ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Georgian National Academy of Sciences

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Georgian National Academy of Sciences

ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY OF CAUCASUS

PROCEEDING OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO THE 90 TH ANNIVERSARY OF ACADEMICIAN MALKAZ ABDUSHELISHVILI

Tbilisi 2016

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia

kavkasiis anTropologia da eTnologia

saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi eZRvneba akademikos malxaz abduSeliSvilis

dabadebidan 90 wlisTavs

Tbilisi 2016

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia "kavkasiis anTropologia da eTnologia"eZRvneba gamoCenili qarTveli anTropologis, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis, saqarTvelos mecnierebis damsaxure-beli moRvawis malxaz abduSeliSvilis dabadebidan 90 wlisTvis

redkolegia:

liana biTaZe nunu mindaZe Sorena laliaSvili daviT WiTanava ana ruaZe

The International Scietific Conference on "Anthropology and Ethnology of Caucasus " is dedicated to the 90th birthday Malkhaz Abdushelishvili a famous Georgian anthropologist , the Academician of Georgian Academy Scieces and honored worker of Georgian Sciece

EDITORAL BOARD:

Liana Bitadze Nino Mindadze Shorena Laliashviki David Chitanava Anna Ruadze

, 2016

Authors' style preserved

ISBN 978-9941-13-555-2

malxaz abduSeliSvili

(1926-1998)

7

qeTevan alaverdaSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

iv.javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, saqarTvelo ketinoalaverdashvili@gmail.com

1950 wels xevsureTSi Cawerili masala xalxuri medicinis Sesaxeb

xalxuri medicinis Seswavlas yovelTvis mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoboda da dResac eTmoba eTnologiaSi. Ggamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens. Mmecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli am sakiTxs seriozuli yuradReba eqceva.-Aam mxriv aRsaniSnavia z. WiWinaZis, T. saxokias, iv. javaxiSvilis, s. makalaTias, v. bardaveliZis da sxvaTa naSromebi. iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-is institutis arqivSi daculia qarTvel mecnierTa mier mopovebuli xalxur medicinasTan dakavSirebuli masala. dRes eTnologTa mTeli jgufi n. mindaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Tavs uyris da ikvlevs xalxur samedicino codnas. xalxuri medicinis SeswavlisaTvis ar auvlia gverdi arc samedicino sazogadoebas. eqimTa naSromebi mniSvnelovania am sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebisaTvis, gansa-kuTrebiT dRes, rodesac bunebrivi saSualebebis samkurnalod gamoyeneba metad aqtualuri gaxda. Aam mxriv sainteresoa 1950 wels Cawerili erTi masala, rome-lic imxanad axalgazrda eqims nami alaverdaSvils ekuTvnis. igi dainteresebu-li iyo xalxuri medicinis sakiTxebiT, 1950 wels Tan axlda xevsureTSi vera bardaveliZes da misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad Caiwera masala, romelic xalxu-ri medicinis sxvadasxva sakiTxebs Seexeboda. Canawerebi ZiriTadad iseT Temebs moicavs, rogoricaa Selocvebi (svirsvilis, satkburas, wiTeli qaris, Tvalis da sxv.), bavSvTa infeqciur daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli masala, naRrZobis, da-JeJilobis, motexilobis, Wrilobis mkurnaloba da amisaTvis saWiro iaraRebi. Mmotanilia sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros rekomendebuli samkurnalo mcenaree-bis da maTgan damzadebuli wamlebis aRweriloba, rogorc garegani, ise Sinaga-ni moxmarebisaTvis da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom masala ar aris didi moculo-bisa, vfiqrobT misi gacnoba mainc sainteresos iqneba am sakiTxebiT dainterese-bul pirTaTvis.

masala Cawerilia 1950 wlis agvistoSi barisaxoSi, CirdilSi, boqCvilosa da roSkaSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CanawerebSi Yyvelaze metia masala travmebis Sesa-xeb. Eesaa masala Wrilobebis, daCirqebuli iarebis, naklebad naRrZobis da mo-texilobis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadad esaa masala calkeuli mcenareebis an maTi nakre-bis, agreTve malamos saxiT gamosayenebeli saSualebebis Sesaxeb, sadac mcena-reul komponentebTan erTad gamoiyeneba magaliTad erbo an karaqi, Tafli da a.S. aqvea comTxeli, Tafli, cvili da sxv.

WrilobebisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi mcenareebi, rogoricaa cxraZarRva, samyura, balba, kldisduma, xarisZira, pitna da a.S. agreTve ucecxlo Tafli, futkris sanTeli, duma, Wian bamba, qumlis comi, erbo an karaqi, Sabi da sxv.

upirveles yovlisa xdeboda Wrilobis damuSaveba aryiT. Semdeg adebdnen samyuras, cxraZarRvas (mravalZarRvas), balbas, xarisZiras, pitnas, Tambaqos foTols da sxv. es saSualebebi mosaSuSeblad, Wrilobis daCirqebis sawinaaR-mdego saSualebebad iTvleba. Sesaxorceblad xmarobdnen erbos an karaqs. er-boTi an karaqiT akeTebdnen malamos, Sig urevdnen mravalZarRvas da ise xma-robdnen. Wrilobaze adebdnen agreTve Zalian Txlad aWril dumas. iyenebdnen erTad gapoxil Taflis sanTels da erbos. Sesaxorceblad xmarobdnen damwvar xaxvs, agreTve Wian bambas. Wriloba Tu dasivdeboda, dasacxrobad daasveleb-

8

dnen balbas, daadebdnen da Seuxvevdnen (balbas daJeJilobis drosac xmarob-dnen. jer moxarSavdnen, Semdeg daJeJavdnen da ise daidebdnen). gavrcelebuli iyo Wrilobis TafliT gapoxva, xmarobdnen cvilsac. Aamzadebdnen comTxels, qumlis comTxels. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo wminda xorblis fqvili, ar SeiZ-leboda magaliTad simindis fqvili. aRniSnulia, rom erbosac da Taflsac uf-ro kidurebze Wrilobis dros xmarobdnen da ara magaliTad Tavze. Tu maSinve daidebdnen Wrilobaze, sanam sisxli modioda, igi iolad xorcdeboda.

xels rom gaiWris kaci, naWrevze daadeben samyuras dacoxnil foTlebs da cxraZarRvas dacoxnil foTols, Seaxveven da ramdenime dReSi gaikurnebis-.Wrilobaze roca cud xorcia, Sabs davfSvniT, davyriT da cud xorc maaci-lebs.

simsivnis dasacxrob da Cirqis erT adgilas Tavmosayrel saSualebad da-saxelebulia agreTve Taflis sanTeli da Sig CaTlili tyvia. Tu Wriloba da-Cirqebuli (dabaylebuli) iyo, mas amowmindavdnen liTonisagan damzadebuli xowiT (xvewiT). xorcs gadawevdnen da Zvalsac gafxekdnen, Wrilobas amoasuf-Tavebdnen da Semdeg ufro advilad xorcdeboda.

Cirqis gamosatanad da Wrilobis dasapiravad amoTxridnen xarisZiras, da-begvavdnen, aurevdnen qeris fqvilSi, mozilavdnen civ wyalSi da daadebdnen Cirqs erT adgilas moagrovebda da Semdeg dapiravda.

daJeJilobis dros danayavdnen niors da kanafis Tesls, erTmaneTSi are-uls, wausvamdnen tiloze, daadebdnen daJeJilze da Seuxvevdnen. xmarobdnen ag-reTve balbas, rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo. xarSavdnen rZeSi Salnis Zirs, da-JeJilze adebdnen da dila-saRamos ucvlidnen.

motexilobisas mimarTavdnen imobilizacias. gaTlidnen xis ficrebs, ori mxridan miakravdnen da magrad Sekravdnen. Tu pirebi (Zvlis) erTmaneTs miem-cxvannes (Seexo), erTmaneTs dasduRdebian da maSin Sexorcdeba. Mmotexilobas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda Svela, Torem Zvali gagrildebis da maSin xani unda, Tu ara da male daduRdebis erTmaneTze.

naRrZobze axali kalmaxis dadebaa dasaxelebuli. Kkargi iyo, Tu dazara-lebuls iseT adamians miuyvandnen, vinc icoda naRrZobis saxsarSi Cagdeba. amis mcodned adua arabulia dasaxelebuli.

sainteresoa namsunTTan (anu romelime qvewarmavlis SxamiT mowamlul ba-laxTan) dakavSirebuli masala. adamiani Tu xeliT Seexo aseT balaxs, muwu-kebs daayris. imis gamosacnobad, Tu romeli qvewarmavlis SxamiTaa mowamluli, aiRebdnen sanTels, gaaTbobdnen, gaaTxelebdnen da daadebdnen moSxamulze. iT-vleboda, rom aRibeWdeboda imis gamosaxuleba, romlis mierac iyo mowamluli (magaliTad gveli, xvliki da sxv.).

namsunTis SemTxvevaSi xmarobdnen xoxnotas. xoxnota adre gazafxulze modis da mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSia, ukeTesia zrdis periodSi, gadabere-bamde. velze rom daiZino da bayayma an gvelma gadauaros an ukbinos, xoxnota unda daJeJo, wausva da morCebis. Tibvisas xelze rom buwuka gamogayris, xox-notas davfSvniT, gavisvamT da is moarCens. xoxnotas Tesls daReWaven (foTo-lic SeiZleba, magram Tesli jobia) da daideben. Ddila-saRamos gamoucvlian, ase akeTeben, sanam ar morCeba. SeiZleba xoxnotas dafSvna, dabegva da ise da-deba gamonayarze.

aqvea masala gvelis nakbenis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda, rom kar-gia abedas dawva da dadeba. abeda tyeSi wifelam icis. abedi xis sokoa. unda iyos moxarSuli nacarwyalSi. kvess veZaxiT, imas usvamen, ainTeba da Tu gvelma kbili Tu Sxami Catova nakbenSi, imas Svelis.

saerTod muwukze erTmaneTSi areul erbos da nacars isvamdnen. kargia karaqis wasmac. aseve miRebuli iyo Taflis wasmac isvamdnen, sanam ar morCe-

9

boda. xmarobdnen Jolistarsac: Jolistars daswomT, davyriT muwukze da mo-arCens.

damwvrobisaTvis beberas (obobis) qselia dasaxelebuli: Tu bavSvma xeli daiwva, beberas qsels aiReben, daadeben da is uSveliso.

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs CanawerebSi gaciebis dros saWiro saSua-lebebs. gaciebas xamazdsac eZaxdnen. misTvis damaxasiaTeblad iTvleboda cemi-neba, sicxe, agreTve Semcivnebac, xveleba, yelis tkivili.

gaciebis dros kargi iyo cxeli wylis abazanebi. avadmyofs fexebs cxel wyalSi Caayofinebdnen, zogjer dReSi orjer an samjer, Tavs Tbilad Seuxvev-dnen. Tu sicxe hqonda da cudad iyo, Sublze civ tilos daadebdnen.

tuxtis Zirs amoTxridnen, dabegvavdnen, Semdeg wyalSi azeldnen. avadmyo-fi am wyalSi unda gaebanaT da sicxes gareT gamoitanda.

pitnas aduRebul wyalSi Cayridnen da avadmyofs cxels asmevdnen, erTba-Sad ramdenime Wiqas dReSi ramdenjerme. gaciebisas kargi iyo sve da kldis qon-dara. svis foTols da yvavils xarSavdnen da naxarSs wylis magivrad aZlev-dnen. zafxulSi kldis qondaras agrovebdnen zamTrisaTvis. masac xarSavdnen da wylis magivrad asmevdnen avadmyofs. Ggaciebisas kargi iyo cacxvis yvavilis naxarSic. xarSavdnen xoxnotas da pitnas Cayridnen aduRebul wyalSi Caf-Svnetils, Semdeg moukidebdnen fqvils, Caasxamdnen cota rZes, Zalian didxans aduRebdnen, cota rom ganeldeboda, daalevinebdnen avadmyofs, Tbilad daaxu-ravdnen da morCeboda. mozrdilebisaTvis icodnen nivris da aryis nazavis dam-zadeba - bavSvebs am nazavs ar aZlevdnen. icodnen Tambaqos foTlis ReWva. ro-ca Tambaqo dalbeboda da wvens gamouSvebda, nerwyvs gadaylapavdnen.

xvelebis dros Jolis tars moxarSavdnen da naxarS wyals dalevdnen Ti-To Wiqas dReSi samjer. xarSavdnen agreTve Rolos foTols da wvens svamdnen, vinaidan cudi dasalevi iyo da bevrs ver dalevdi, patara WiqiT Rebulobdnen dReSi samjer. xvelebis dros kargi iyo cxeli rZis daleva. amave mizniT Wam-dnen boloks, saWamadSi (erTad moxarSuli fqvili da wyali) urevdnen pitnas. kargi iyo moxarSuli miwis vaSlis Wama.

yelis tkivilis dros, rodesac avadmyofs yeli Sesiebuli da daCirqebu-li hqonda, amzadebdnen qumlis coms, comTxels da yelze daadebdnen.

rac Seexeba cieb-cxelebas, am dros icodnen cacxvis yvavilis naxarSis damzadeba. wvens patara WiqiT, cot-cotas asmevdnen avadmyofs, orjer-samjer dReSi. am dros xmarobdnen dedali cxraZarRvas foTlebs (es foTlebi mrgva-lia), kargad garecxavdnen, danayavdnen da wvens uzmoze daalevinebdnen.

sakmao adgili uWiravs im saSualebebis CamonaTvals, romlebic miRebuli iyo kuW-nawlavis tkivilis dros.

