting any materialthat may have been dumped and not spread.

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$ggregates for pug mill mi:ing shall be heated, dried and delivered to themi:ing unit at a temperature within the range O#(" 6O!""7 of the bitumen.*oisture content of the aggregate shall not e:ceed one mass percent at the timeit is introduced into the mi:ing unit. lames used for drying and heating shall beproperly adGusted to avoid damage to the aggregate and to avoid soot on the

aggregate. *oisture content of the mi:ture from drum dryer plants shall note:ceed three 6!7 percent of the output, as determined by $$S%T& T ##".

30:.3.8 Mi7in&

The dried aggregates and the bituminous material shall be measured orgauged and introduced into the mi:er in the amount specified by the Gob mi:formula.

$fter the reuired amounts of aggregate and bituminous material havebeen introduced into the mi:er, the material shall be mi:ed until a complete and

uniform coating of the particles and a thorough distribution of the bituminousmaterial throughout the aggregate is secured.

30:.3.: Sprea%in& an% Finis)in&

The mi:ture shall be spread and struc; off to the grade and elevationestablished. Bituminous pavers shall be used to distribute the mi:ture either overthe entire width or over such partial width as may be practicable.

The longitudinal Goint in one layer shall offset that in the layer immediatelybelow appro:imately # cm 65 inches7 however, the Goint in the top layer shall beat the center line of the pavement if the roadway comprises two 6'7 lanes, or atlane lines if the roadway is more than two 6'7 lanes, unless otherwise directed.

&n areas where irregularities or unavoidable obstacle ma;es the use ofmechanical spreading and finishing euipment impracticable, the mi:ture may beplaced and finished by hand tools.

The mi:ture shall be placed at a temperature not less than #"(" 6''"7as measured in the truc; Gust prior to dumping into the spreader.

9hen tar is used, the mi:ture shall be placed at between 55"

and #"("

6#"" and ''"7.

9hen production of the mi:ture can be maintained and when practical,pavers shall be used in echelon to place the wearing course in adGacent lanes.

30:.3.< Co#paction

Immediately after the mi:ture has been spread, struc; off and surfaceirregularities adGusted, it shall be thoroughly and uniformly compacted by rollers asspecified under paragraph 4o. 1 of Subsection !"(.!.'.

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The surface shall be rolled when the mi:ture is in proper condition andwhen the rolling does not cause under displacement, crac;ing and shoving.

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4o acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphaltpavement unless core test for thic;ness determination is conducted, e:cept forBarangay

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The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"(.1 will bepaid for as provided in the respective items for the specified type of bituminousplant mi:.ITEM 30< COD ASP=AT PAT4 MI9

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Immersion

$ggregate oating 6Percent7 " -

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'. 9hen the compacted subgrade on which the asphalt base is to be placedloosely bonded, it shall be primed with ". to #.1" litre2m'or ".# to ".!gal2yd' of the type and grade of asphalt priming material. The asphaltshould be entirely absorbed by the base course and the prime should befully set and cured before placing the surface.

!. %oles and depressions in e:isting surfaces shall be repaired by removingall loose and defective material to sound pavement and replacing with anapproved asphalt-aggregate patching material. The patching mi:ture shallbe compacted to produce a tight surface conforming to the adGacentpavement area.

1. A:cess asphalt in patches and Goints shall be removed only throughmethods approved by the engineer.

. Immediately prior to application of the asphalt tac; coat all loose and

foreign material shall be removed by sweeping or by blowing, or both.

5. Surfaces of curbs, gutters, vertical faces of e:isting pavements, and allstructures to be in actual contact with the asphalt-aggregate mi:ture shallbe given a thin, even coating of asphalt material, type and grade. are shallbe ta;en to prevent spattering of the asphalt on surfaces that will not be incontact with the asphalt-aggregate mi:ture.

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shall be a continuous operation. If any irregularities occur, they shall be correctedbefore final compaction of the mi:ture.

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and compacted in the accepted pavement. 4o deduction will be made for theweight of bituminous material in the mi:ture.

Batch weights will not be permitted as a method of measurement.

