I.T.I. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone

Native American Indian Computer Art

Artist: Peter M Figueroa

http://www.best.com/~fig/

redface.htm

“to honor the depth of Spirituality and the

greatness of Culture possessed by our Indigenous Native

Peoples”

Dotcom-Uppance:Language and the Net

Star-Ledger August 2001

Dot.Com

Dot.Con

Dot.Compost

Dot.Bombs

Dot-Carnage

Tech Wreck

Dot-Coma

U

P

D

A

T

E

S

Dot.Come and Gone

Not.Coms

Start Downs

Dot-commiserating

Dot-dissing

Entreprenerds

Review of Session 1/2

Introduction to key knowledge and intellectual skills of the ITI: 103 and links to the ITI major

People-centered, social perspective: Impact of information technologies on individual, social, organizational, national and international affairs

Professional focus: career orientation, with communication, thinking as well as technical skills as core competencies

Ethical focus: coming to terms with our own decisioning processes and their implications

SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone

Session Objectives

To situate the examination of ITI in broader considerations of the emergence of the information society

To examine the historical development of ICTs

To identify some key interpretivist frameworks for examining ITI

INFORMATION SOCIETY Term coined in 1970s to create a new

concept for developed high-technological society

Based on information-revolution idea: replacement of labor by technology, computerizing of homes and offices, growth of entertainment industries

TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION

DISCUSSION

Identify what you consider to be the most significant events that have helped shape the technological development of our society.

Why do you consider these to be the key events?

Information Society: Multiple Perspectives

Historical Events/Inventions Historical Bench Marks Historical Era/Periods

Interpretivist framework labeledTECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

The Information Society

Michael Rothschild: President of Bionomics in San Francisco

4 major Information Revolutions

1.Cro-Magnons vs Neanderthals

2.Invention of writing

3.Invention of Moveable type

4.Electronic Communications

1. Survival of the Fittest

32,000 years ago Cro-Magnons vs

Neanderthals Reliance on hunting –

knowing seasonal availability of game

Cro-Magnon’s development of lunar calendar: scratches on reindeer’s antler

Trace seasons and migrations of animals

Availability of food all year

2. Invention of writing 5000 years ago Sumerians developed symbols (Cuneiform)

to represent things and syllables Ability to represent language in permanent

visible form

3. Invention of Moveable Type

500 years ago German goldsmith:

J. Gutenberg Modern science,

machine age, Renaissance, Protestant Revolution

4. Electronic Communicationshttp://www.fht-esslingen.de/telehistory/

1840: Samuel F. B. Morse (USA) develops Morse code and improves telegraph

1861: Philipp Reis, a German teacher, invents the telephone 1876 : Elisha Gray and A. Graham Bell (USA) take out patents for telephones

1894: Wireless transmission of signals over two miles by the Italian Marconi

1917: AM transmitter: Modulation of a carrier frequency using speech signal

Electronic Communications 1924: John Logie Baird is the first to transmit a

moving silhouette image 1928: Station W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is

established in New York City, creating television's first star, Felix the Cat

1954: Transistor radio, stereo recording 1980: Videotext, Cable Television, Video

Conferencing, Compact Disc 1983: Personal Computers, Floppy Disks as storing

device

CONVERGENCE OF PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATIONS

Telephone Telephone

Datacom

Telephone

Telephone &Local Nets

Pre-1950EAM

1950-1975Mainframe

1975-1983EarlyDistributedComputing

1983-1989FullDistributedComputing

CONVERGENCE

MultimodalComm’n

1990-1995NetworkInfrastructure

1995-2003InformationUtilities

InformationUtilities

INTEGRATEDINFORMATIONPROCESSINGAND COMMUNICATION

What is ….

Technological Determinism?

Technological DeterminismTechnological determinists interpret communications technologies in particular as the basis of society in the past, present and even the future. They claim that technologies such as writing or print or television or the computer 'changed society'. In its most extreme form, the entire form of society is seen as being determined by technology: new technologies transform society at every level, including institutions, social interaction and individuals. At the least a wide range of social and cultural phenomena are seen as shaped by technology. 'Human factors' and social arrangements are seen as secondary. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/tecdet/tdet02.html (Daniel Chandler)

Technological Determinism Often seem to be trying to account for almost

everything in terms of technology: technocentrism.

‘Doctrine of Technological Primacy' Also associated with technological

determinism is the concept of techno-evolutionism. This involves a linear evolutionary view of universal social change through a fixed sequence of different technological stages

Technological Determinism 'the notion is that a kind of invisible hand

guides technology ever onward and upward, using individuals and organizations as vessels for its purposes but guided by a sort of divine plan for bringing the greatest good to the greatest number.” Purcell, Carroll (1994): White Heat. London: BBC, p. p. 38

Carroll Purcell refers to a mystical, 'semi-religious faith in the inevitability of progress'

Technological Determinism'the medium... shapes and controls the

scale and form of human association and action’

McLuhan, Marshall (1962): The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

What is your position on this idea?

Contemporary Philosophersof Technology

Martin HeidegerJurgen HabermasAlbert BorgmanMarshall McLuhanJacques Ellul

Technological Determinism Marshall McLuhan: Technology has reduced us

to the “sex organs of the machine world” Heidegger: we are engaged in a transformation

of the entire world, ourselves included, into “standing reserves”, raw materials mobilized in technical processes”; Technology constitutes a new type of cultural system that restructures the entire social world as an object of control: “The instrumentalization of man and society is thus a destiny from which there is no escape other than retreat”

Technological DeterminismHabermas: The central pathology of

modern societies in the colonization of lifeworld by system: “technization of the lifeworld”.