Tu bavSvs muceli astkivdeboda, kurdRlis tyavs daadebdnen mucelze da es Sveloda. bavSvisaTvis SeiZleboda niori tyavze an naWerze daewuraT da me-ore mxridan daedoT mucelze. SeiZleboda cota niori gaeJeJaT da bavSvisTvis ise miecaT.

mozrdilTaTvis niors Cayridnen jamSi, CaJeJavdnen erT Wiqa araySi da ise dalevdnen. am nazavs Tbilsac svamdnen cot-cotas, radganac cudi dasale-vi iyo.

xoxnotas muclis tkivilis drosac xmarobdnen. zafxulSi dakrefil, gamxmar da zamTrisTvis Senaxul xoxnotas Zirs dafxvnidnen, aurevdnen araySi, SeaTbobdnen da svamdnen. Tu ar uSvelida, isev gaimeorebdnen. SeiZleboda mxo-lod xoxnotas Ziris naxarSis dalevac. kuWis tkivilis dros kargi iyo Taf-lic erT miRebaze sami kovzi. SeiZleboda DdReSi ramdenjerme, magram Seda-rebiT didi intervalebiT. kuWis tkivilis dros jamSi CaJeJavdnen niors, Seu-

10

revdnen jer Tafls, Semdeg ki gacxelebul arays da dalevdnen dReSi samjer-oTxjer, sanam tkivili ar gadauvlidaT.

cxraZarRvas Reroebs kuWis tkivilis drosac xmarobdnen kargad ga-recxavdnen, moxarSavdnen da svamdnen.

Tambaqos ReWva da nerwyvis gadaylapva kuWis tkivilis drosac icodnen. Ggarda amisa kuW-nawlavis daavadebebis dros Wamdnen moxalul xaviws erbos-Tan.

SedarebiT mcirericxovania masala RviZlis mkurnalobis, Tvalis tkivi-lis, kbilis tkivilis, meWeWis moSorebis Sesaxeb da a.S.

RviZlis tkivilis dros mamali cxraZarRvas grZel foTlebs da yvavils garecxavdnen, moaduRebdnen da uzmoze 1 Wiqas svamdnen. am SemTxvevaSic icod-nen Tambaqos daReWva, rac tkivils Sveloda.

kbilis tkivilis dros ixmareboda xaris Zira, arayi,Sabi da sxv. jiblibos da Tvalis tkivilisas waisvamdnen mwyris qons, icodnen Tamba-

qos wasmac. mkurnalobis magiur-religiuri saSualebebi warmodgenilia Selocvebis

saxiT. Cawerilia ramdenime saxis Selocva. sirsvilis, satkburas (doyvis), wiTe-

li qaris, Tvalis, maZaxuras locvebi: svirsvilTa locva: 1) mgeli eba xarad, gveli apaurada; gaskda mgeli,

gawyda gveli, svirsvilT gadmouvarda ZiriT. fui, gaqras, ganiavdas. 2) svir-svili xnevda yanasav, ualagos alagsav, mgeli eba xaradav, gveli apauradav. Ggawyda gveliv, gasqda mgeliv, svirsvils gadmouvarda Ziriv. (Selocva meor-deboda samjer).

satkburas locva (doyvi): satkbura SamaSCioda dambadebelsa RmerTsao: ufalo amiSvi ar agiSobav. risaTvis ar amiSobav. imitom ar agiSobav, SCuiv, xfuiv, ymawvilebs gadeedebiv velis yvaviliviTav, qeris qatosaviTav. (savarau-dod Selocva arasrulia da dasasruli aklia).

wiTeli qaris Selocva : 1) gilocavav Sagilocavav wiTeli qarisasav, yvi-Tel qarisasav, pirqveT maarulisasav, game Tore gamagiyvanav Savi cxenis Wkivi-liTav, Savi batknis bRaviliTav.

2) jvari gewerasav cxrajer cxris angelozis daweriliv, mlocaviv me orav, margliv RmerTiav, qristis dedaiv mariemiav, locvaiv Cem mogonil ar asav, qristis dedis mariemis magoniliav.Mmovidodav wiTeli qariv mayviroda xa-riviTav, magogevdav daTviviTav, magogevdav maCviviTav. Samaeyarav qriste Rmer-Tiv, sad mixolav wiTelo qarov? Saolav kacis tanSiav, gavRnay galosav, gav-Rlok tvinasav. Aar SagiSev kacis tanSiav, ar gaganayieb galosav, ar gagaloki-eb tvinasav, agkideb aRmasav, CaRm Cagagdeb xev bnelTav,ar magdiodasav cxenis Wyiviliv, qaTmis yiviliv, maswavlev raiav Seni wamaliv?Ddaendeviv casav-rval-sav, dedis ZuZusav,mamis xonjarsav,Cemi wamaliv irmis Rvediav, endros mcqveTi-av, wiTel Saqariav, wiTlis furis ziscvariav, pirimze balaxiav. jvari gewera-sav cxrajer cxris angelozis daweriliv wmidis giorgis daweriliv.

Tvalis locva: 1)gilocavav Sagilocavav Tvalisasav, gulisasav, zenau-risasa, qvenaurisasa, miRmaurisasav, moRmaurisasav, TvalWrelisasav, TmaTeTri-sasav, TvalyviTlisasav, Tma yviTlisasav,TvalSavisasav, Tma Savisasav, jvari ge-werasav,vinca ar dagweras jvariv, nu daewerasav jvariv sul amaesav miwa Saesav sikvdilis dResav, mavidav TeTri cxeni, ijdav bedav TeTri mxedariv, daagzav eklis cecxliv, gamavidav wiTel gveliv, gamaiyolav wiTel Sxamiv, xkraevpirze-dav Send avi Tval guliT Samamxedavsav guls laxvariv, TvalSi nacariv, pirSi xanjariv, jvari gewerasav (rasac mosdevda naxSiris gasma). 2)Sagilocav Tva-lisasav, gulisasa, mTisasa, barisasa, Savi Savgremalisasa,TeTrsa kbilsa bro-

11

lisasa, madiodes cxrani dani cxra oqros kabiani, madiodes cxrani Zmani cxra-ni oqros sazmnianni, jibas edva samarTebeli, tanWreli, pirze foladi, gavSWri gavxkafavTav ufers Tvalasav, ufers gulsav, CavagdebT iseTs alagsav,xma ZaR-lisa gigonasav xma sarekebisai, raiav Tvalis wamali fafari...

puri ifqlisai muxli maqcisaiv, fui jvar geweras, gaqras, ganiavdas ga-zafxulis ToliviTav, egremc gergebisav locvaiv, rogorc deda Svilsergebi-sav. locvai Cem magonil ar asav,qristis dedis mariemis magoniliav.

maZaxuras dawyevla (Sewyevla): rodesac maZaxura dauZaxebs, misTvis xmis gacema ar SeiZleba da ase daswyevlian: romeni xar romTamc gaxval Svidsamc mamas nuRar moxval, gadafrindi ezozeda, gadimtvrie TeZozeda.

sainteresoa aqve Cawerili Sesavali-formula, romliTac, mTxrobelis sityviT, iwyeboda yvela locva: aha... saxelo RvTisao mamisao da Zisao, locva Cemi, rgeba RvTisa. RmerTo Sen daswere jvari Seni wyalobis jvario, ram Sega-Sinao, Savgvremani iyvao, WrelTvala iyvao, SavTvala iyvao, Sinauri iyvavo, ga-reTuli iyvao, Sen SamSinebulsao TvalSi nacario, gulSi laxvario, nu gayida xario Sinaurma SagaSinao, TvalSi qato, pirSi wyali, fui, fui, gahqras ganiav-das. tredi Sajda qandarazedao, guli Cajda gulis adgilas; gulo gulis ad-gilsa Caje Tavis adgilsa, gulo gulis adgilsa Caje Tavis adgilsa, gulo gulis adgilasa Caje Tavis adgilasa

es igive SeSinebulis Selocvaa, romelic calkec ixmareba, Tumca misi sxvadasxva Selocvebis win warmoTqmac araa logikas moklebuli. avadmyofobis dros adamians upirveles yovlisa damSvideba sWirdeba, rac ar unda sWirdes mas. es sasikeTo gavlenas axdens masze.

garkveuli adgili eTmoba masalas bavSvTa infeqciuri daavadebebis anu saxadis, xTis valis Sesaxeb. CamoTvlilia am dros ojaxSi akrZaluli sxvadas-xva saxis qmedebebi. icodnen Wreli qsovilis, xaliCis gafena, yoreze Wreli TavSalis gadafena. sasikeTo iyo fandurze dakvra. Cecxlis danTeba SeiZlebo-da, magram kerZi ar unda gadmosuliyo. wiTelianis gverdiT an axlo-maxlo xu-cesi ar (ver) ixucebda. acxobdnen patara daWrelebul purebs, avadmyofs gver-dze daudgamdnen, Semdeg ki waiRebdnen. akrZaluli iyo saklavis dakvla _ wi-Tela gacxardeba, gamwardeba da am dros SeiZleba bevri SemTxveva sikvdiliT damTavrdes.

CanawerebSi mokled aRwerilia agreTve qalis samreloSi yofnisa da mSo-biarobis periodic.

aseTia mokled es Canawerebi, romlebic, Cvenis azriT, maTi mcire mocu-lobis miuxedavad, mainc sainteresoa da imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

Alaverdashvili K.T.

Iv. Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia

ketinoalaverdashvili@gmail.com

Ethnographic data on folk medicine attested in Khevsureti in 1950

Summary

The study of folk medicine always had an important place in ethnology and in that sense Georgia is not anexception.Starting from 19th century this problem has been seriously treated and from that point of view, the explorations of Z. Chichinadze, T. Sakhokia, Iv. Javakhishvili,

12

S. Makalatia, V.Bardavelidzeare of special interest. Ethnographic data on folk medicine gathered by the Georgian scientists are keptat the archive of the Institute of History and Ethnology. Today the group of ethnologists guided by N.Mindadze are gathering and examining the folk knowledge. The study of folk medicine was (and is) also popular among the medical society. The works of medicalpractitioners are important for the investigations in this sphere, especially today, when the use of natural products during the medical treatment became very popular. From that point of view the data gathered in 1950 by a young medical practitioner NamiAlaverdashvili is of relevant interest. Interested in folk medicine she accompanied V.Bardavelidze in Khevsuretiin 1950 and by her guidance gathered ethnographic data: on folk medicine including such themes as spells against different diseases (Svircvilli, satkbura, tsitelikari, evil eye, etc.), on the infectious diseases of children, injuries, bruises, bone fractures, wounds and the tools that were needed for the treatment. In these reports one can find descriptions of plants and medicinesrecommended for various diseases which were useful for inner and outer uses, etc. Despite the fact that the gathered data is not vast, it will be useful to learnthe offered ethnographic data especially for those who are involved in such questions. Ethnographic data was written down in 1950, in Barisakho,Chirdili, Bokchvilo and Roshka.