30 ,ITUMIOUS PAT4MI9 @STOC/PIE MAITEACE

MI9TURE

30>.1 Description

This Item shall consist of a bituminous stoc;pile maintenance mi:turecomposed of aggregate, mineral filler, hydrated lime and bituminous materialmi:ed in a central plant. The mi:ture is stoc;piled for immediate or futuremaintenance needs.

30>.2 Materia Re!"ire#ents

30>.2.1 Co#position an% "ait- o( ,it"#ino"s Mi7t"re

Same as Subsection !"(.'.#

30>.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

The type and grade of bituminous material shall be in accordance with thefollowing guidelines?

* - '" or use within short time after stoc;piling.* - 3"" or immediate use under hot or moderate weather

conditions, or for use within a short time after stoc;piling.*S-'2'S - *i: can be designed for use within a short time after

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stoc;piling or for long storage period.*S - ationic emulsified $sphalt.

30>.2.3 A&&re&ate

It shall be crushed stone, crushed or natural gravel, slag, sand, stone orslag screenings, mineral dust, or a combination of these materials. Theseveral aggregate fractions shall be combined in such proportions that thegradation of the composite aggregate shall conform to the grading reuirementsof Table !"0.#.

The combined aggregate after going through the drier, shall have a sandeuivalent value of not less than 1".

The coarse aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1"when tested by $$S%T& T 05.

Slag, if used, shall weigh not less than ##'" ;g2m!6(" lb2cu. ft.7.

Ta$e 30>.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents

Sieve )esignation*ass Percent PassingStandard, mm $lternate .S. Standard

#0." M in #""

#'. K in 3" H #""

0. !23 in (" H 0"

1.( 4o. 1 " H (" '.!5 4o. 3 ! H "

".5" 4o. !" #3 H !"

".!" 4o. " # H '

".# 4o. #"" 3 H #

"."( 4o. '"" 1 - #"

30>.2.' Minera Fier

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i:Surface ourse H +eneral.

30>.2.+ =-%rate% i#e

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i:Surface ourse H +eneral.

30>.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"re

The amount of bituminous material to be added will be from 1 to #" masspercent of total mi:. The e:act percentage to be used shall be fi:ed by theAngineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula and other uality controlreuirements. pper limit may be raised when using absorptive aggregate.

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30>.3 Constr"ction Re!"ire#ents

30>.3.1 Preparation o( Mi7t"re

The aggregate, mineral filler, and hydrated lime shall be fed into the plant inthe proportions reuired to provide a composite aggregate meeting the gradingreuirements. The aggregate shall be free from visible moisture at the time ofmi:ing. The bituminous material shall be applied at the rate and temperaturespecified by the Angineer. *i:ing shall be thorough and shall continue until allaggregate particles are well coated.

30>.3.2 Stoc*piin&

The finished mi:ture shall be stoc;piled on a platform level storage space.

30>.' Met)o% o( Meas"re#ent

The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of suaremeters 6m'7 of asphalt pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on thethic;ness and density of the cores ta;en in accordance with subsection !"(.!.#"6$cceptance, Sampling and Testing).

30>.+ ,asis o( Pa-#ent

The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !"0.1, will bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous Plant-*i: 6Stoc;pile *aintenance*i:ture7 which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing andstoc;piling the material including incidentals necessary to complete the wor;prescribed in this Item.



!"0 Bituminous Plant-*i:

6Stoc;pile *aintenance*i:ture7

Suare *eter

ITEM 310 ,ITUMIOUS COCRETE SURFACE COURSE; =OT4AID

310.1 Description

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This Item shall consist of constructing a bituminous concrete surfacecourse composed of aggregates, mineral filler, and bituminous material mi:ed in acentral plant, constructed and laid hot on the prepared base in accordance withthis Specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thic;ness and typical cross-section shown on the Plans.


310.2.1 Co#position an% "ait- o( ,it"#ino"s Mi7t"re @?o$4Mi7 For#"a

Same as Subsection !"(.'.#

310.2.2 ,it"#ino"s Materia

It shall be either *edium uring 6*7 ut-bac; $sphalt or $sphalt ement,whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities. It shall conform to the

reuirements of Item ("', Bituminous *aterials. The penetration grade, type andgrade of bituminous material shall be specified in the Special Provisions.

