ix. of solids - brookhaven national laboratory to thermal expansivity of solids values of thermal...

$: IX. OF SOLIDS - Brookhaven National Laboratory TO THERMAL EXPANSIVITY OF SOLIDS Values of thermal expansion are given in the form of (a) total fractional expansion, L293 - LT : and$
A.

23 .

C.

D. E . F.

G .

H .

I .

J. K . L.

M.

N. 0.

P.

Q.

I X . THERMAL EXPANSIVITY OF SOLIDS CONTENTS

I n t r o d u c t i o n A l u n i num Be ry 11 i urn B e r y l l i u m C o p p e r Brass ( Y e l l o w ) C o n s t a n t a n C o p p e r Glass

1. C r o w n C - 1 2 . B o r o s i l i c a t e C r o w n BSC-1

4 . L i g h t B a r i u m C r o w n LBC-2 5 . D e n s e B a r i u m C r o w n DBC-1

11 11 DBC-3 6 . 7 . D e n s e F l i n t DF-2 8. E x t r a D e n s e F l i n t EDF-3 9 . B a r i u m F l i n t BF-1

11 3 . 'I BSC-2

1 0 . C r o w n F l i n t CF-1 11. E a s t m a n K o d a k KO. 11 1 2 . E a s t m a n K o d a k No. 3 2 1 3 . C a s t m a n R o d a k N o . 33 1 4 . E a s t m a n K o d a k N o . ,45 15. P y r e x 1 6 . S i l i c a 1 7 . Glass and C o p p e r >

I n c o n e l -

I n d i u m I n v a r I r o n L e ad

Mag n e s i urn Mo ne 1 N i c k e l N i o b i urn, N i o b i urn-T i t a n i urn

IX-INDEX-1

. - - _ _ . . _. -. , - .. . . . . . - . . .

R .

S. m I .

% P o

v. W.

X .

Y.

2 ,

P l a s t i c s

1. Xra ld i t e No.501 2 . F l u r o t h s n e 3 . L u c i t e 4 . Nylon 5 . P l e x i g l a s 6 . P o l y s t y r e n e 7. P o l y t h e n e 8 . T e f l o n 9 . Kel-F 10. Plastics and Cop?er

P l a t inum

Quartz

Silver

S o f t Solder

S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s

I. AIS1 304 2. " 310 3 , I' 3 1 6 4. I' 347 5. " 321

S t e e l SAE 1020, 9 xi S t e e l

T a n t a l u m

Tin (Whi t e )

. . . . - . - - _ .

AA. Zinc

IX-INDEX-%

INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL EXPANSIVITY O F SOLIDS

Values of t h e r m a l expansion are given i n t h e form of

(a ) t o t a l f r a c t i o n a l expansion, L293 - LT : and (b) by c o e f f i c i e n t 7

0 L 293

of expansion dL change per u n i t l e n g t h per K . For example L dT ’ t h e t o t a l f r a c t i o n a l expansion (o r c o n t r a c t i o n ) f o r copper f o r

a tempera ture change from 293.15OK (2OoC) t o 50°K is .00321

i n . / i n e , i . e . , a bar w i l l be .00321 inches s h o r t e r a t 50°K-.per

i n c h of l e n g t h than it w a s a t 293.15 OK. However, t h e co-

e f f i c i e n t of expansion f o r copper a t 50 0 K is .0000038 i n . / i n . - 0 K,

i . e . i t w i l l expand ( o r contract) .0000038 inches p e r inch per

0 0 K tempera ture change from 50 K.

Repr in ted from WADD TECH. REPORT 60-56

January 9, 1967

IX-A-1

. . . .. . . - _. .- . ....

THERMAL EXPANSION O F ALUMINUM

Source of Data: A l t m a n , Rubin and Johnston 1954,

O t h e r References: Ayres 1950, B i l l and Pullan 1955, Buffington and Latimer 1926, Ebe r t 1928, Gibbons 1958, Henning 1907, Hume-Rothery and Strawbridge 1947, Lindemann 1911, Nix and MacNair 1941.

Table of Se lec ted Values

Temp I K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

L293 - LT L293

415

4 15

415

414

413

410

405

3 99

391

3 8 1

370

I t

I 1

t I

I t

I 1

I t

I t

I t

I t

I t

Taken from NBS 29

1 dL L d T

per K

-- 0

0

-.005 x 16' .02 '

.09

.22 It

.3a 11

.55 I'

.74 I t

.91 I'

1 . 0 7 'I

1 .22 I'

Temp. K 0

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293 300

L293 - LT L293

343

312

277

240

201

160

118

75

45

30

0 -16

I t

I 1

II

I t

I1

I 1

I t

I t

I t

I 1

I t

__ . . . - 1 dL L dT

per K

-- 0

1 . 4 6

1.65

1 .79

1 .90

2 .oo 2.08

2.15

2 . 2 1

2.25

2 .27

2.30 2.32

I t

I 1

I t

I t

I 1

11

11

I t

I t

I 1

I 1

. . ... . - .