13

salome baxia-oqruaSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iv.javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, saqarTvelo

salomebakhia@gmail.com

adaTobrivi samarTali osTa tradiciul kulturaSi Suasaukuneebsa da gvianSuasaukuneebSi osuri xalxuri samarTlis ZiriTad

wyaros adaTi, CveulebiTi samarTali da SariaTi (muslimebSi) warmoadgenda. osur saTemo yofaSi sasamarTlo warmoebam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZi-na, radgan, im droisaTvis, sisxl-mesisxleobam da SurisZiebam yvela patronimia Tavisi sakuTari cixe-saxlisa da TavdacviTi koSkis tyve gaxada. isini SurisZi-ebis SiSiT gamomwyvdeulni iyvnen koSkebSi, xolo maTi meurneoba ecemoda da iSleboda. ~kbili, kbilis wil~, am mokle gamonaTqvamis ukan mkvlelobaTa gau-Tavebeli qmedebebi igulisxmeboda. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi rusi generlebi ga-zeTebsa da JurnalebSi mudmivad Ciodnen osTa am ~barbarosuli~ Cvevebis Sesa-xeb. m. kovalevskic fiqrobda, rom SurisZiebis Cveulebam sakmaod daazarala da mZime Sedegebi moutana osebs. am Cveulebis gamo, xSirad mTeli ojaxisa da pat-ronimiis srulwlovani mamakacebi ixocebodnen, xolo mcirewlovan ymawvilebs itacebdnen, monebad aqcevdnen an monebis bazarze hyiddnen. Tu mamakaci, mkvle-lobis Cadenis Semdeg gaqceviT Sveloda Tavs, igi saxlsa da cols uSiSrad tovebda, radgan icoda maT araferi emuqrebodaT. Tumca, es saqcieli osebisaT-vis mosawoni ar iyo. qali SurisZiebis aqtSi monawileobas pirdapir ar iRebda, magram sakmaod aqtiur rols asrulebda mis gaRvivebaSi. dedebi sakuTar Svi-lebsa da qmrebs aqezebdnen, rom isini susti da uvargisni aRmoCndnen, radgan ~wmina vali~ _ SurisZieba swrafad ar Seasrules. xSirad, axalgazrda colebi qmrebs sawolSi movaleobis Sesrulebaze uars eubnebodnen, sanam samagiero mkvlelobas ar Caidendnen, e.i. Surs ar iZiebdnen. SurisZieba marto mkvlelze ar vrceldeboda, patronimiis yvela mamakac wevrs, Svidi wlis zemoT saSiSro-eba eloda. amave dros, SurismaZieblebic marto moklulis mama, Zma an sisxliT naTesavi, aramed, maT Soris dedis Zma da misi Svilic SeiZleba yofiliyo. oseTSi cdilobdnen mkvlelis naTesavebisaTvis meti ziani mieyenebinaT, amitom moxucis sikvdils axalgazrda kacis sikvdiliT ixdidnen.

SurisZiebis aqti oseTSi sxvadasxva ritualuri qmedebebiT iyo daxunZlu-li. moklulis neStTan SurismaZiebeli, moklulis sisxliT pirisaxes daisvri-da da fics debda, rom ojaxSi manam ar Sevidoda dasaZineblad, sanam Surs ar iZiebda. amasTan, igi tovebda ojaxs da tyeSi iwyebda cxovrebas, pirs ar ipar-savda, Savi tansacmliT dadioda. SurisZiebis Semdeg, igi pirveli, gardac-vlils sasaflaoze atyobinebda, rom misTvis ukve Suri iZia.

XIX saukuneSi SurisZiebam imdenad saSiSi gamoxatuleba miiRo, rom mosax-leoba iZulebuli gaxda, mis aRsakveTad sxva gzebi epovna. XIX saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis igi materialurma kompensaciam Secvala. marTalia, zogisaTvis am wesis miReba jer kidev miuRebeli iyo, magram es Cveuleba ukve osebSi fexs mya-rad ikidebda. amieridan osur saTemo yofaSi sasamarTlo warmoebam gansakuT-rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. garda sisxl-mesisxleobisa sasamarTlo konfliq-tur situaciebs _ adamianis daWras, dasaxiCrebas, sakuTrebis mitacebas, qurdo-bas, ganzrax cecxlis gaCenas, stumrisadmi upativcemulo damokidebulebas, ke-riis jaWvis Camoxsnas, mis gadagdebas da sxva danaSauls ganixilavda.

yvela CamoTvlili sakiTxi Suamavlebis, mediatoruli institutis gansaxilve-li iyo da arc erTi iuridiuli sakiTxi axlo, sisxliT naTesauri wris monawileo-bis gareSe ar iwarmoeboda. naTesavebi monawileobas, rogorc dazaralebulis, ise

14

damnaSavis mxarezec iRebdnen. sisxliT naTesavebis mxarSi dgoma yvela nabijze ig-rZnoboda, miT umetes SurisZiebis Tavidan acilebis SemTxvevaSi. mkvlelis axlo na-Tesavebi, patronimiis wevrebi midiodnen da qudmoxdilebi, dazaralebul mxaresTan muxlebze dgebodnen. isini moklulis patronimiis uxucesebs dapirispirebul mxare-ebs Soris Semorigebis saSualebis daSvebas sTxovdnen. am process isini ramdenime-jer imeorebdnen. moklulis naTesavebi, bolos, xalxis nebas emorCilebodnen da Se-rigebaze Tanxmobas iZleodnen. SeTanxmebis sxva saSualebac arsebobda _ dapirispi-rebuli mxareebi, Cveulebriv neitralur teritoriaze, Ria cis qveS ikribebodnen. es adgili soflis gareT unda yofiliyo. dapirispirebuli mxareebi erTmaneTisTvis Se-umCneveli unda darCeniliyvnen da daSoriSorebulebs, molaparakebis dros xmamaRla saubrisa da kamaTis saSualeba unda miscemodaT. maTi Suamavlebi (~minavar lagTa~) ori kacis SemadgenlobiT gadawyvetilebebs mowinaaRmdegeebs acnobdnen. damnaSavis na-Tesavebi dazaralebuli mxaris darwmunebas cdilobdnen, rom mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris Serigebis procesi dawyebuliyo.

Semdegi etapi, Suamavali, mediatori mosamarTleebis (~Tarxon lagTa~) ar-Cevis procesi iyo. mediatorebad brZen, avtoritetul, patiosan, simarTlis dam-cvel pirovnebebs irCevdnen, romlebic 50-60 welze axalgazrdebi ar unda yo-filiyvnen. sasurveli iyo gamocdilebis ukve mqone pirebis arCeva. Suamavali mosamarTleebis ricxvi SeTanxmebis Sedegad wydeboda, magram dazaralebul mxares erTi mosamarTliT metis arCevis ufleba hqonda, romelsac yovelTvis iyenebdnen. orive mxares SeeZlo dasaxelebul romelime mosamarTleze acileba miecaT. maSin, mxareebi axal mediators waradgendnen. mosamarTleTa Semadgen-lobas orive mowinaaRmdege mxaris sanqcia esaWiroeboda dasamtkiceblad. Tu SuamavalTa pirovnebebi orive mxares akmayofilebda, maSin gadamwyveti mniSvne-loba ukve maTi ficis dadebis process eniWeboda. daficeba salocavSi xdebo-da. daficebisas yvela mediatori valdebulebas iRebda, rom samarTlian ga-dawyvetilebas gamoitanda, saqmeSi sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas gamoiCenda.

mudmivi mosamarTleebi ar arsebobda, yvela saqmes Tavisi mosamarTle hyav-da. Tumca, erTi da imave pirovnebis ramdenjerme sxvadasxva dros arCeva SesaZ-lebeli iyo. aseTi mediatorebi xeobebSi Semdeg cnobili xdebodnen. mediatore-bis ZiriTadi funqcia samediatoro anu saSuamavlo saqmis ganxilvas warmoad-genda. isini valdebulni iyvnen dapirispirebuli mxareebi moerigebinaT, rom sisxli ar daRvriliyo.

sasamarTlos gamarTvamde orive mxare gamokiTxvebiT cdilobda saqmis gacnobas. isini specialurad midiodnen nixasze da uxucesi aranaTesavebis Tu naTesavebis wyalobiT danaSaulis Sesaxeb cnobebs moipovebdnen. oseTSi samar-Tlis dadgenis sami saSualeba arsebobda _ ~komZog~ _ faqtebiT dadastureba; ~avdisan~ _ mowmis Cveneba; `ard~ _ ficiT dadastureba. osebs sityva `ard~ (fi-ci) saSinelebad miaCndaT, radgan sicruisaTvis RvTaeba sasjels mouvlenda.

sasamarTlo procesi, Ria cis qveS, aseve neitralur teritoriaze imarTe-boda. samarTalwarmoeba orive mxaris dazaralebulisa da damnaSavis mosmeniT iwyeboda, romelsac mowmeebis gamosvla (Tuki aseTi arsebobda), faqtebis war-moCena mosdevda. procesze orive mxaris mediatorebi mWermetyvelurad gamodi-odnen, saWiro masalas sityvierad damajereblobas ar aklebdnen. kamaTi da di-alogi mosamarTleebs Soris xmamaRla mimdinareobda, magram isini zomierebas ar kargavdnen. kamaTi da dialogi xSirad ramdenime dRe grZeldeboda. Tu sa-kiTxi saqonlis gatacebas an ojaxis Seuracxyofas exeboda, mosamarTleebi uf-ro mkacrni iyvnen, vidre mruSobaSi eWvmitanili mamakacis saqmis garCevisas. m. kovalevskis masalebiT arc erT osur xeobaSi mamakacis mxridan mruSoba mZime danaSaulad ar iTvleboda da amitom, maT msubuqad sjidnen. Tu sakiTxi ramde-nime Wrilobis miyenebas, sxeulis garkveuli nawilis damaxinjebas exeboda, am

15

Wrilobebs amowmebdnen, Semdeg aerTianebdnen da damnaSaves pasuxsac erTianad sTxovdnen. yvelaze mZime danaSaulad, cxadia, mkvleloba iTvleboda, SemTxvevi-Ti da gamiznuli rom arc yofiliyo. xalxuri samarTali yuradRebas mxolod miyenebul zaralze e.i. sicocxlis Sewyvetaze amaxvilebda, magram mizezebs ar iTvaliswinebda. amitom SemTxveviTobiT Tu gamiznulad daRupuli adamianis mkvleli erTnairad isjeboda.

ganaCenis gamotanisas mosamarTleebi windaxedulebas iCendnen da gadawyve-tilebas swrafad ar iRebdnen. saqmis kargad Seswavlis, fiqrisa da gansjis Semdeg cdilobdnen ganaCenis gamotanas. Tu WeSmariteba Tavidanve kargad Canda, ganaCenis gamotana advili iyo da Tan xalxis ukmayofilebasac ar iwvevda. mag-ram Tu saqmes mowmeebi ar hyavda, xolo damnaSave Seupovrad uaryofda Tavis danaSauls saqmeSi, maSin mosamarTleebi ufro rTul procesze gadadiodnen. Semdegi etapi salocavSi an sasaflaoze (imis mixedviT saqme saqonlis datace-bas, sxva qmedebas, an adamianis mkvlelobas exeboda) daficebis aqti iyo. amiT eWvmitanils saSualebas aZlevdnen Tavi emarTlebina an danaSauli eRiarebina. yvela daficebis aqtSi monawileobas sisxliT naTesavebi iRebdnen. naTesavebi im SemTxvevaSi monawileobdnen daficebis ceremonialSi, Tu isini darwmune-bulni iyvnen naTesavis simarTleSi. maT icodnen, rom cru fics SurisZieba, devna, gakicxva da zogjer sakuTari karmidamos mitovebac SeiZleba mohyoloda. religiuri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare mosaxleobas salocavSi ficis dadeba saxifaTod miaCndaT, radgan sicruis gamo RvTaebis mTeli risxva maT daatyde-boda Tavs. miT umetes, saSiSi sasaflaoze ~lauzgananis~ dResaswaulze dade-buli ficis Sedegi iyo. Tu saqme adamianis sikvdils exeboda da mowme ar arse-bobda, ~lauzgananis~ dResaswauli, rodesac sasaflaoze mTeli sofeli ikri-beboda micvalebulebis mosaxsenieblad, daficebis ritualisaTvis kargi ga-mocda iyo. amitom, braldebuli am gamocdas Tu kargad Caabarebda e.i. kvlav Seupovrad gaimeorebda Tavis udanaSaulobis Sesaxeb, misi sjerodaT da mas devnisagan aTavisuflebdnen. xSirad, mkvlelobis saqmis garCevas ~lauzganinis~ dResaswaulamde gadadebdnen, rom simarTle advilad gamoaSkaravebuliyo.

mosamarTleebi mowmeebs cecxliT, wyliT, rkiniT, sawamlaviT, almodebul mglis Zvlebze gadasvlis procesiT uwyobdnen gamocdas. Tu adamiani yvela amas gadaurCeboda mosamarTleebs maTi sjerodaT.

samarTalwarmoebis erT-erT saxed dazaralebulis naTesavebis moTxovna iTvleboda, mkvlelobaSi braldebuli Tu marTali iyo mokluli naTesavis win, Tofis gasrolis manZilze unda damdgariyo. am SemTxvevaSi mosamarTleebi kenWs uyridnen Tu romel naTesavs unda esrola Tofi. es ufleba rogorc karg, ise cud msrolelsac SeiZleboda Sexvedroda. Tu adamiani cocxali dar-Ceboda igi SurisZiebisagan Tavisufldeboda. magram, es saSualeba nakleb gamo-iyeneboda, radgan aseT pirdapir mkvlelobis Cadenas yvela erideboda. Tanac mas isev SurisZiebis Cveuleba mosdevda.