310.2.3 A&&re&ates

$ggregates shall conform to the reuirements of Item !"(, BituminousPlant *i: Surface ourse-+eneral.

310.2.' Minera Fier

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant *i:Surface ourse-+eneral.

310.2.+ =-%rate% i#e

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item !"(, Bituminous Plant-*i:Surface ourse-+eneral.

310.2.8 Proportionin& o( Mi7t"res

The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate

shall be from ." to 3." mass percent. The e:act percentage to be used shall befi:ed by the Angineer in accordance with the Gob-mi: formula and the other ualitycontrol reuirements.



The construction reuirements shall be in accordance whenever

applicable, with Section !"(.!.

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The area to be paid for under this item shall be the number of suaremeters 6m'7 of asphalt pavement placed, compacted and accepted based on thethic;ness and density of the cores ta;en in accordance with subsection !"(.!.#"6$cceptance, Sampling and Testing7.


The accepted uantity, measured as prescribed in Section !#".1, shall bepaid for at the contract unit price for Bituminous oncrete Surface ourse, %ot-8aid, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing allmaterials, handling, mi:ing, hauling, placing, rolling, compacting, labor,

euipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete this Item.



!#" Bituminous oncreteSurface ourse,%ot-8aid Suare *eter

ITEM 311 PORTAD CEMET COCRETE PA6EMET

311.1 Description

This Item shall consist of pavement of Portland ement oncrete, with orwithout reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with thisSpecification and in conformity with lines, grades, thic;ness and typical cross-section shown on the Plans.


311.2.1 Portan% Ce#ent

It shall conform to the applicable reuirements of Item ("", %ydraulicement. &nly Type I Portland ement shall be used unless otherwise providedfor in the Special Provisions. )ifferent brands or the same brands from differentmills shall not be mi:ed nor shall they be used alternately unless the mi: isapproved by the Angineer. %owever, the use of Portland PoEEolan ement TypeIP meeting the reuirements of $$S%T& * '1"2$ST* 50, Specifications for

Blended %ydraulic ement shall be allowed, provided that trial mi:es shall bedone and that the mi:es meet the concrete strength reuirements, the

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$$S%T&2$ST* provisions pertinent to the use of Portland PoEEolan Type IP shallbe adopted.

ement which for any reason, has become partially set or which containslumps of ca;ed cement will be reGected. ement salvaged from discarded or

used bags shall not be used.

Samples of ement shall be obtained in accordance with $$S%T& T #'(.

311.2.2 Fine A&&re&ate

It shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or other inert materialswith similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, having hard, strong anddurable particles. ine aggregate from different sources of supply shall not bemi:ed or stored in the same pile nor used alternately in the same class ofconcrete without the approval of the Angineer.

It shall not contain more than three 6!7 mass percent of material passingthe "."( mm 64o. '"" sieve7 by washing nor more than one 6#7 mass percenteach of clay lumps or shale. The use of beach sand will not be allowed withoutthe approval of the Angineer.

If the fine aggregate is subGected to five 67 cycles of the sodium sulfatesoundness test, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #" mass percent.

The fine aggregate shall be free from inGurious amounts of organicimpurities. If subGected to the colorimatic test for organic impurities and a colordar;er than the standard is produced, it shall be reGected. %owever, when testedfor the effect of organic impurities of strength of mortar by $$S%T& T (#, thefine aggregate may be used if the relative strength at ( and '3 days is not lessthan 0 mass percent.

The fine aggregate shall be well-graded from coarse to fine and shallconform to Table !##.#

Ta$e 311.1 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ents (or Fine A&&re&ate

Sieve )esignation *ass Percent Passing0. mm 6!23 in7 #""

1.( mm 64o. 17 0 H #""

'.!5 mm 64o. 37 -

#.#3 mm 64o. #57 1 H 3"

".5"" mm 64o. !"7 -

".!"" mm 64o. "7 H !"

