Deepak Kumar

VIII-A

Transportation system are the main source

of noise pollution in urban areas.

Constructions of buildings , highways and

street cause a lot of noise , due to the

usage of air compressors , bull dozers ,

loaders , dump trucks and pavement

breakers.

Printing presses, manufacturing

industries, construction sites, contribute to

noise pollutions in large cities. In many

industries, it is a requirement that people

always wear earplugs to minimize their

exposure to heavy noise. People who work

with lawn mowers, tractors and noisy

equipment are also required to wear noise-proof gadgets.

Industrial noise also adds to the

already unfavorable state of noise

pollution.

loud speakers , plumbing , boilers ,

generators , fans and vacuum cleaners

HearingThe immediate and acute effect of noise

pollution to a person, over a period of time,

is impairment of hearing. Prolonged

exposure to impulsive noise to a person

will damage their eardrum, which mayresult in a permanent hearing

Household sources:Gadgets like food mixer, grinder, vacuum cleaner,

washing machine and dryer, cooler, air

conditioners, can be very noisy and injurious to

health. Others include loud speakers of sound

systems and TVs, iPods and ear phones. Another

example may be your neighbor’s dog barking all

night everyday at every shadow it sees, disturbing

everyone else in the apartment.

Places of worship, discos and gigs, parties and other

social events also create a lot of noise for the people

living in that area. In many market areas, people sell

with loud speakers, others shout out offers and try to

get customers to buy their goods. It is important to note

that whey these events are not often, they can be

called 'Nuisance' rather than

Health effects of noise include anxiety and stress

reaction and in extreme cases fright. The physiological

manifestations are headaches, irritability and

nervousness, feeling of fatigue and decreases work

efficiency. For example, being pounded by the siren of

fire fighters, police or ambulance in your city all night

everyday leave people (especially elderly people) stresses and tired in the morning.

Planting , bushes and trees in and around

sound generating sources is an effective

solution for noise pollution.

Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles

can effectively reduce the noise pollution.

Buildings can be designed with suitable noise

absorbing material for the walls , windows and

ceilings.

Workers should be provided with

equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs

for hearing protection.

Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the

machinery and servicing should be done to

minimize noise generation.

Soundproof doors and windows can be

installed to block unwanted noise outside.

Regulations should be imposed to restrict

the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded

areas and public places.

Factories and industries should be

located far from the residential areas.

Community development or urban

management should be done with long –

term planning , along with an aim to

reduce noise pollution.

Social awareness programs should be

taken up to educate the public about the

causes and effects of noise pollution.

An earthquake is the result

of a sudden release of

energy in the earths crust

that creates seismic waves.

The seismic activity of an

area refers to the frequency

type and size of earth quake

experienced over a period of

time

Focus (hypocenter):Focus is the point on the fault where

rupture occurs and the location from

which seismic waves are released.

Epicenter :Epicenter is the point on the

Earths surface that is directly

Above the focus the point where

An earthquake or underground

explosion originates.

The primary cause of an earthquake is

faults on the crust of the earth.

“a fault is a break or fracture b/w two

blocks of rocks in response to stress.”

This movement may occur rapidly, in the

form of an earthquake or may occur slowly,

in the form of creep.

Earth scientists use the angle of the fault

with respect to the surface and the direction

of slip along the fault to classify faults.

Some major causes of earthquakes on basic

of its causes are :

Surfaces causes

Volcanic causes

Surface causes :great explosions ,

landslides slips on steep coasts , dashing of

sea waves , avalanches , railway trains , heavy

trucks some large engineering projects

cause minor tremors. Some of them are man

made other are natural.

The intensity and strength of an

earthquake is measured on richter scale

the scale invented by Charles richter

California USA in 1935. which categories

earthquake on the basis of energy

released.

scientists measure the strength of

earthquakes using machines known as

SESIMOGRAPHS.

Seismometers – the

measurement of earthquake

Seismometers are instruments

that measure motions of the

ground, including those of

seismic waves generated by

earthquakes volcanic eruptions

and other seismic sources.