yvela saxis sxvisi qonebis mitaceba, ganzrax xanZris gaCena, sakuTrebis dazianeba da a.S. erTad fasdeboda da qurdobis kvalifikacia eZleoda. amitom, yvela qmedeba er-Tnairad isjeboda. naqurdals osebi CamoarTmevdnen, naxanZralsa da dazianebuls aa-nazRaurebinebdnen. zarals damnaSavis ojaxi da mis axloblebi zRvavdnen. Tu osi qurds sakuTar saxlSi daiWerda misi, mxolod daundoblad cema SeeZlo. mas ar mok-lavda, radgan qmedebas SurisZieba da sisxlis safasuris gadaxda mohyveboda.

dasjis sistemis saSualeba, Tavdapirvelad, igive zaralis miyeneba iTvle-boda e.i. qurdobas qurdobiT da mkvlelobas mkvlelobiT pasuxobdnen. magram male materialurma anazRaurebam es sistema Secvala. Tumca, es arc ise ioli saqme iyo. sisxl-mesisxleobaSi SurisZieba ~sisxlis fasiT~ ~tuga~-Ti iyo asa-nazRaurebeli. alagiris xeobaSi mamakacis sisxli 324-dan 360-mde Zroxad fa-

16

sobda. amas, cxeni unagiriT da ori dRis sanaxavi miwa emateboda. qurTaTSic da digorSic sisxlis fasi (~tuga~) igive iyo. digorSi am gadasaxads 15 mona orive sqesisa emateboda. Tagauris xeobaSi sisxlis fasi 240 xarad da 8 monad (orive sqesis) fasobda. qalis mkvlelobis dros yvela xeobaSi fasi naxevrde-boda. fasis dadgenisa da molaparakebis Sedegad tuga sxva saWiro da gamosa-degi nivTebiTac icvleboda _ jaWvis perangiT, iaraRiT, xmliTa da fariT, sa-isreTi da a.S. yvela danaSaulis safasuris gadacemis win gamaspinZleba auci-lebeli iyo, romlis safasuri tugaSi Sedioda. mkvlelis naTesavebi dazarale-bulis naTesavebs iwvevdnen da umaspinZldebodnen, romlis drosac mTeli rigi ritualuri qcevis wesebi sruldeboda. Suamavlebi yuradRebas anazRaurebis processac aqcevdnen. materialuri anazRaurebis dasafarad damnaSaves (mkvle-lobis SemTxvevaSi) erT wels aZlevdnen. valis gadaxda am periodSi unda dam-Tavrebuliyo. gadaxdaze uaris Tqma mTeli patronimiisTvis samarcxvino saqci-els warmoadgenda da igi TemSi gakicxvis sagani xdeboda. materialuri anazRa-ureba, mkvlelis ojaxisaTvis Zneli iyo, amitom kompensacia kompoziciuri sis-temiT sisxliT naTesaobaze, patronimiaze nawildeboda. rac ufro axlo naTe-sauri kavSiri hqonda mkvlelTan ojaxs, miT meti gadasaxadi hqonda da rac uf-ro Sori naTesavi iyo, gadasaxadi umcirdeboda. e.i. naTesavebis gadasaxadi na-Tesauri siSore-siaxlovis mixedviT ekisrebodaT. msgavsi kompoziciuri sistema moqmedebda sisxlis fasis, tugis miRebis drosac. tugi dazaralebul patroni-miaSic naTesauri siSore-siaxlovis mixedviT nawildeboda. xSirad, miuxedavad daxmarebisa, damnaSavis ojaxi sruliad usaxsrod rCeboda. patronimiis SigniT pasuxismgebloba marto daxmarebiT ar ganisazRvreboda isini yelani, miT ume-tes, ufrosebi patronimiis wevrebis saqcielze pasuxs agebdnen.

rogorc wesi oseTSi naTesavebi mxolod monebs ar hyavdaT. amitom, f. le-ontoviCis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: ~unaTesao, uTvistomo adamiani, rogoric aris mona, SurisZiebis gareSe rCeba da mas arc sisxlis fass gadauxdis vinme~. ami-tom, monis mokvlisaTvis aravin isjeba, igi patronis sakuTrebaa da misi mok-vliT patroni mxolod nivTis safasurs iRebs, f. leontoviCis adaTTa krebul-Si vkiTxulobT, rom ~mona, igive gurziaki, mflobels SeuZlia nebismier dros moklas, imisTvis is ar daisjeba~.

adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis XIX saukunis bolos dasjis iseTo formac moqmedebda, rogoric qonebis konfiskacia da mokveTa, sazogadoebidan gandevna iyo. TandaTan, muslimma osebma samarTalwarmoeba, mosamarTleebisa da mowmee-bis daficebis procesi SaraTis dResaswaulebs daukavSires, romelSiac molac iRebda monawileobas.

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan sisxl-mesisxleobis dros, mediatorebis mi-er sisxlis fasis gadaxdasTan erTad, mkvlelis ojaxi valdebuli xdeboda, moklulis axlo ojaxidan mcirewlovani bavSvi an ukve mozrdili pirovneba eSvila. mkvleli moklulis saflavze midioda, sadac igi Tavis Tavs micvale-buls miuZRvnida. am Cveulebas ~faltist~ ewodeboda. aseTi Svilebis dros Zu-ZuTi kvebis simulacia (Tu igi ZuZuTi bavSvi ar iyo) tardeboda. Svilad asayva-ni qalis ZuZuze kbils daadgamda da ityoda `am dRidan me Seni Svili var, xo-lo Sen deda~. qalic ase pasuxobda _ `me Seni deda var, Sen Cemi Svili~. Svi-lad ayvanili mkvlelis Zma misi mSoblebisaTvis ~aTaliki~ xdeboda.

saqarTveloSi, dvaleTsa da mTian raionebSi Camosaxlebul osebSi, rom adaTi da samarTalwarmoeba XVIII saukuneSic jer kidev ar iyo Secvlili, amas vaxuSti bagrationi adasturebda. am droisaTvis, dvaleTSi mcxovreb osebSi igi TareSis da sisxl-mesisxleobis institutis gavrcelebaze gvamcnobs: ~rame-Tu ukeTu mokla erTman, ara dascxrebis meore igi guari SviliT Svilamde, ukunisamde~... `Tu moklavs mkvleli moklulsa maTTs guarsa CasZaxebs saflav-

17

sa Sina movkalo mkvleli Seni da rwamT ese sacxoneblad misad~... ~ovsi... Seir-Tavs or sam cols, anu aRagebs koSksa, anu moklavs kacsa da ukeTu mZleven eq-mnas mesisxle Tsi, Sevals koSksa Sina da arRara gamovals sikudilamde~. ro-gorc vxedavT, XVII saukunidan dvaleTSi da mTa qarTlSi damkvidrebul osebs XVIII saukuneSi jer kidev ar hqondaT Secvlili sisxl-mesisxleobisa da Su-risZiebis Cveuleba. Tumca, XVIII saukunidan mTidan samxreTisaken migrirebulma osebma male aiTvises SurisZiebis nacvlad kompensaciis gadaxda. daWrisa da dasaxiCrebis dros, adgilobrivi wesebiT, simsubuqe, simZimis, Wrilobis siRrmi-sa Tu gakawvris mixedviT dawesda safasuris gadaxda. m. kovalevskim am cvli-lebebs yuradReba miaqcia. dasjis aseTi meTodi mxolod saqarTveloSi dasax-lebul osebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, rac saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebiT, kerZod ki, saqarTvelos osebis samarTalSi, vaxtang mefis kanonebis gavleniT ivaraudeboda. Tu oseTSi ar arCevdnen _ Seuracxyofas, saxelis gatexvas, oja-xis an patronimiis saflavis wabilwvas, qurdobis da sxva saqarTvelos osebSi yvela qmedebas erTmaneTisagan arCevdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela qmedeba Ta-viseburad isjeboda. oseTSi ori, sami da met colianoba ar isjeboda da nomi-lusis garda mamakacs ufleba hqonda ~gurziakebis~ saxiT sayvarlebi gaeCina. saqarTveloSi samxreTiT Camoweuli osebi, qarTveli qalebis tyved ayvanas ver bedavdnen, TandaTan religiurad qristianebic xdebodnen, amitom, ramdenime co-lis erTad yolis Cveulebasac kargavdnen. es Cveuleba TandaTan sruliad qre-boda. saqarTvelos osi qali ufro Tavisufali gaxda, mas Tavis dacvis ufro meti saSualeba gauCnda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT. qmars ar SeeZlo colis mokvla, Tu gind igi damnaSave yofiliyo. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos qristian osebSi cols ukve Tavisi sakuTreba gaaCnda. es sakuTreba qmars misive TanxmobiT SeeZlo gamoeyenebina, magram Tu coli gayras moindomebda, mas es qoneba uklebliv gadaecemoda. mruSoba, romelic dausjeli iyo oseTSi, saqar-Tvelos osebSi dasjadi gaxda. qmrian qalTan seqsualur cxovrebaSi Sesvla samarcxvino faqtad aRiqmeboda. mamakaci Tu mruSobis faqtze waaswrebda qals, igi mas cxvirs, Tmebs aWrida da saxlidan agdebda. es CveulebiTi samarTaliT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelos osebSi sisxlis samarTlis fasis gadax-dis, daficebis da sxva momentebi qristianul salocavebsa da qristianul dRe-saswaulebs ukavSirdeboda.

m. kovalevskis samarTalwarmoebis erTi saintereso magaliTi aqvs gamoye-nebuli, romelsac qarTvelebsa (raWvelebsa) da osebs Soris hqonda adgili. osebma raWaSi raWvelebs miwis sakmaod did nakveTze dava dauwyes, rom igi ose-bis iyo. didi davis Semdeg orive mxare amtkicebda, rom miwa misi iyo. raWve-lebma moifiqres, Seagroves iq mcxovrebi mosaxleoba. Semdeg sadao nakveTze CaarWves xis boZi, zed qudi Camoacves. Semdeg locviT, vedrebiT rituali Caa-tares da sicruis mTqmeli dawyevles. qarTvelebma osebs mimarTes, rom Tu isi-ni quds boZidan moxsnidnen maT uflebas, am miwaze aRiarebdnen. osebs, TavisTa-vad cxadia, miwa marTlac esaWiroebodaT, magram uxmod wavidnen da miwaze pre-tenzia aRar ganucxadebiaT. ase damTavrda sasamarTlo ganaCenis Sesruleba.

amrigad, rogorc Cans, oseTidan saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli mosaxleo-bis qarTvelebTan urTierToba, tradiciuli kulturebis Sereva, TandaTan Cveu-lebiT samarTalsa da samarTalwarmoebazec axdenda gavlenas.

literatura:

1. z. anCabaZe, T. bocvaZe, g. TogoSvili, m. cincaZe. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 1969.

2. g. Ciqovani. nixasis adgili osTa sazogadoebriv yofaSi narTuli eposis mixedviT, saistorio krebuli, IV, Tb., 1973.

18

3. .. , ., 1974. 4. .. - , , . V2, ., 1979. 5. . , .., , , . ,

, 2010. 6. .. . ., 1967. 7. . , , 1995. 8. .., , . II, , 1883. 9. .. , , 1968.

Salome Bakhia-Okruashvili Iv. Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia salomebakhia@gmail.com

Customary Law in Osetian Traditional Culture

Summary

In recent centuries, until the second half of the 20th century the main source of Ossetian traditional law was the custom or the customary law, and later Sharia (in Muslims). In old days, Ossetians regulated all the aspects of life by the moral rules of behavior. Population voluntarily followed the rules of moral behavior because they expressed their common opinion. Gradually, in the course of centuries the norms of behavior took the form of customary laws. Also, the social norms in Ossetian traditional culture formulated the legal forms. From the very beginning, the customary laws were headed by the wise and respected elder authorities. Before that they already played an important role in public life, especially in resolving the blood feud and revenge issues. Blood feud and revenge lasted for generations involving vast kin groups. The community Council of Elders were obliged to seek a way to prevent that. With their effort the blood feud and revenge were changed by material compensation. The law was firmly established among Ossetians, though some of them never accepted it.

Conflict issues (human wounding, mutilation, theft of property, woman abduction, arson and so forth) were considered by the trusted intermediaries - the mediator institute. In selection of the intermediaries the both conflicting parties took part. All the legal issues were considered with participation of kin groups of the conflicting parties and not without them. The blood price was determined and the price payment guaranteed reconciliation and further peace of two conflicting genera.