".#" mm 64o. #""7 " H #"

311.2.3 Coarse A&&re&ate

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It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, or otherapproved inert materials of similar characteristics, or combinations thereof, havinghard, strong, durable pieces and free from any adherent coatings.

It shall contain not more than one 6#7 mass percent of material passing the

"."( mm 64o. '""7 sieve, not more than ".' mass percent of clay lumps, normore than !. mass percent of soft fragments.

If the coarse aggregate is subGected to five 67 cycles of the sodium sulfatesoundness test, the weighted loss shall not e:ceed #' mass percent.

It shall have a mass percent of wear not e:ceeding 1" when tested by$$S%T& T 05.

If the slag is used, its density shall not be less than ##'" ;g2m!6(" lb.2cu.ft.7. The gradation of the coarse aggregate shall conform to Table !##.'.

&nly one grading specification shall be used from any one source.

Ta$e 311.2 Gra%in& Re!"ire#ent (or Coarse A&&re&ate


Standard*m

$lternate. S.

Standard

+rading$

+radingB

+rading

(."" ! in. #"" - -5!."" '-#2' in. 0"-#"" #"" #""

"."" ' in. - 0"-#"" 0-#""

!(. #-#2' in. '-5" !-(" -

'." # in. - "-# !-("

#0." M in. "-#" - -

#'. K in. "- "- #"-!"

1.( 4o. 1 - - "-

311.2.' ater

9ater used in mi:ing, curing or other designated application shall bereasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, al;ali, grass or other substancesinGurious to the finished product. 9ater will be tested in accordance with and shallmeet the reuirements of Item (#1, 9ater. 9ater which is drin;able may be usedwithout test. 9here the source of water is shallow, the inta;e shall be so enclosedas to e:clude silt, mud, grass or other foreign materials.

311.2.+ Rein(orcin& Stee

It shall conform to the reuirements of Item 1"1,

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bars. Before delivery to the site of wor;, one-half of the length of each dowel shallbe painted with one coat of approved lead or tar paint.

The sleeves for dowel bars shall be metal of approved design to cover "mm 6 ' inches7, plus or minus mm 6#21 inch7 of the dowel, with a closed end,

and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least ' mm 6# inch7 fromthe end of the dowel. Sleeves shall be of such design that they do not collapseduring construction.

311.2.8 ?oint Fiers

Poured Goint fillers shall be mi:ed asphalt and mineral or rubber fillerconforming to the applicable reuirements of Item (", Noint *aterials.

Preformed Goint filler shall conform to the applicable reuirements of Item(". It shall be punched to admit the dowels where called for in the Plans. The

filler for each Goint shall be furnished in a single piece for the full depth and widthreuired for the Goint.

311.2.: A%#i7t"res

$ir-entraining admi:ture shall conform to the reuirements of $$S%T& *#1.

hemical admi:tures, if specified or permitted, shall conform to thereuirements of $$S%T& * #01.

ly $sh, if specified or permitted as a mineral admi:ture and as '"> partialreplacement of Portland ement in concrete mi: shall conform to thereuirements of $ST* 5#3.

$dmi:ture should be added only to the concrete mi: to produce somedesired modifications to the properties of concrete where necessary, but not aspartial replacement of cement.

311.2.< C"rin& Materias

uring materials shall conform to the following reuirements as specified

a7 Burlap cloth - $$S%T& * #3'b7 8iuid membrane forming compounds - $$S%T& * #13c7 Sheeting 6film7 materials - $$S%T& * #(#

otton mats and water-proof paper can be used.

311.2.> Caci"# C)ori%e5Caci"# itrate

It shall conform to $$S%T& * #11, if specified or permitted by the

Angineer, as accelerator.

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311.2.10 Stora&e o( Ce#ent an% A&&re&ate

$ll cement shall be stored, immediately upon delivery at the Site, inweatherproof building which will protect the cement from dampness. The floorshall be raised from the ground. The buildings shall be placed in locationsapproved by the Angineer. Provisions for storage shall be ample, and theshipments of cement as received shall be separately stored in such a manner asto allow the earliest deliveries to be used first and to provide easy access foridentification and inspection of each shipment. Storage buildings shall havecapacity for storage of a sufficient uantity of cement to allow sampling at leasttwelve 6#'7 days before the cement is to be used. Bul; cement, if used, shall betransferred to elevated air tight and weatherproof bins. Stored cement shall meetthe test reuirements at any time after storage when retest is ordered by the

Angineer. $t the time of use, all cement shall be free-flowing and free of lumps.