Seismometers may be deployed

at earths surface in shallow

vaults in boreholes or

underwater.

Earthquake prediction is usually define as the

specification of the time location and magnitude of

a future earthquake within stated limits.

But some evidence of upcoming earthquake are

following :

Unusual animal behavior.

Water level in wells.

Temperature change.

Uplifting of earth surface.

Change in seismic wave velocity.

Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow form oil

wells.

Effects of earthquake

Loss of life and property.

Damage to transportation system i.e.

roads railways , airports , marine etc…

Damage to infrastructure.

Chance of floods -develop cracks in

dams.

Chances of fire , short – circuit.

Communications such as telephone wires

are damaged.

Water pipes sewers are disrupted.

Economic activities like agriculture

industry trade and transport are severely

affected.

Landslides -

Shaking

and ground

rapture -

Fires -

Soil

Liquefaction-

Tsunamis -

Floods -

Earthquake safety rules -

If you are in house-

don’t use lift for getting down from

building.

Be prepared to move with your family.

If you are in shop school or office - don’t run from an exit.

Take cover under a disk or table.

Move away from window glass.

Do not go near electric point and cable.

Keep away from weak portion of building.

If you are outside-

Avoid high buildings , walls, power lines

and other objects that could fall and

create block.

Don’t run through streets.

If possible , move on to an open area

away from hazard including trees.

If you are in vehicle - stop in a safe open place.

Remain inside vehicle.

Close windows , doors and vents.

Major earthquakes

•Lightning is similar to the electric shock

you have experienced on touching a metal

object on a very dry day.

•Part of the cloud becomes negatively

charged , other part becomes positively

charged.

•Lightning acts to balances by creating

positive or negative flows of current.

•Most lighting is what is called “sheet

lightning” the other kind is called “cloud

to ground lightning” and is much less

frequent but much more dangerous.

Sheet

lightningCloud-to-

ground

•Besides sheet and cloud to ground

lightning there is also a type that most

people know as heat lightning.

•This name is given to thunderstorms

that are too far away for people to see

or hear so the result is a bright flash

in the sky which usually occurs when

there is a warm humid night following

a hot day.

•Rapid vertical movements inside

cumulonimbus.

•5 kilometer level ice crystals develop.

•Positive charge with colder regions.

•Negative charge with colder regions.

•Small positive go up , heavy negative

towards base.

•Surface has net positive charge.

•Lightning stroke discharges negative

region by striking ground.

Find shelter immediately. If you find yourself caught in a

lightning storm, the key to minimizing danger is to get inside

a protective structure. While most people seek shelter if

lightning appears to be near, people commonly wait too long

to seek shelter. If you can detect lightning, it may be close

enough to strike you. Don’t wait for it to strike right next to

you (or on top of you) to get to safety.[1]

• If you can’t find a substantial structure, get in a car with a

metal roof and sides. If the car is struck, the metal body will

conduct the electricity around you, not through you. Make

sure all windows are rolled up and doors are closed. Be

careful not to lean against any metal -- if you do, the lightning

will be conducted into your body if it strikes the car. Do not

use the radio.

•Substantial, frequently inhabited buildings (those grounded

with plumbing, electrical systems, and, if possible, lightning

rods) are best.

2 ) Stay away from windows. Keep windows closed,

and try to stay within inner rooms of the structure.

Windows provide a direct path for the lightning to

travel.

Don’t touch anything metal or electrical. Using a landline

phone is the main cause of lightning-related injuries in

the US. Lightning can travel into the home from through

any material that conducts electricity. This includes

landlines, electrical wiring, and plumbing.

•Do not touch any electrical outlets during a storm. Do

not unplug any devices during an lightning storm, as the

strike could be transferred to you.

•Do not lie on concrete floors or lean against concrete

walls. Most concrete has a wire mesh which can conduct

electricity

•Stay out of the bathtub or shower, and avoid indoor

swimming pools.

In a car, try to avoid touching any part of the metal frame

or the car's glass

Stay inside at least 30 minutes after the last strike.

Don’t go out if the rain starts letting up. There is still a

significant risk of lightning strikes from a departing

storm.