When the conflicting parties reached the agreement on reconciliation the trial was held on a neutral territory in the open air outside the village. It was the matter of mutual agreement to select the intermediaries and to determine their number. The offended party was allowed to select one more judge. The following three methods were used to establish the truth: confirmation of the facts; eyewitness testimony; oath confirmation.

The amount of blood price depended on the type of murder, weapon, brutality; the social status of the murdered was also taken into consideration. Mediators paid attention to the payment process and the agreed time of payment. Refusal of payment was considered to be a shameful behavior and used to be the subject of criticism in the community.

Payment of the material compensation was difficult for the family of the murderer. Therefore, a composite system of payment was used distributing the compensation amount among the blood-relatives according to their close and remote kinship. Such a composite system was used for receiving the blood price the received compensation was distributed among the relatives in the same order.

Thus, in the traditional law the liability was imposed on the kin groups for every moment of behavior of each member. The means of punishment was material compensation.

19

lia biTaZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iv.javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, saqarTvelo

lia.bitadze@mail.ru

malxaz abduSeliSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba

gamoCenil qarTvel mecniers, fizikuri anTropologiis fuZemdebels, aka-demikos malxaz abduSeliSvils dabadebidan 90 weli Seusrulda.

malxaz abduSeliSvili daibada 1926 wlis 28 Tebervals TbilisSi, mama grigol abduSeliSvili eqimi iyo. deda - fsiqologi. 1945 wels daamTavra me-18 saSualo skola, romelic veraze mdebareobda dRevandeli filarmoniis pirda-pir. imave wels Caabara Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis samkurna-lo fakultetze. institutis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla gaagrZela aspirantu-raSi anTropologiis ganxriT. mas wilad xvda didi mecnierebis da pirovnebe-bis aleqsandre naTiSvilisa da giorgi debecis mowafe yofiliyo. mas es yo-velTvis axsovda da did Zalas da SemarTebas matebda. sakandidato disertacia miuZRvna samTavros samarovans, romelic erT-erTi mniSvnrlovani Zeglia saqar-TveloSi ( / . . ., , 1951).

50- an wlebSi iwyeba qarTvelebis anTropologiuri Seswavlis axali eta-pi, romelic dakavSirebulia aleqsandre naTiSvilisa da malxaz abduSeliSvi-lis saxelebTan. pirvelive savele sezonSi Seswavlili iyo 15 eTnoteritoriu-li jgufi kvlevis Sedegad gamoaqvs daskvna, rom qarTvelebi somxebTan, asirie-lebTan da mcireaziel berZnebTan winaaziuri jgufebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian (naTiSvili, abduSeliSvili 1953, gv. 21). 50 wlebi malxaz abduSeliSvilis cxovrebaSi iyo Zalian aqtiuri, saintereso periodi, romelmac Cauyara safuZve-li mis mecnierul moRvaweobas. mokle droSi erTiani programis safuZvelze, romelic SeTanxmebuli iyo giorgi debecTan, Seswavlili iqna kavkasiis 118 eT-no-teritoriuli jgufi. am dros kavkasiaSi muSaobda kidev erTi jgufi daRes-tansa da azerbaikanSi, romelsac Gg. debeci xelmZRvanelobda. saqarTvelo da danarCeni kavkasia MmTlianad malxaz abduSeliSvilis (kefaloskopia) da givi janberiZis (kefalometria) Seswavlilia. es masalebi kavkasiis xalxTa origina-luri klasifikaciis safuZveli gaxd, rac ganxiluli iyo malxaz abduSeliSvi-lis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi ( . . 1963) da amave saxelwodebis monografiaSi (,1964). malxaz abduSeliSvilis sa-mecniero naSromebs Soris or aTeulze meti monografiuli xasiaTisaa. misi moRvaweobis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgenda eTnikuri, istoriuli anTropolo-gia, rogorc Tavad uwodebda, anu qarTveli xalxis kavkasiisa da indoeTis xalxebis anTropologiuri istoria.

m. abduSeliSvili warmatebiT ikvlevda rogorc Zveli, ise Tanamedrove mo-saxleobis anTropologiur Taviseburebebs, rac mas sakvlevi xalxebis, uZvele-si droidan dRemde warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis Seswavlis saSualebas aZlev-da.

bunebrivia, rom m. abduSeliSvilis Sromebis umetesoba exeba saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. saqarTvelos uZvelesi mosaxleobisadmi miZRvnili naSromebidan unda aRiniSnos: anTropologiuri masalebi saqarTvelos uZvelesi istorii-saTvis (1975), anTropologiuri masalebi saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis isto-

20

riisaTvis. statiebi, romlebic exeboda saqarTvelos rig samarovnebs (samTav-ros, 1954, 1960; sionis; noqalaqevis, 1981; vanis qvabebis da a. S.). am naSromebma pirvelad Segviqmnes warmodgena saqarTvelos Zveli mosaxleobis anTropolo-giuri tipebis Taviseburebebze da maT anTropologiur urTierTobebze uaxlo-es da SedarebiT daSorebul mezoblebTan, agreTve dadgeniliyo saqarTvelos Zveli da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis Camoyalibebisa da formirebis dinamika da transformaciis mimarTuleba.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba samTavros samaro-vans. es is samarovania, saidanac daedo dasabami kraniologiur koleqcias sa-qarTvelodan jer kidev XIX s-is bolos. am samarovanze pirvelad mopovebulma masalam cxadyo, rom mosaxleoba romelic imarxeboda samTavroSi, didi drois manZilze (brinjaodan moyolebuli adreuli Suasaukunebis CaTvliT) ar iyo erTgvarovani. gamoyofili iyo samTavros pirveli da samTavros meore varian-tebi (1954). naSromSi samTavros meore variantis arseboba m. abduSeliSvilis azriT, ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc epoqaluri transformaciis Sedegi. man orive samTavros varianti miakuTvna evropeidul rasas: pirveli evropei-duli rasis xmelTaSuazRvispirul Stos, meore saxeSecvlil evro-afrikul tips, romelsac axasiaTebs zogierTi proto-evropeiduli tipisadmi damaxasia-Tebeli niSnebi, magram amave dros, alveolialuri prognotizmi ar axasiaTebs. miuxedavad variantebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebisa, varaudobda am tipebis mqone mosaxleobas Soris mWidro kavSirs eneoliTsa da ufro adrindel droSi.

aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa sxva samarovnebidan mopovebul masalebze dawe-rili statiebi Tu monografiebi. magaliTad, statiaSi diRmis samarovanze mo-povebuli paleoanTropologiuri masalebis Sesaxeb (brinjaos xanis I etapi, Zv.w XIV s.), gvian brinjaos II etapi (Zv.w. XIII-XII ss), brinjaodan rkinaze (Zv. w. Xs.), rkinis farTo aTvisebis xana (Zv.w. IX-VII ss.), adrefeodaluri (IV-VI ss.). igi wers: axali masalebis Seswavlam gazarda msgavsi anTropologiuri tipe-bis areali ara marto droSi, aramed sivrceSi: es ukve garkveul safuZels gviqmnis, davuSvaT mcxeTasa da diRmis velis uZvelesi mosaxleobis uSualo genetikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba gviani brinjaodan adrefeodalur xanamde. adrefeodaluri xanis anTropologiuri masalebi ukve sruliad garkveviT am-JRavneben msgavsebas rogorc diRmis adreul seriebTan, ise samTavros sinqro-nul seriebTan, rac aRniSnul teritoriaze mosaxleobis uwyveti Tanmimdevro-bis maCvenebelia. da askvnis: damowmebulia anTropologiuri tipebis genetiku-ri kavSirebis urTulesi meqanizmi sivrcesa da droSi (1954)

elinisturi xanis anTropologiurma masalebma noqalaqevidan (senakis r-ni) m. abduSeliSvils saSualeba misca adre mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSidadasturebuli anTropologiuri tipis gavrcelebis areali gaefarTovebina. agreTve dadasturda, rom elinisturi xanis mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi ekuT-vnoda xmelTaSuazRvispirul rasobriv tips da rom am tipis paralelebis Zie-bas sivrceSi, pirvel rigSi, mivyavarT dasavleTisa da samxreTisaken da ara CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTisaken (gv. 217).

saqarTvelos uZvelesi mosaxleobis anTropologiuri istoriis Seswavlam m. abduSeliSvili miiyvana kavkasiis mosaxleobis aseTive detaluri Seswavlisaucilebobamde. kavkasiis Zveli mosaxleobis anTropologias mieZRvna monogra-fiebi: kavkasiis Zveli da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiisaTvis (1966), kavkasiis mosaxleoba elinistur xanaSi (1987). am naSromebSi pirvelad dadgin-da udidesi samecniero mniSvnelobis mqone faqti kavkasiis teritoriaze Zveli da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis adgilobrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. man agreTve gamoTqva mniSvnelovani debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom paleoanTropologiuri ti-pebis morfologiuri siaxlove matulobs maTi qronologiuri asakis matebas-

21

Tan erTad, rac Tavis mxriv maniSnebelia imisa, rom adgilobriv poplulaciebs Soris msgavseba pirveladia, xolo diferenciacia maT Soris meoradi, Camoya-libebuli mogvianebiT, istoriis Semdgom periodSi.

Sromebis meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovan jgufs Seadgenen saqarTvelos, kav-kasiisa da indoeTis Tanamedrove mosaxleobis Seswavlisadmi miZRvnili gamok-vlevebi. uSualod m. abduSeliSvilis mier arian gamokvleulni: qarTvele-bi (63 jgufi), somxebi (17), adiRevelebi (5) abazebi (2), Cerqezebi (2), yabardoelebi (4), osebi (4), afxazebi (3), ebraelebi (3), berZnebi (2,) rusebi (2), asurelebi (2), qur-Tebi (1), qistebi (1), azerbaijanelebi, yaraCavlebi (1), balyarelebi (1), CeCnebi (1), inguSebi (1), noRaelebi (1), estonelebi (1) da agreTve indoeTis mosaxleobis 46 eTnogamuri (endokasturi) jgufi.

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mosaxleobaSi b-ni malxazis mier Seswavlili jgufebi safuZvlad daedo aTze met monografiasias, romelTa Soris gansakuT-rebiT unda aRiniSnos monografia: (1964). saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mosaxleobis anTropologiuri Sedgeni-lobis Seswavlam safuZveli misca mas Seeqmna qarTvelebis sayovelTaod aRia-rebuli klasifikacia. qarTvelebSi man gamoyo sami anTropologiuri tipi: kolxuri (variantebiT SavizRvispiruli da dasavlur-qarTuli), iberiuli (aRmosavlur-qarTuli da samxreT-qarTuli) da kavkasionis tipi. mTis zolSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis anTropologiuri Tavisebureba pirvelad SeniSnuli iyo v. bunakis mier, romelmac provizorulad mianiSna Taviseburi maRalmTiani anTropologiuri tipis gamoyofis SesaZlebloba (, 1946). mogvianebiT mTis jgufebis farTo morfologiuri Seswavlis safuZvelze a. naTiSvilma da m. ab-duSeliSvilma es mosaxleoba miakuTvnes kavkasionis tips, romelic sxva qar-Tveluri variantebidan gansxvavdeba farTo, saSualoze maRali saxiT, saSua-loze ganieri da swori cxviriT, Tvalebis Ria feris saSualoze maRali pro-centiT, Tvalis quTuTos naoWis saSualo raodenobiT, qveda ybis didi sidi-diT, farTo da grZeli TaviT da sxeulis didi simaRliT (, -, 1953). zogadad, nebismieri klasifikacia efuZneba morfologiuri niSne-bis cvalebadobas da maTi garkveul teritoriaze gavrcelebas. amisaTvis gamo-yofen taqsonomiurad metad Rirebul niSnebs. aseTi mniSvnelois niSani kavkasi-aSi yvrimalTaSua diametri aRoCnda. swored amitom Zalian didi mniSvnelobi-saa misi ori statia, romelTa gareSe Tanamedrove qarTvelebisa da kavkasiis mosaxleobis aborigenoba, maTi uwyveti ganviTareba da Camoyalibeba am terito-riaze gaugebeli gaxdeboda. r. virxovis azriT, mcxeTaSi mopovebuli Tavis qa-lebi Tanamedrove qarTvelebs ar ekuTvniT, radgan Zveli da Tanamedrove for-mebi mniSvnelovnaT gansxvadebian. naSromebi: - (1960) da (1964) dawerilia eqspe-diciebis damTavrebis Semdeg, rodesac mis xelT iyo unikaluri masala, kerZod, erTi avtoris mier mopovebuli 118 eTno-teritoriuli jgufi da g. debecis 72 eTno-teritoriuli jgufis monacemebi, romelic ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo qarTuli anTropologiuri eqspediciebis xelmZvaneli da monawile. ra mniSvneloba aqvs yvrimalTSoris diametris Seswavlas kavkasiis teritoriaze? m. ab]duSeliSvili wers, rom am niSans Zalian didi taqsonomiuri Rirebuleba aqvs, kerZod mkafio teritorialuri lokalizacia, morfologiurad uaxloes

jgufebs Soris cvalebadoba -5-6 mm. farglebSia. kavkasiaSi viwrosaxiani for-mebi lokalizebulni arian sawinaaRmdego punqtebSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavka-siaSi (adiRelebi) da samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi (azerbaijanalebi). sxva da-narCenebi warmoqmnian gardamaval jgufebs. qarTvelebis umetesi jgufebi xasi-