The handling and storing of concrete aggregates shall be such as toprevent segregation or the inclusion of foreign materials. The Angineer mayreuire that aggregates be stored on separate platforms at satisfactory locations.

In order to secure greater uniformity of concrete mi:, the Angineer mayreuire that the coarse aggregate be separated into two or more siEes. )ifferentsiEes of aggregate shall be stored in separate bins or in separate stoc;pilessufficiently removed from each other to prevent the material at the edges of thepiles from becoming intermi:ed.

311.2.11 Proportionin&; Consistenc- an% Stren&t) o( Concrete

The ontractor shall prepare the design mi: based on the absolute volumemethod as outlined in the $merican oncrete Institute 6$I7 Standard '##.#,J

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course and in the lower course composite, monolithic concrete pavements using aminimum of ( mm 6! inches7 of conventional concrete as the surface course.

The mi: design shall be submitted to the Angineer for approval and shallbe accompanied with certified test data from an approved laboratory

demonstrating the adeuacy of the mi: design. $ change in the source ofmaterials during the progress of wor; may necessitate a new design mi:.


311.3.1 "ait- Contro o( Concrete

#. +eneral

The ontractor shall be responsible for the uality control of allmaterials during the handling, blending, and mi:ing and placement

operations.

'. Quality ontrol Plan

The ontractor shall furnish the Angineer a Quality ontrol Plandetailing his production control procedures and the type andfreuency of sampling and testing to insure that the concreteproduces complies with the Specifications. The Angineer shall beprovided free access to recent plant production records, and ifreuested, informational copies of mi: design, materials certificationsand sampling and testing reports.

!. Qualification of 9or;men

A:perienced and ualified personnel shall perform all batching ormi:ing operation for the concrete mi:, and shall be present at theplant and Gob site to control the concrete productions whenever theplant is in operation. They shall be identified and duties defined asfollows?

a. oncrete Batcher. The person performing the batching or

mi:ing operation shall be capable of accurately conductingaggregate surface moisture determination and establishingcorrect scale weights for concrete materials. %e shall becapable of assuring that the proportioned batch weights ofmaterials are in accordance with the mi: design.

b. oncrete Technician. The person responsible for concreteproduction control and sampling and testing for uality controlshall be proficient in concrete technology and shall have a sound;nowledge of the Specifications as they relate to concreteproduction. %e shall be capable of conducting tests on concrete

and concrete materials in accordance with these Specifications.%e shall be capable of adGusting concrete mi: designs for

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improving wor;ability and Specification compliance andpreparing trial mi: designs. %e shall be ualified to act as theconcrete batcher in the batcherFs absence.

1. Quality ontrol Testing

The ontractor shall perform all sampling, testing and inspectionnecessary to assure uality control of the component materials andthe concrete.

The ontractor shall be responsible for determining the gradationof fine and coarse aggregates and for testing the concrete mi:ture forslump, air content, water-cement ratio and temperature. %e shallconduct his operations so as to produce a mi: conforming to theapproved mi: design.

. )ocumentation

The ontractor shall maintain adeuate records of all inspectionsand tests. The records shall indicate the nature and number ofobservations made, the number and type of deficiencies found, theuantities approved and reGected, and nature of any corrective actionta;en.

The Angineer may ta;e independent assurance samples atrandom location for acceptance purposes as he deems necessary.

311.3.2 E!"ip#ent

Auipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing allparts of the wor; shall be approved by the Angineer as to design, capacity andmechanical condition. The euipment shall be at the Gobsite sufficiently ahead ofthe start of construction operations to be e:amined thoroughly and approved.

