The7,265,275,234 (8/28/14)

populationquestion..

Howdowefeedanincreasinglypopulatedworld??Sustainably.

People have been using fungi as food and medicine for thousands of years!!

Artifacts from the Iceman included the fungus Piptoporusbetulina, a conk used in primitive medicine, and Fomes fomentarius, a conk used as a fire starter

Otzi, the Iceman 5300 BC

Otzi’stoolkitandmedicinebaghadmushrooms!!

Peoplehavebeengatheringmushroomsforthousandsofyears!!Ø Over2000edible/medicinalmushroomspecies

havebeenidentifiedØ About60havebeencultivated;about10ona

largeindustrialscaleØ Alltherestofthewonderfulediblemushrooms

mustbegatheredinthewild.Ø Gatheringwildmushroomsisamulti-billion$

industryworldwide!

Mostwildharvestedmushroomsareconsideredgourmet!!

Chanterelle,$30/lb

Blacktruffle, $140/lb

Porcini,$30/lb

Whitetruffle,$75/lbCauliflowermushroom, $35/lb

Morel,$45/lb

Thesearesomeofthemostcommonwildharvestedmushrooms

Alsovisit:http://www.forestmushrooms.com/guides/wilds.pdf

Butsomewildharvestedmushroomssuchasmeadowmushroomsorwooddecayfungi canbecommerciallygrownoncompostoronsterilizedsubstrates

Ø 1245China§ ChenYen-yu publishesdetaileddescriptionsofthegrowthandpreparationof15mushroom

varietiesonwoodchipsandonstraw

Ø 1313China/Japan§ WangZengdescribesthecultivationofShitakemushroomsonlogs

Ø 1707France§ Tourefort describescultivationofAgaricus campestris,thecommonfieldmushroom,inartificialbedsandmodernmushroomcultivationbegins• Horsemanureandstrawcompost• Inlimestonemines

Ø 1900- USAOystermushroom(Pleurotus spp.)firstcommerciallycultivatedonpasteurizedstraw

Thebeginningsofcommercialmushroomcultivation

Moderncommercialmushroomproductionoccursindedicatedcontrolledenvironmentfacilities.

Fungicanbegrowninavarietyofwaytointegrateintodifferentfoodproductionsystems.

Theycanbegrowninopenbeds

Paddymushrooms

Yummyportobelas!

Whitebutton

Enoki

oysterLion’smane

Theycanbegrowninbags

Woodear

Onhaybales

Enoke

Shitake

Injars

Oyster

Onartificiallogs

Maitake

Outdoorcultureofshitakeonnaturallogs

Orjustletthemrunaroundthegarden

Evenanoldpairofjeans!!

Oyster

Inoldcardboardboxes

Shaggymane

Tricholomas

EstablishingmushroomproductioninArizona

Arizona MushroomGrowers Association

ü FundedbytheArizonaDepartmentofAgricultureSpecialtyCropsBlockGrantprogram,2015

ü Providingcultures,resources,research,expertise,andtrainingtoassistsmallbusinessesintegratemushroomproductionintodiversifiedfarmingsystems

ü Currently17membersrepresentingproductionin7ofthe14counties

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/meat/.

“Isourappetiteformeatbadfortheplanet?”“Whataretheimpactsofproteinproduction”

Creating sustainable protein productions systems

TheimpactonLAND• Beefcattleproductionaccountsforalmost90percentofthelandusedforraisinglivestockintheUnitedStates,acreagethatincludespastureaswellascroplandforgrowingfeed.

Mushroomsusearound1foot2 /1000calories

TheimpactonFEED• Theamountoffeedneededtoproduceathousandcaloriesofconsumedbeefismorethanthreetimesthatneededforpork.Cattlefeedincludespasture,grains,androughagesuchashay.

Mushroomscanbeupto200%bio-efficient,andcanbegrownonwasteproducts

TheimpactonWATER• Irrigatinglandforcattlefeedusesalmostthreetimesasmuchwaterasalltheotherfoodsherecombined.Dairycowsrequiremuchless,andtheirproductscontributethemostcaloriestoU.S.diets.

Waterusedinmushroomgrowingcanbereusedorusedasirrigationwater

TheimpactonGreenhouseGases• Greenhousegasesfromcattleproductionare40percentmethane,burpedbycattlefromtheirspecializedstomachs.Cattlefedonlygrassbelchmorethanthoseeatinggrassandfeed.

CurrentstudiesareunderwayinthePryorlabtodeterminejusthowmuchCO2mushroomsproduce

Ifwecomparefungalproteintoanimalprotein,wecanseethatperhapsthemostecologicallysustainableandefficientmeansofproducingacompleteproteinsourceforhumansismushroomproduction.

Letslookatthesamegraphsbutincludeanequallyperfectsourceofprotein,oystermushrooms.

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Sincemushroomsarelowincalories,wecanmakeothercomparisonsbyconvertingallgraphsintogramsoffoodproteinusingthesesimpleprotein/caloriesratios

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Acomparisonofbioefficiencies

Cattle 5-15%Chicken 30-50%Fish 60-80%Crickets 75-90%Mushrooms 80-150%

Andyoucanfeedmushroomsthingsevenchickensandfishwon’teat!

Andthenyoucanfeedtheremainsofmushroomproductionbacktothechickensandfish!!

Processedpelletedfeed

𝐵𝐸% = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑊𝑡. ×100

Increasinginterestinpolycultural foodsystemsseektointegratemushroomproductionwithplantproductionsystems

Regardedforimprovedyield,reduceddiseaseincidence,andclimatechangeresilience.

Spatialandtemporalseparation

Integratedsystemsseektousethesameresourcemorethanonce

RecyclingO2,CO2,organiccarbonandnitrogen

However,totalproductionefficienciescanbeincreasewithco-cultivation.

In 1885, Quaker farmers in SE Pennsylvania growing roses and carnations in greenhouses sought to make use of the space under the growing benches.

o FungiarethegreatdecomposersoftheEarth• Liberatenutrientsfromnearlyeverything• Accomplishedviaarsenalsofextraceullar enzymes

o Awidevarietyofagro-industrialplant-basedbyproductscanbeusedtocultivatemushrooms• Straws,cornhusks,tomatopomace,coffeepulp, cotton

waste,sugarcanebagasse,legumeroughage,paperproducts,woodbyproducts, brewerywaste,etc.

o Spentsubstratecanbere-purposedinregularcompostingsystemsbecausemuchofthedecompositionhasbeenaccelerated.

Butperhapswherefungiuniquelycontributetosustainablefoodproductionsystemsisin…..

Recyclingwaste!!

Eventextiles!!

6 ways fungi can save the world. A TED Talk

Additional myco-inspiration comes from the self-proclaimed world fungal guru, Paul Stamets

A very cool company

In closing: promote mycoculture, educate our community, and cook wonderful mushrooms!Enjoy!