22

aTdebian saSualoze ganieri saxiT, gamonakliss warmoadgenen SavizRvispira jgufebi. somxeTis mosaxleoba xasiaTdeba yvrimalTSoris diametris saSualo sididiT.

garda amisa, am naSromSi dadgenilia yvrimalTSoris diametris Sidajgu-furi cvalebadoba asakTan kavSirSi. 59 qarTveluri jgufis safuZvelze Seswav-lilia sami asakobrivi jgufi: 20-24; 25-39; 40-60 da gamoTvlilia rogorc yvri-malTSoris diametric korelaciebi asakTan, aseve sxva niSnebTan, romlebic adiferencireben populaciebs kavkasiaSi da dadginda, rom qarTvelebi meore saskobriv jgufSi jer kidev ar aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel yvrimalTSo-ris diametris maqsimums, magram sxva populaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvele-bisaTvis -*+*xasiaTebelia didi yvrimalTSoris diametri ukve pirvel asakobriv jgufSi da SesaZloa, pubertatul periodSi (g.195). es dResac yovlad sayu-radReboa paleomosaxleobis Seswavlisas, radgan Sedarebisas aucileblad un-da iyos gaTvaliswinebuli asakSi sxvaoba or jgufs Soris.

naSromma epoqaluri transformaciis Sesaxeb asaxa Zveli da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis cvalebadoba droSi, radgan sivrceSi es procesi kavkasiis teri-toriaze met-naklebad erTnairad mimdinareobda.

kavkasiis xalxebis Seswavlis safuZvelze miRebuli monacemebis ganzogade-bas eZRvneba m. abduSeliSvilis statiebi, romlebic exeba saerTod samxreTev-ropuli rasis geneziss. maTSi avtori ZiriTadad aviTarebs da asabuTebs mo-sazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom samxreTevropeidebisa da amdenad, yvela evropeide-bis saerTod formirebisa da Camoyalibebis areali moicavda amierkavkasiis sam-xreT da axlo aRmosavleTisa da wina aziis Crdilo regionebs.

m. abduSeliSvilis ekuTvnis agreTve Tanamedrove anTropologiis mravaliaqtualuri problemisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi. aseTebia: mozardebis ganviTa-reba saqarTveloSi, -talassemiis gavrceleba, axalSobilebis fizikuri ganviTa-rebaze mavne tradiciis Soreuli Sedegebi, rasobrivi da morfologiuri niSne-bis urTierTTanafardoba, biologiuri da qronologiuri asakebis Tanafardoba da sxva. mis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve ori saxelmZRvanelo: kraniologia (1976) qarTul enaze, romelSic ganxilulia adamianis Tavis qalis anatomiuri daanTropologiuri Taviseburebebi, maTi Seswavlis xerxebi, miRebuli masalebis damuSaveba da mecnieruli ganzogadeba. pirvelad am naSromSi iyo gamoqveynebu-li kraniologiuri wertilebis sruli qarTuli terminologiuri Sesatyvisebi, kraniologiuri niSnebis klasifikaciis originaluri sqema, mravlobiTi masa-lebis damuSavebis axali meTodi (kaegorialuri gamoTvlis meTodi).

meore saxelmZRvanelo (1992) rusul enaze ga-movida da maRali Sefaseba miiRo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris anTropologebis mier, radgan didi gamocdileba, codna da gambedaoba unda hqonoda adamians, rom xeli moekida aseTi rTuli saqmisTvis. sayovelTaod miRebuli kvlevis me-Todebi dawerilia rudolf martinis mier (1928), anTropologiuri meTodika yo-fil sabJoTa kavSirSi dawerili iyo 1941 w. bunakis mier, didi Rvawli miuZRvis a. i. iarxos. misi miTiTebebi gaziarebulia iakov roginskisa da mixeil levinis anTropologiis saxelmZRvaneloSi (1978), aseve arsebobda moskovis anTropolo-giis institutis TanamSromlebis gamoqveynebuli meToduri krebuli (1989) da 1992 w. m. abduSeliSvili Tavis did gamocdilebas da

mignebebs swored am meTodikis dawerisas avlens. es gamowvevac ki iyo. rusul enaze kraniologiis gamoqveyneba iwinaswarmetyvela ilia goxmanma

Tavis recenziaSi qarTuli saxelmZRvanelos gamoqveynebis Semdeg. b-ni m. abduSeliSvili didi siyvaruliTa da madlierebiT werda Tavis mas-

wavleblebze, kolegebsa da TanamSromlebze, mis kalams ekuTvnis mogonebebi: a.

23

naTiSvilze, g. debecze, i. javaxiSvilze, n. berZeniSvilze, g. nioraZeze, s. kaxi-anze da sxva..

amdenaT, malxaz abduSeliSvilis interesTa sfero anTropologiis farTo speqtrs moicavs: paleoanTrpologia, kraniologia, somatologia, eTnikuri is-toria da eTnogenezi, anTropologiuri niSnebis cvalebadoba sivrcesa da droSi, rasobrivi niSnebis asakobrivi cvalebadoba, sqesobrivi dimorfizmi, mo-zardebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, -talassemiis gavrceleba, axalSobilebis fizikuri ganviTarebaze mavne tradiciis Soreuli Sedegebi, rasobrivi da mor-fologiuri niSnebis urTierTTanafardoba da a.S. misi naSromebidan irkveva uZ-velesi da Tanamedrove mosaxleobis anTropologiuri Taviseburebeba, epoqalu-ri transformaciis mimarTuleba, kavkasielTa aborigenoba da uwyveti ganviTa-reba, gviqmnis warmodgenas saqarTvelos Zveli mosaxleobis anTropologiuri tipebis Taviseburebebze da maT anTropologiur urTierTobebze uaxloes da SedarebiT daSorebul mezoblebTan da a.S

ai, ukve 18 welia, rac m. abduSeliSvili Cvengan wavida, magram mis saqmes anTropologiis ganyofileba agrZelebs. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Cveni ganyo-filebis TanamSromelma T. kikvaZem daasrula b-ni malxazis cxovrebaSi dawye-buli didi wigni, romelic Seicavs ramdenime nawils: saqarTvelos, kavkasias, avRaneTs da indoeTs. saqarTvelo b-n malxazis sicocxleSi iyo damTavrebuli im saxiT, rogorc mas undoda, TviTon gaukeTa redaqtireba da a. S., xolo sami nawili daamTavra T. kikvaZem. es naSromebi erToblivad aTas gverdze didi mo-culobisaa, jer araa gamoqveynebuli da es Cveni sazrunavia.

b-n malxazis saqme grZeldeba da Cven ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi, vgrZnobT, raoden didi pasuxismgebloba gvakisria vemsaxuroT im saqmes, rasac qarTuli anTropologia ewodeba.

literatura: 1. .. /

. . ., , 1951.

2. .. . . 1963

3. .. ( ). , . .. , , 1992, , 146

4 . ,1964. - . , . XIV, , 1964, .190- 207

5. .. . , ,1964

6. .. / /. , , 1954, 183 .

7. .. .1941, , 8. naTiSvili, abduSeliSvili. 1950 wlis eqspediciis masalebi saqarTvelos

Tanamedrove mosaxleobis anTropologiis Sesaxeb. saq. ssr mecn. akad. eqsp. morf. inst-is Sr., t. IV, 1953, Tbilisi, gv. 7-22 .

9. kraniologia. 1976, Tbilisi, ganaTleba, 270 gv. 10. Martin R., Saller K.. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung begrendet 6.

von. Rudolf Martin. Drite volling umberbeitete und erweiterte Au. Hublage von Karl Saller. Stuttgart, 1956.

24

Francesca Bertoldi, Iulon Gagoshidze, Elena Rova, R. Cameriere Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici-Universit Ca Foscari, Venezia, Italy

THE HUMAN REMAINS FROM DOGHLAURI CEMETERY (FIELD SEASON 2015)

Abstract We present in this paper the archaeological data and the anthropological analysis of the graves found during the 2015 campaign at the site of Doghlauri-Aradetis Orgora (Georgia). The cemetery gave evidence of both Early and Late Bronze age burials in which the skeletal remains of 12 subjects have been brought to light. For them we diagnosed sex and age at death and we recorded anthropological measurements, indexes and traits of the skeleton together with skeletal and dental pathologies of this human sample.

Introduction In this contribution we present the results of the analysis of the human skeletal remains recovered during a short salvage excavation carried out in June/July 2015 under the direction of Iulon Gagoshidze at the cemetery of Doghlauri near the site of Aradetis Orgora in the Shida Kartli province1.

The cemetery Located in the valley of the River Kura, on the western bank of the Western Prone, near the junction of the latter with the Eastern Prone and the Kura, Aradetis Orgora is one of the most important archeological sites of the Shida Kartli province. The archaeological area covers a surface of 40 ha at the southern edge of the gently sloping Dedoplis Mindori plain (Fig. 1). The ancient settlement develops on three different mounds: the Main (Western) Mound, also known as "Dedoplis Gora" ("the queen's hill"), and the Eastern and Northern mounds. It was inhabited from at least the 4th mill. BC to the Early Medieval period, the main occupation phases being the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age (when the settlement extended over all the three mounds), the Kura-Araxes and the Late Hellenistic/Early Roman periods (which are only attested on the Main Mound).2 The settlement's burial ground, which is known as "Doghlauri cemetery" from the name of the neighbouring village, was in use during both the Kura-Araxes and the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age, to which the majority of the graves can be attributed. With several hundred burials, it is one of the largest burial grounds in the region. It occupies a flat area on the second terrace of the Kura, at a height of 20 meters above the level of the river, located to the north-west of the settlement, between the Northern Mound and the route of the old Tbilisi-Batumi highway. Doghlauri cemetery had been investigated, in the past, by different Georgian teams. Between 1979 and 1982, an expedition of the S. Janashia State Museum directed by I. Gagoshidze brought to light 11 EBA (Kura-Araxes), 56 LB/EAI graves and a LBA kurgan3. Since 2012, salvage excavations carried out there under the direction of I. Gagoshidze on the occasion of the construction of the Ruisi-Agara section of the new Tbilisi-Batumi Highway, whose route crosses the cemetery and heavily damages it, resulted in the discovery of 415 additional graves4, which still await publication. The construction, in spring 2015, of artificial terraces flanking the path of the new highway destroyed a few additional graves, and thus caused the necessity of a new salvage excavation. This was carried out between

1 Members of the "Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project" of Ca' Foscari University of Venice in collaboration with the Georgian National Museum, jointly directed by I. Gagoshdze and Elena Rova, took part to the excavation. 2 For a general description of the site and a summary of the results of the excavation, see FURTWNGLER ET AL. 2008; GAGOSHIDZE, ROVA 2016. 3 FURTWNGLER ET AL. 2008: 41. The Kura-Araxes graves are published in JALABADZE ET AL. 2012: 75-82. 4 153 graves were excavated in 2012 (see GAGOSHIDZE 2012 for a short preliminary report); for some information on the following seasons and for a preliminary plan of the excavated graves, see GELASHVILI 2014: 210 pl 1.