#. Batching Plant and Auipment

a. +eneral. The batching shall include bins, weighing hoppers,

and scales for the fine aggregate and for each siEe of coarseaggregate. If cement is used in bul;, a bin, a hopper, andseparate scale for cement shall be included. The weighinghopper shall be properly sealed and vented to preclude dustingoperation. The batch plant shall be euipped with a suitablenon-resettable batch counter which will correctly indicate thenumber of batches proportioned.

b. Bins and %oppers. Bins with adeuate separate compartmentsfor fine aggregate and for each siEe of coarse aggregate shall beprovided in the batching plant.

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c. Scales. Scales for weighing aggregates and cement shall be ofeither the beam type or the springless-dial type. They shall beaccurate within one-half percent 6".>7 throughout the range ofuse. Poises shall be designed to be loc;ed in any position andto prevent unauthoriEed change.

Scales shall be inspected and sealed as often as the Angineermay deem necessary to assure their continued accuracy.

d. $utomatic 9eighing )evices. nless otherwise allowed on theontract, batching plants shall be euipped with automaticweighing devices of an approved type to proportion aggregatesand bul; cement.

'. *i:ers.

a. +eneral. oncrete may be mi:ed at the Site of construction or ata central plant, or wholly or in part in truc; mi:ers. Aach mi:ershall have a manufacturerFs plate attached in a prominent placeshowing the capacity of the drum in terms of volume of mi:edconcrete and the speed of rotation of the mi:ing drum or blades.

b. *i:ers at Site of onstruction. *i:ing shall be done in anapproved mi:er capable of combining the aggregates, cementand water into a thoroughly mi:ed and uniform mass within thespecified mi:ing period and discharging and distributing themi:ture without segregation on the prepared grade. The mi:ershall be euipped with an approved timing device which willautomatically loc; the discharge lever when the drum has beencharged and released it at the end of the mi:ing period. In caseof failure of the timing device, the mi:er may be used for thebalance of the day while it is being repaired, provided that eachbatch is mi:ed 0" seconds. The mi:er shall be euipped with asuitable nonresettable batch counter which shall correctlyindicate the number of the batches mi:ed.

c. Truc; *i:er and Truc; $gitators. Truc; mi:ers used for mi:ing

and hauling concrete, and truc; agitators used for haulingcentral-mi:ed concrete, shall conform to the reuirements of$$S%T& * #(.

d. 4on-$gitator Truc;. Bodies of non-agitating hauling euipmentfor concrete shall be smooth, mortar-tight metal containers andshall be capable of discharging the concrete at a satisfactorycontrolled rate without segregation.

!. Paving and inishing Auipment

The concrete shall be placed with an approved paver designed tospread, consolidate, screed and float finish the freshly placed

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concrete in one complete pass of the machine in such a manner that aminimum of hand finishing will be necessary to provide a dense andhomogeneous pavement in conformance with the Plans andSpecifications.

The finishing machine shall be euipped with at least two 6'7oscillating type transverse screed.

=ibrators shall operate at a freuency of 3,!"" to 0,5"" impulsesper minute under load at a ma:imum spacing of 5" cm.

1. oncrete Saw

The ontractor shall provide sawing euipment in adeuatenumber of units and power to complete the sawing with a water-cooled diamond edge saw blade or an abrasive wheel to the reuired

dimensions and at the reuired rate. %e shall provide at least one 6#7stand-by saw in good wor;ing condition and with an ample supply ofsaw blades.

. orms

orms shall be of steel, of an approved section, and of depth eualto the thic;ness of the pavement at the edge. The base of the formsshall be of sufficient width to provide necessary stability in alldirections. The flange braces must e:tend outward on the base tonot less than '2! the height of the form.

$ll forms shall be rigidly supported on bed of thoroughlycompacted material during the entire operation of placing and finishingthe concrete. orms shall be provided with adeuate devices forsecure setting so that when in place, they will withstand, withoutvisible spring or settlement, the impact and vibration of theconsolidation and finishing or paving euipment.