Habermas and Heidegger consider that the restructuring of social reality by technical action is incompatible with a life rich in meaning

Technological Determinism Albert Borgmann (leading US Philosopher) The “Device Paradigm” is the formative

principle of a technological society which aims above all at efficiency: functionalizing at the cost of distancing us from reality; individual involvement with nature and other human beings reduced to bare minimum; possession and control become highest values; human experience is suppressed by a facile scientism and an uncritical celebration of technology”

Technological Determinism Borgmann: “Plugged into a network of

communications and computers, they seem to enjoy omniscience and omnipotence; severed from their network, they turn out to be insubstantial and disoriented. They no longer command the world as persons in their own right. Their conversation is without depth and wit; their attention is roving and vacuous; their sense of place is uncertain and fickle”.

The Instrumentalization of Technology

Decontextualization: reconstitute natural objects as technical objects: de-worlded. Eg. dogs to Abio

Reductionism: process by which de-worlded things are simplified, stripped of technically useless qualities.

Automization: technical actions isolated from the effects of its actions on its objects

Positioning: we are influenced to fulfill pre-existing programs that we would not otherwise have chosen

Convergence

Issues of Technological Determinism

“From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads”

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/feenberg/talk4.html

Is there space for humans and humanity?

Interpretivist Frameworks Social Constructivist Theory Critical / Cultural Theory Social Influence Theory Media Theory Functional Theory Postmodern Theory Feminist Theory Sense Making Theory Communication Theory Information Processing Theory

I.T. MILESTONES

The Computer Museum History Center

www.computerhistory.org/index.page

I.T. MILESTONESVannevar Bush: 1945 “Of what lasting benefit has been man’s

use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence”?

Concerned about growth of ideas, but lack of time to grasp, remember, and to make real use of them.

Vannevar Bush: 1945

“For mature thought, there is no mechanical substitute. But creative

thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things. For the latter

there are, and may be, powerful mechanical aids”

Vannevar Bush: MEMEX “A memex is a device in which an

individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory”.

Still a reality or fantasy?

1946 AVIDAC

1955 TRADIC

1966 ILIAC

1975

1984 APPLE MACINTOSH

Personal Digital Assistant

32MB RAM 150MHz processor 65,536-color TFT display Plays MP3 and MS Audio

through stereo headphone jack, plays video movies

One-button voice recording 3 programmable application

buttons for one-touch launch of programs or files

Action wheel for one-hand access to data

History of the Internethttp://www.isoc.org/internet-historyA Brief History of the Internetby those who made the history, including Barry M. Leiner , Vinton G. Cerf , David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Lawrence G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff. A Spanish-language translation is also available.

WWW GROWTH

The Expansion of Networking

Federal &Research

FederalResearchEducationSome commercial

WidespreadAcademic,Government &BusinessSectors

GeneralPublic

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Internet Milestones 1957: USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth

satellite. In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

1962: J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: Galactic Network concept encompassing distributed social interactions

1972: ARPA develops protocols which allows networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple networks: ARPANET; First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses problems with the Doctor (at BBN).

Internet Milestones 1972: Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN)

opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET)

1975: First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created by Steve Walker. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to become the most popular unofficial list in the early days

1976: Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern

Internet Milestones1979: Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a

suggestion of adding some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at the time, emoticons became widely used.

1984: Domain Name System (DNS) introduced (edu, com etc) Number of hosts breaks 1,000

1987: Email link established between Germany and China, with the first message from China sent on 20 September.

1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen

EMOTICONS~:-( fuming

(:-) bald

:-@ angry, yelling

%-) stared too long at monitor

: ghost

AFK away from keyboard

CWOT complete waste of time

FAI frequently argued issue

HAND have a nice day 8-) wearing

(sun)glasses:-/ skeptical IOTTMCO intuitively

obvious to the most casual observer

=^..^= catDDR difficult data retrieval

(i.e. hacking)

EMOTICONS

Useful sourceshttp://www.datacomm.ch/~silver/

smile2.htmhttp://www.omnicron.com/

~fluzby/sister-share/acronyms.htm

EMOTICONS

“Online culture's foremost contribution to either the evolution of language or the death of literacy”

http://www.altculture.com/aentries/e/emoticons.html

Internet Milestones 1989: Number of hosts breaks 100,000;

Countries connecting to Internet: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK)

1990: The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access

1991: World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer

Internet Milestones 1992: Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000;

The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly

1993: US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/) Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting; Mosaic takes the Internet by storm; WWW proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic.

Internet Milestones 1994: Shopping malls arrive on the Internet; First

cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Las Vegas; Order pizza from the Hut online; Arizona law firm Canter & Siegell "spams" the Internet with email advertising green card lottery services;citizens flame back

1995: Hong Kong police disconnect all but 1 of the colony's Internet providers in search of a hacker. 10,000 people are left without Net access; Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt

Internet Milestones1996: Restrictions on Internet use around the world:

China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police; Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on Compuserve; Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals; Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register with the state; New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored and seized

1997: Domain name “business.com” sold for

US$150,000

Internet Milestones1998: Internet users get to be judges in a

performance by 12 world champion ice skaters on 27 March, marking the first time a television sport show's outcome is determined by its viewers

1999: Internet access becomes available to the Saudi Arabian public in January; A forged Web page made to look like a Bloomberg financial news story raised shares of a small technology company by 31% on 7 April;

“business.com” is sold for US$7.5million

How do we traverse real and digital worlds

How do we use the best from both worlds to increase the quality of communication and exchange, augment the human intellect, imagine and co-create, improve the quality of life, even develop new approaches to governance, democracy and participatory management?

The WOW factor

Learning Tasks

Read: “As We May Think” by Vannevar Bush Read: “Why the future doesn’t need us” by Bill Joy.

Read: Commentaries on Bill Joy’s Paper:

http://www.spark-online.com/april00/trends/wacker.html