25

June 22th and July 13th by a team of the Georgian National Museum headed by I. Gagoshidze with the assistance of members and workmen of the joint "Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archeological project". Work was carried out over an irregular area occupying a maximal total surface of 260 x 20 m. It involved: 1) documentation of what was left of some graves damaged by the construction of the highway terrace, which were still visible on the section of the excavated area and, 2) excavation of all the graves and related features visible in the delimited area after removing of the 30-40 cm thick humus layer. All the graves had been dug into the 1.5 m thick layer of yellowish clay overlying the 3-4 m thick layer of pebbles conglomerate which constitutes the river terrace; as a consequence, their pits were easily distinguishable, on the background of the yellowish clay, as areas filled with dark-coloured soil and stones. Excavation resulted into the discovery of 33 different graves and related features. These included: three Early Bronze Age (Kura-Araxes) graves (Nos. 2, 3 and 5), 26 Late Bronze Age graves (Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33), three of which (Nos. 19, 20, and 26) were apparently cenotaphs, and four stone-filled pits, occasionally containing a few pottery sherds (Nos. 22, 24, 25, 27). Among the Kura-Araxes graves, especially interesting is No. 2, whose burial pit was surrounded by a wall of cobblestones, which contained the remains of three different individuals, one appearing as a primary burial and the scattered remains of at least other two, together with burial goods including two pottery vessels and some metal ornaments (Fig. 2). Graves belonging to the Late Bronze Age mostly consisted of individual pit graves covered with a small mound of stones. They were oriented in N-S direction, and the bodies were placed in crouched position on their right or left side, with the head pointing N and upper and lower limbs flexed. The original position of the head could be recorded, from the observation of cervical vertebrae, only for the subject last buried in Grave 2; Grave 12 hosted the remains of a subject buried in prone position and the possible presence of a head-rest in perishable material given the position of the skull and the mandible (Fig. 3). Burial goods include pottery vessels, metal weapons and ornaments and, notably, for the first time in Doghlauri cemetery, a diadem (Grave 15), the remains of a threshing board (Grave no. 18), a bronze dagger (Grave 23, adult male) and several bronze ornaments (Grave 33, a subadult subject). Methodology of anthropological analysis Sex diagnosis has followed morphological cranial and pelvis features listed by Ferembach et al. (1979) and Acsadi and Nemeskeri indexes (1970). Age determination has been diagnosed through the observation of cranial sutures, (MEINDL and LOVEJOY 1985), pubic symphysis (TODD 1920; BROOKS and SUCHEY 1990; UBELAKER 1978) and dental wear (MOLNAR 1971; BROTHWELL 1981) for adult subjects, epiphyseal union (BROTHWELL 1981; BUIKSTRA and UBELAKER 1994; CAMPILLO and SUBIR 2004) and developmental and stage maturation of each bone (SCHEUER and BLACK 2000) for sub-adult subjects. We focused in closer detail on the observation of the final stages of skeletal maturation, as the complete fusion of acromion, iliac crest and ischium (around 18 years of age), fusion of the sternal end of the clavicle (25-30 years), of the sacral vertebrae and long bones latest epiphyses (BYERS 2002; COX 2000) and on dental developmental and eruption stages of the third molar tooth (ALQAHTANI et al. 2010). Metrical and morphometrical traits of cranial and postcranial bones have been recorded following MartinSaller (1956-1959) and classified according to Hug for single cranial measurements (1940). Morphological and discontinuous traits have recorded following several Authors (FINNEGAN and FAUST 1974; BROTHWELL 1981; HAUSER and DE STEFANO 1989; MANN and MURPHY 1990; MARTIN-SALLER 1956-1959; OLIVIER 1960; MALLEGNI 1978). Markers of occupational stress have been analysed and interpreted following MALLEGNI 1978; BROTHWELL 1981; KENNEDY 1989; BORGOGNINI TARLI and PACCIANI 1993; CAPASSO et al. 1999; LORA and BERTOLDI 2009. Sex and age of the sample The human osteological remains recovered in 2015 sum up to 12 subjects from 10 different graves and belong to 5 males, 5 females and two sub-adults (14-16 years of age). The general state of preservation of the bones and teeth is not very good, with weathering and root damage to the spongy parts, such epiphyses of long bones and vertebrae and erosion of teeth enamel, that resulted in an under-evaluation

26

of skeletal stress markers and pathologies such enamel hypoplasia, Schmorls nodes, periostitis and spondiloarthrosis. Only in one case we could reconstruct the neurocranium of a subject, thus cranial measurements and long bones measurements for stature estimation in adults and for age estimation in juveniles are missing. Sex determination has been difficult because of the total absence of ischio-pubic areas of the pelvic region and age estimation had to rely in most of cases only on teeth wear analysis. The composition of the sample is presented in Table 1. Cranial measurements, indexes and traits Cranial measurements could be recorded only for the male subject of Grave 12 (MS 1, maximum length: 178 mm-short; MS 8, maximum breadth: 129 mm-very narrow; MS 9, minimum frontal breadth: 90 mm-very narrow). The only cranial index obtained (MS 8/1, horizontal cranial index) for Grave 12 gave a value of dolichocrany. Among discontinuous traits of the skull, sagittal and lambdoid ossicles were recorded in Grave 12 (Fig. 4), the presence of metopic suture in Grave 7 and the presence of supra-orbitary foramina in Grave 12 and 17.

Table 1. The human sample from field campaign 2015.

Tomb Sex Age 2 F 35-45 2 sp F old adult 2 sp M young adult 7 F 35-45 10 M adult 12 M 25-30 13 F? 45+ 15 F? 15-16 17 M 35-45 18 F 25-35 23 M Adult 33 M? 14-15

Post-cranial measurements, indexes and traits: The values of post-cranial indexes showed rounded-section diaphyses of upper limbs, with a marked prevalence of eurybrachy in the humeri (6 cases, 4 right and 2 left) and only three cases of platybrachy on the right side of three male subjects. Olenic indexes of the ulnae fell in most of the cases into the euroleny class (3 cases) with only one occurrence of platoleny. Lower limbs record weak or absent femoral pilasters (rounded section at mid-diaphysis) in all the cases observed and a marked flattening of the upper third of the femur in antero-posterior sense: all the femurs were platymeric and hyperplatymeric for the meric index; while tibiae were non-flattened at the nutrient foramen (eurycnemy and mesocnemy). Among the traits and markers of occupational stress we recorded a case of vastus notch of the patella (Grave 17), due to the frequent assumption of a squatted position, and a case of third trocanter of the femur (Grave 23). An heavy engagement of the upper and lower limbs and of the scapular girdle is testified by the muscular insertions of the arm and the forearm, such as pronator and brachialis muscles; particularly evident are those of pectoralis major and deltoid on the clavicles and along the linea aspra and solea on femurs and tibiae.

Dental pathologies The sample was affected by a number of oral pathologies and a general poor dental health status becoming more evident in older subjects and appearing as:

27

-caries: Grave 2 (upper left premolar), sparse teeth from Grave 2 (practically almost all molars were affected and one canine), Grave 17 (lower left second molar), Grave 18 (lower right first molar)-Fig. 5; -calculus: Graves 2, 13, 17, 18; -enamel hypoplasia: Graves 12 and 33; -ante-mortem loss of teeth: Grave 2 (lower first molars), 17 (lower left third molar), 18 (right lower second molar and second premolar); -abscesses: Grave 2 (lower left second premolar), 17 (upper right second molar), 18 (lower right first molar); -heavy degree of anterior wear, that could be connected to extra-alimentary use of teeth in Graves 2 and 17; -parodontosis: Graves 2 (slight), 13, 17, 18; -TMJ arthrosis: Graves 13, 17, 18; Teeth samples were taken in order to perform paleonutritional analyses by stable isotopes and a more accurate assessment of age through the R. Camerieres radiographic method applied on canines. Skeletal pathologies The most common pathologies observed on the sample, despite its high degree of fragmentation and bad preservation status were cribra orbitalia on the orbital roof of the frontal bone, recorded in almost all the subjects with this skeletal area still intact. It was most probably due to iron deficiency anaemia and probable heavy parasitic infestation in its most severe appearance, and has been observed in Graves 2, 7, 12, 17, 18-Fig. 6. Periostitis of the tibiae was recorded in Graves 2 and 17, osteoartrhosis of the main joints in Graves 2, 7, 17, 18, 23 (degenerative pathologies such as spondiloarthrosis and Schmorls nodes of the spine could not be properly evaluated, due to the lackness or fragmentation of vertebral surfaces and processes) and ischiatic osteitis (probably due to the habit of sitting and hard and low surfaces) in Graves 10, 12 and 23. Our taphonomical and anthropological analysis of Doghlauri cemetery allowed us to diagnose age and sex of 12 subjects recovered in 2015 field campaign. Adult and subadult age categories and both sexes are represented in the burial place. The Kura Araxes tomb 2 is the only one that appears to be lined with cobblestones and to have been used as a multiple burial, while the other are pit graves dug in the ground. The individuals were buried crouched on the left or right side with upper and lower limbs flexed. The most common pathologies recorded in the sample are teeth pathologies and cribra orbitalia, a heavy muscular engagement of the forearm and lower limbs is testified by the presence of evident muscle insertions, flattening of the lower limbs diaphyses and markers of occupational stress. The comparison with the larger human sample recovered from the same cemetery during previous campaigns and from other sites in the vicinity will hopefully shed more light on the lifestyle and health status of Bronze Age populations in this area. References ACSADI G., NEMESKERI J. 1970, History of human lifespan and mortality, Budapest. AIELLO L., DEAN C. 1990, An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy, London. ALCIATI G., FEDELI M., PESCE DELFINO V. 1987, La malattia dalla preistoria allet antica, Roma-Bari. ALQAHTANI S.J., HECTOR M.P., LIVERSIDGE H.M. 2010, The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 142, pp. 481-490. ARDITO G. 1993, I caratteri discontinui dello scheletro, in S. BORGOGNINI TARLI, E. PACCIANI (eds), I resti umani nello scavo archeologico. Metodiche di recupero e studio, Roma, pp. 203-221. BABAO, 2005, Guidelines to the Standards for the Recording of Human Remains. Reading: British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, Institute of Field Archaeologists. BASS W. M. 1987, Human osteology, a laboratory and field manual, Missouri Archaeological Society. BERTOLDI F. 2009, Determinazione del sesso e dell'et alla morte, in F. MALLEGNI, B. LIPPI (eds), Non Omnis Moriar, CISU, pp. 31-57. BORGOGNINI TARLI S., MASALI M. 1993, Osteometria e morfoscopia dello scheletro, in S. BORGOGNINI TARLI, E. PACCIANI (eds), I resti umani nello scavo archeologico. Metodiche di recupero e studio, Roma, pp. 107-154. BROOKS S.T., SUCHEY J.M. 1990, Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsdi-Nemeskri and the Suchey-Brooks method, Human Evolution, 5, 3, pp. 227-238.

28

BROTHWELL D.R. 1981, Digging up bones, London. BUIKSTRA J.E., UBELAKER D.H. 1994., Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains, Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series, 44, Fayetteville.

BURNS K.R. 1999, Forens, Anthropology Training Manual, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (NJ).93 BUXTON L.H.D. 1938, Platymeria and platycnemia, Journal of Anatomy, 73, pp. 31-36. BYERS S.N. 2002, Forensic Anthropology, a textbook. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. CAMPILLO D., SUBIR M.E. 2004. Antropologa fisica para arquelogos. Ariel Prehistoria, Barcelona. CAPASSO L., KENNEDY K.A.R., WILCZAK C.A. 1999, Atlas of occupational markers on human remains, Teramo. COPPA A., RUBINI M. 1996, Scheletro e Denti. Atlante di caratteri discontinui, Soprintendenza Archeologica del Lazio, Roma. COX M. 2000, Ageing adults from the skeleton, in M. COX, S. MAYS (eds), Human osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, GMM, London, pp. 61-81. DUTOUR O. 1986, Enthesopathies (Lesions of Muscolar Insertions) as Indicators of the Activities of Neolithic Saharian Populations, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 71, pp. 221-224. DWIGHT T. 1984, The range of significance of variation in the human skeleton, in Boston Medical Surgery Journal, 13, pp.73-76. FAWCETT E. 1938, The sexing of human sacrum, Journal of Anatomy, 72, pp. 633-644. FEREMBACH D., SCHWIDETZKY I., STLOUKAL M. 1979, Raccomandazioni per la determinazione dellet e del sesso sullo scheletro, Rivista di Antropologia, 60, pp. 5-51. FINNEGAN M., FAUST M.A. 1974, Bibliography of human and non-human non metric variation, University of Massachussetts Dept. of Anthropology Research Report 14. FULCHERI E., RABINO MASSA E. 1993, Lo studio paleopatologico dei resti umani, in S. BORGOGNINI TARLI, E. PACCIANI (eds), I resti umani nello scavo archeologico. Metodiche di recupero e studio, Roma, pp. 107-154. FURTWNGLER, A., GAGOSHIDZE, I., LHR, H., LUDWIG, N. 2008, Iberia and Rome: The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman Influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia (Schriften des Zentrums fr Archologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwartzmeerraumes 13). Langenweissbach: Beier & Beran. GAGOSHIDZE, I. 2012, Doghlauri (Aradetis Orgora) Cemetery. Online Archaeology 3: 12-19. (http://www.heritagesites.ge/upload/file/1431598115.pdf). GAGOSHIDZE, I., ROVA, E. 2016, Two Seasons of Georgian-Italian Excavations at Aradetis Orgora (Georgia), Rivista di Archeologia 39 (2015), 5-28. GELASHVILI, B. 2014, Gviandeli brinjaos khanis iaraghebi doghlauris samarovnidan (Late Bronze Age Weapons from the Doghlauri Cemetery). Online Archaeology 6: 203-215 (in Georgian). (http://www.heritagesites.ge/upload/file/1431598201.pdf). GILBERT B. M., MCKERN T. W. 1973, A method for aging the female os pubis, American Journal of Phisical Anthropology, 38, pp. 31-38. HAUSER G., DE STEFANO G.F. 1989, Epigenetic variants of the human skull, Stuttgart. HENGEN H. 1971, Cribra orbitalia: pathogenesis and probable etiology, Homo, 22, pp. 57-72. HUG E. 1940, Die Schadel der fruhmittelalterlichen Graber aus dem solothurnischen Aaregebeicht in ihren Stellung zur Reihengraber bevolkerung Mitteleuropas, Zeitschrift fur Morpologie und Anthropologie, 38. INTRONA F., DELLERBA A. 2000, Determinazione dellet da resti scheletrici, Noceto (PR). ISCAN M.Y. 1989, Age markers in the human skeleton, Springfield-Illinois. ISCAN M.Y., KENNEDY K. A. R. 1987,Reconstruction of life from the skeleton, New York, Alan Liss. ISCAN M.Y., LOTH S. R., WRIGHT R. K. 1984, Age estimation from the ribs by phase analysis: white females Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30, 3, pp. 853-863.