311.3.3 Preparation o( Gra%e

$fter the subgrade of base has been placed and compacted to the reuireddensity, the areas which will support the paving machine and the grade on whichthe pavement is to be constructed shall be trimmed to the proper elevation bymeans of a properly designed machine e:tending the prepared wor; areascompacted at least 5" cm beyond each edge of the proposed concrete pavement.If loss of density results from the trimming operations, it shall be restored byadditional compaction before concrete is placed. If any traffic is allowed to usethe prepared subgrade or base, the surface shall be chec;ed and correctedimmediately ahead of the placing concrete.

The subgrade or base shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is

placed.

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311.3.' Settin& For#s

#. Base Support.

The foundation under the forms shall be hard and true to grade sothat the form when set will be firmly in contact for its whole length andat the specified grade. 6$ny roadbed, which at the form line is foundbelow established grade, shall be filled with approved granularmaterials to grade in lifts of three 6!7 cm or less, and thoroughlyrerolled or tamped.7 Imperfections or variations above grade shall becorrected by tamping or by cutting as necessary.

'. orm Setting

orms shall be set sufficiently in advance of the point whereconcrete is being placed. $fter the forms have been set to correctgrade, the grade shall be thoroughly tamped, mechanically or byhand, at both the inside and outside edges of the base of the forms.The forms shall not deviate from true line bv more than one 6#7 cm atany point.

!. +rade and $lignment

The alignment and grade elevations of the forms shall be chec;edand corrections made by the ontractor immediately before placingthe concrete. Testing as to crown and elevation, prior to placing ofconcrete can be made by means of holding an approved template in avertical position and moved bac;ward and forward on the forms.

9hen any form has been disturbed or any grade has becomeunstable, the form shall be reset and rechec;ed.

311.3.+ Con%itionin& o( S"$&ra%e or ,ase Co"rse

9hen side forms have been securely set to grade, the subgrade or base

course shall be brought to proper cross-section. %igh areas shall be trimmed toproper elevation. 8ow areas shall be filled and compacted to a condition similarto that of surrounding grade. The finished grade shall be maintained in a smoothand compacted condition until the pavement is placed.

nless waterproof subgrade or base course cover material is specified, thesubgrade or base course shall be uniformly moist when the concrete is placed. Ifit subseuently becomes too dry, the subgrade or base course shall be sprin;led,but the method of sprin;ling shall not be such as to form mud or pools of water.

311.3.8 =an%in&; Meas"rin& an% ,atc)in& Materias

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The batch plant site, layout, euipment and provisions for transportingmaterial shall be such as to assure a continuous supply of material to the wor;.Stoc;piles shall be built up in layers of not more than one 6#7 meter in thic;ness.Aach layer shall be completely in place before beginning the ne:t which shall notbe allowed to Jcone/ down over the ne:t lower layer. $ggregates from different

sources and of different grading shall not be stoc;piled together.

$ll washed aggregates and aggregates produced or handled by hydraulicmethods, shall be stoc;piled or binned for draining at least twelve 6#'7 hoursbefore being batched.

9hen mi:ing is done at the side of the wor;. aggregates shall betransported from the batching plant to the mi:er in batch bo:es, vehicle bodies, orother containers of adeuate capacity and construction to properly carry thevolume reuired. Partitions separating batches shall be adeuate and effective toprevent spilling from one compartment to another while in transit or being

dumped. 9hen bul; cement is used, the ontractor shall use a suitable methodof handling the cement from weighing hopper to transporting container or into thebatch itself for transportation to the mi:er, with chute, boot or other approveddevice, to prevent loss of cement, and to provide positive assurance of the actualpresence in each batch of the entire cement content specified.

Bul; cement shall be transported to the mi:er in tight compartmentscarrying the full amount of cement reuired for the batch. %owever, if allowed inthe Special Provisions, it may be transported between the fine and coarseaggregate. 9hen cement is placed in contact with the aggregates, batches maybe reGected unless mi:ed within #-#2' hours of such contact. ement in originalshipping pac;ages may be transported on top of the aggregates, each batchcontaining the number of sac;s reuired by the Gob mi:.

The mi:er shall be charged without loss of cement. Batching shall be soconducted as to result in the weight to each material reuired within a tolerance ofone 6#7 percent for the cement and two 6'7 percent for aggregates.