29

ISCAN M.Y., LOTH S. R., WRIGHT R. K. 1984, Age estimation from the ribs by phase analysis: white males Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29, 4, pp. 1094-1104. JALABADZE, M., GHLONTI, L., KORIDZE, I., KETSKHOVELI, M., CHILASHVILI, I. 2012, Early Bronze Age Cemeteries from Shida Kartli (Kura-Araxes, Bedeni)", in M. PUTURIDZE, E. ROVA (eds.) Khashuri Natsargora: The Early Bronze Age Graves (Eds.) (Publications of the Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project I), Turnhout: Brepols (Subartu 30): 59-94. JOHNSTON F.E., ZIMMER L.O. 1989, Assessment of the growth and age in the immature skeleton, in M.Y. ICAN, K.A.R. KENNEDY (eds) Recostruction of life from the skeleton, pp. 11-21. KENNEDY K.A.R. 1989, Skeletal Markers of Occupational Stress, in M.Y. ISCAN, K.A.R. KENNEDY (eds), Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton, New York, pp. 129-160. KROGMAN W.M., ICAN M.Y. 1986. The human skeleton in forensic medicine, Thomas, Springfield-Illinois. LORA S., BERTOLDI F. 2009, Indicatori ergonomici, in F. MALLEGNI, B. LIPPI (eds), Non Omnis Moriar, CISU, pp. 149-167. LOVEJOY C.O., et al. 1985, Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, pp. 15-28 LOVEJOY C.O. 1985, Dental wear in the Libben population:its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death American Journal of Ph ysical Anthropology, 68, pp. 47-56. MALLEGNI F. 1978, Proposta di rilevamento di caratteri morfologici su alcuni distretti dello scheletro postcraniale, Archivio per lAntropologia e la Etnologia, 108, pp. 279-298. MALLEGNI F., RUBINI M. (eds) 1999, Recupero dei materiali scheletrici umani in archeologia, Roma. MANN R.W. MURPHY S.P. 1990, Regional Atlas of Bone Disease. A Guide to Pathologic and Variation in Human Skeleton, Springfield Illinois. MARTIN R., SALLER K. 1956-1959, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung, I-II, Stuttgart. MAYS S., COX M. 2000. Sex determination in skeletal remains, in M. COX, S. MAYS (eds), Human osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, London, pp. 117-130. MEINDL R.S., LOVEJOY C.O. 1985, Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68.pp. 57-66. MEINDL R.S. et al. 1985, A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68.pp. 29-45. MOGGI CECCHI J., CORRUCCINI R.S. 1993, Identificazione e studio dei denti, in S. BORGOGNINI TARLI, E. PACCIANI (eds), I resti umani nello scavo archeologico. Metodiche di recupero e studio, Roma, pp. 171-199. MOLLESON T, CRUSE K., MAYS S. 1998. Some sexually dimorphic features of the human juvenile skull and their value in sex determination in the immature skeletal remains, Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 25: 719-728. MOLNAR S. 1971, Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34, pp. 175-190. NOVOTNY V. 1983, Sex differences of the pelvis and sex determination in paleoanthropology Anthropologie (Brno), 21, pp.65-72. OLIVIER G. 1960, Pratique anthropologique, Paris. ORTNER D.J., PUTSCHAR W.G.J. 1985, Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, Washington. PHENICE T.W. 1969, A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, pp. 297-302. PUTURIDZE, M., ROVA, E. (eds.) 2012, Khashuri Natsargora: The Early Bronze Age Graves (Publications of the Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project I) (Subartu 30), Turnhout: Brepols. ROBERTS C., MANCHESTER K. 1995, The Archaeology of disease, New York.

30

ROSING F.W. 1983. Sexing immature human skeletons, Journal of Human Evolution, 12, pp. 149-155. SCHEUER L., BLACK S. 2000a, Developmental Juvenile Osteology, S. Diego, London. SCHEUER L., BLACK S. 2000b, Development and ageing of the juvenile skeleton, in M. COX, S. MAYS (eds), Human osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, GMM, London, pp. 9-21. SCHROEDER H.E. 1987, Patologia delle strutture orali, Milano. SINGH I. 1959, Squatting facets on the Talus and tibia in Indians, Journal of Anatomy 93, pp. 540-550. STEWART T.D. 1979, Essentials of forensic anthropology, Thomas, Springfield-Illinois. SUCHEY J.M., KATZ D. 1986, Skeletal age standards derived from an extensive multiracial sample of modern Americans American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, p. 269. TODD T.W. 1920, Age changes in the pubic bone: I. The male white pubis, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 3, pp. 285-334. TRINKAUS E. 1975, Squatting among the Neanderthals: A Problem in the Behavioural Interpretation of Skeletal Morphology, Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 2, pp. 327-351. TROTTER M., GLESER G.C. 1977, Corrigenda to Estimation of Stature from Long Limb Bones of American Whites and Negroes, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 47, pp. 355-356. UBELAKER D.H. 1978, Human skeletal remains. Excavation, analysis, interpretation, Chicago. UBELAKER D.H. 1987, Estimating Age at Death from Immature Human Skeletons: An Overview, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32: 1254-1263. WHITTAKER D. 2000, Ageing from the dentition, in M. COX, S. MAYS (eds), Human osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, GMM, London, pp. 83-99.

Fig. 1 Satellite view of the Aradetis Orgora archaeological site, with location of the Doghlauri cemetery, androute of the new highway (2015 excavated area marked in red) (modified from Google Earth).

31

Fig. 2 Grave 2

Fig. 3 Grave 12

32

Fig 4 Accessory bones of the skull in Grave 12.

Fig. 5 Caries on teeth recovered

33

Fig. 6 Severe Cribra orbitalia in Grave 7.

34

.. .. ,

vasbor1@yandex.ru ..

, vasbor1@yandex.ru

.

, , . , . , .. , .. (1963) .. (1992). . . , : , , , , , . . - , . , , , (Angel J.L., 1969).

-3, 14-15 , . XIV-XV .

, 1. - ( .., .., .., 2003). 5 .

1. , . () a, c, m, f : , , ,

Nr (n) =(0,50+)Dx x, (i-j)

(, ) ()

, j=i+5 j=i+10

X () =[i+(i+5)]/2 =[i+(i+10)]/2

Dx (n) Cx (%) Dx/Nr * 100 lx

(%) =l(x-5)-C(x-5)

qx =Cx/lxA (),

() =[(0,50+)XDx]/Nr

AA () =[(15,50+)XDx]/Na PCD (%) =(0,15)Dx/Nr x 100

35

() PBD (%) =(0,1)Dx/(0,15)Dx x 100 PSR (m-f)

(%) =N(m f)/Na x 100 , Na=Nm+Nf

C50+ (%)

D(50+)/Nr x 100

, , 381 .

- 14-15 . (. 2,3,4). , - 15-20 . , 15-20 , . 20-25 . 15-20 .

2. -3. Dx () Cx (%) lx ( %) qx ( ) 0-1* 24 6,3 100,0 0,063 0-5 57 14,96 100,0 0,150 5--10 36 9,45 85,04 0,111 10--15 26 6,82 75,59 0,090 15-20 16 4,2 68,77 0,061 20-25 43 11,29 64,57 0,175 25-30 22 5,77 53,28 0,108 30-35 60 15,75 47,51 0,332 35-40 43 11,29 31,76 0,356 40-45 41 10,76 20,47 0,526 45-50 10 2,62 9,71 0,270 50+ 27 7,09 7,09 1,000 381 100,0 - - *- 0-5 PBD ( ).

,

. 0-5 30-35 . , -3 30-35 . (50+ ). 15-20 . , .

- , . , 30-35 , . 20-25 . , . ,

36

, , , 15-20 . , . , 3. -3.

Dx Cx lx qx Dx Cx lx qx

20-25 17 10,429 100,00 0,104 26 31,325 100,00 0,31325-30 13 7,976 89,571 0,089 9 10,843 68,675 0,15830-35 45 27,607 81,595 0,338 15 18,072 57,832 0,31235-40 31 19,018 53,988 0,352 12 14,458 39,760 0,36440-45 28 17,178 34,970 0,491 13 15,663 25,302 0,61945-50 9 5,522 17,792 0,310 1 1,205 9,639 0,12550+ 20 12,270 12,270 1,000 7 8,434 8,434 1,000 163 100,00 - - 83 100,00 - -

, , .

, , 50 , . .

4 ( 15 ).

4. 3.

Dx (.) Cx (%) 0 1 * 24 20,17% 0 5 57 47,9% 5 10 36 30,25% 10 15 26 21,85% 119 . 100%

*- 0-5 . , -

3 0-5 . 4 . . . , - . , .

5 . ( ) -3 14-15 . 25,7 . , , - , ( ). 35,43%, , ( 30-33%).

37

5. .

Nr 381 . Nra ( 15 ) 262 . Nrc (0 15 ) 119 . PCD - (%) 35,43% PBD - (%) 6,3% - () 25,7 - () 35,5 PSR m-f - ( 20 ) 66,26% : 33,74% 50+ - (%) 7,09%

. , . , - , , . , . - .

. , .

1. -3 , .

2. . . .

3. 25,7 . 4. 0-5 30-35 .

30-35 , 20-25 .

5. 20% . .

6. 15-20 . 14-06-00442 . .. // - . ., 1992. .6-31. .. // .. , .. , .. . . - ( ). ., 2003. .19-49. .., .. . ., 1963. 495. Angel J.L. The bases of paleodemography // American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1969, vol.30, p.427-438.

38

. , , , , , .

Borutskaya Svetlana B., Vasilyev Sergey V. Russia

Paleodemographic study of the Taman Peninsula population from the final time of Golden Horde Era.

Summary

We made paleodemographic investigation of the necropolis Psebeps-3, dating from the XIV to XV centuries, with using of statistical methods of processing the material. The representativeness of the group allowed us to obtain results close to the demographic reality on the Taman Peninsula in the XIV-XV centuries. The studied group was characterized of a not normal parity between men and women. The number of men exceeded the number of women by almost two times. Perhaps there were women who often died in early childhood. The Average life expectancy of the group amounted to 25.7 years. The peak of mortality of adult men were in the interval of 30-35 years, the peak in female mortality corresponded to the interval of 20-25 years. Approximately 20% of children died before the age one year. Almost half of the children died before the age five years. We note a very low number of individuals in the cohort 15-20 years and a good representation of the final age cohort in this group.

Keywords. Paleodemography, age cohort, peak mortality, life expectancy, the final age cohort, paleodemographic index.

39

.. .., ,

. , ( . saeculum ) . . : . ( ) ( ) (Bogin B., 1999, p. 407). , .

. : - , . , , . , .

I . . . . . , , ..

. , , ( .., 2009, 2010). (Godina et al., 2016).

, - .. ( .., 2010; Malina R., 2004). (Rietsch K. et al., 2013). . . , , . .

. . , .

, , , .

40

.

, . 2006-2007 . ( .., .., 2010); 2011-2013 . (Godina E., Bobarykin N., 2013). 18 25 . ( ., 2009).

: ; ; ; - ; ; ; , ( = ()/ 2 (2) . (, 1941). . STATISTICA 6.0. t- . .

. ( .., 1968) , (170,0 170, 5 ), ( 1). , , , .

(. 1) . ( .. ., 1979) , , .

. 2,