9ater may be measured either by volume or by weight. The accuracy ofmeasuring the water shall be within a range of error of not over than one 6#7percent. nless the water is to be weighed, the water-measuring euipment shall

include an au:iliary tan; from which the measuring tan; shall be euipped with anoutside tap and valve to provide chec;ing the setting, unless other means areprovided for readily and accurately determining the amount of water in the tan;.The volume of the au:iliary tan; shall be at least eual to that of the measuringtan;.

311.3.: Mi7in& Concrete

The concrete may be mi:ed at the site of the wor; in a central-mi: plant, orin truc; mi:ers. The mi:er shall be of an approved type and capacity. *i:ingtime will be measured from the time all materials, e:cept water, are in the drum.

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the mi:ing speed for transit-mi:ed concrete may be reduced to not less than thatrecommended by the mi:er manufacturer. The number of revolutionsrecommended by the mi:er manufacturer shall be indicated on the manufacturerFsserial plate attached to the mi:er. The ontractor shall furnish test dataacceptable to the Angineer verifying that the ma;e and model of the mi:er will

produce uniform concrete conforming to the provision of $$S%T& * #( at thereduced number of revolutions shown on the serial plate.

9hen mi:ed at the site or in a central mi:ing plant, the mi:ing time shallnot be less than fifty 6"7 seconds nor more than ninety 60"7 seconds, unlessmi:er performance tests prove adeuate mi:ing of the concrete is a shorter timeperiod.

our 617 seconds shall be added to the specified mi:ing time if timing startsat the instant the s;ip reaches its ma:imum raised positions. *i:ing time endswhen the discharge chute opens. Transfer time in multiple drum mi:ers is

included in mi:ing time. The contents of an individual mi:er drum shall beremoved before a succeeding batch is emptied therein.

The mi:er shall be operated at the drum speed as shown on themanufacturerFs name plate attached on the mi:er. $ny concrete mi:ed less thanthe specified time shall be discarded and disposed off by the ontractor at hise:pense. The volume of concrete mi:ed per batch shall not e:ceed the mi:erFsnominal capacity in cubic metre, as shown on the manufacturerFs standard ratingplate on the mi:er, e:cept that an overload up to ten 6#"7 percent above themi:erFs nominal capacity may be permitted provided concrete test data forstrength, segregation, and uniform consistency are satisfactory, and provided nospillage of concrete ta;es place.

The batches shall be so charged into the drum that a portion of the mi:ingwater shall be entered in advance of the cement and aggregates. The flow ofwater shall be uniform and all water shall be in the drum by the end of the firstfifteen 6#7 seconds of the mi:ing period. The throat of the drum shall be ;eptfree of such accumulations as may restrict the free flow of materials into the drum.

*i:ed concrete from the central mi:ing plant shall be transported in truc;mi:ers, truc; agitators or non-agitating truc; specified in Subsection !##.!.',

Auipment. The time elapsed from the time water is added to the mi: until theconcrete is deposited in place at the Site shall not e:ceed forty five 617 minuteswhen the concrete is hauled in non-agitating truc;s, nor ninety 60"7 minutes whenhauled in truc; mi:ers or truc; agitators, e:cept that in hot weather or under otherconditions contributing to uic; hardening of the concrete, the ma:imum allowabletime may be reduced by the Angineer.

In e:ceptional cases and when volumetric measurements are authoriEedfor small proGect reuiring less than ( cu.m. of concrete per day of pouring, theweight proportions shall be converted to euivalent volumetric proportions. Insuch cases, suitable allowance shall be made for variations in the moisture

condition of the aggregates, including the bul;ing effect in the fine aggregate.

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Batching and mi:ing shall be in accordance with $ST* 53, Section 5 through0.

oncrete mi:ing by chute is allowed provided that a weighing scales fordetermining the batch weight will be used.

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9hen concrete is to be placed adGoining a previously constructed lane andmechanical euipment will be operated upon the e:isting lane, that previouslyconstructed lane shall have attained the strength for fourteen 6#17 day concrete.If only finishing euipment is carried on the e:isting lane, paving in adGoining l

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