IX-B- 1

. - . . . . . - . .. . . -

. - .. . -

w4 e aa

a > a -

IX-B-2

_.. - - . . - . . .. . ._ . . , .

IX-B-3

.. .

THERMAL EXPANSION O F BERYLLIUM

Sources of Data: E r f l i n g 1939 Hidnert and Sweeney 1927

Other References:

Discussion:

H e a d and Lamer 1952

Aniso t ropic . The above v a l u e s w e r e cal- c u l a t e d from t h e r e l a t i o n , Mean Value = 113 ( I / )-t-2/3 ( A ) , where ( l i) and (I ) s i g n i f y t h e t h e same proper ty measured p a r a l l e l and perpendicular , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t o t h e t r i g o n a l (Sb,Bi) or hexagonal (Be , Cd) axis .

Table of Se lec t ed Values

Temp. K 0

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

L - L 293 T

L293

131

131 'I

131 I'

131 I'

131 I'

131

130 'I

130 'I

129 I'

128 I'

124 "

L d3 per K

0.

o .OOL x1~-5 .003

,007 I'

.013 'I

.02 14

.04

.06

I1

I 1

.09 I1

.13 I 1

.22 II

Temp. K 0

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

2 80

293

300

Paken from NBS 29

Ix-c-1

L - L 293 . T

L293

119 10'~

111

LOO

87.3

72.0 I'

54.6 I'

35.2

21.8 'I

14.3 I'

0.0 It

-7.9 .

1 dL L dT.

p e r OK

- -

.34

.47

.59

I 1

'I

. 7 1 I 1

. 82 I 1

.92 I 1

1. .01 11

1.06

L.08

. .12

L.14

I 1

I 1

11

It

..... -

135

I20

I05

90

75

60

45

30

15 0

-9

- .

_. __

THERMAL

EXPANSION .

Of BERYLLIUM

I

. . -.

, , .

. - ..

..

.

0

50 100

150 2 00

250 380

TEMPERATURE, *K

IX-c-2

.

.- -

.

. ..

..

__--

...

- .. ... ..-.

. .

.

.-

, .

-"- ....

&.

__ I. .

..

..

.

..

.

THERMAL EXPANSION OF BERYLLIUM COPPER

Sources o f D a t a : B e e n a k k e r and S w e n s o n 1955

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s :

D i s c u s s i o n :

T e m p K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 .

120

- T a k e n

L293 - LT L293

316

316 I'

316 It

316 'I

315 I'

313 I'

309

304 It

296

287

277 'I

255 I'

from NBS 29

2 B e , 0.3 Co, b a l . Cu (BERYLCO 25). O r i g i n a l l y ha l f -hard , t hen h e a t t r ea t ed for 2 h o u r s a t 200° C. d i f ference w a s found i n t h e t h e r m a l expans ions fo r t h e t w o s t a t e s of ha rdness .

No observable

Table of Selected V a l u e s

1 d L L d T

per OK

--

0.

0.004 x 10

.009 I$

.05

.14

.27

.43

.65

.84

.96

1.04

1.16

-5

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I t

I T e m p .

K 0 L293 - LT L293

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

231

206

179

151 I'

121 (I

90 I1

57 ID

35

23

0 l1

-13 I'

1 L dT 1

1 1 dL

se r OX

-7

~~ ~~~~~

1.24 x 1.32 . 'I

1.38

1.45

1.52

1.60

1.67

1.72

1.74

1.79

1.81

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

. . _.

IX-D-1

. . . . . .. .- . . . - . . . . ...

In̂ 0 e

I

0) 3 0 5 -

TEMPERATURE e O K

. .

. _. .-

IX-D-2

.

.. . - ..

0

IX-D-3

I-

z

X

w a

n.

a

w I

I-

400

300 il -- /

IX-D-4

.

THERMAL EXPANSION O F BRASS (YELLOW)

Sources of D a t a : Altman, Rubin, and Johnston 1954

O t h e r References: Beenakker and Swenson 1955 Fraser and E b l l i s - H a l l e t 1955 Henning 1907 Keyston, MacPherson, and G u p t i l l 1959

Discussion: 65 Cu, 35 Zn.

Temp K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

.oo

.20

'aken

384

384

383 'I

382 I'

380 I'

375 I'

368 I'

360 I'

350 I'

339 I8

326 'I

299 'I

l r o m NBS 29


1 dL L dT p e r OK

--

0

0.001 xu-5

.OS

.18

.37

.58

.76

.92

1.06

1.18

1.29

1.44

II

II

II

I 1

II

I1

II

I t

II

11

Temp K 0

14 0

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

300

L293 - LT

L293

269 x 10-5

237 I t

204 ' I

169 I t

134 'I

98.4 'I

61.8 'I

37.3 'I

24.6 It

0.0 It

-13.3 I'

1 dL L dT per OK

--

1.54 10-5

1.63 . I'

1.69 I'

1.74 I'

1 .78 'I

1.81 I t

1.85 'I

1.87 I'

L.88 'I

1.90 'I

L.91

I

IX-E-1

- - -. .

... . . .

._

.- ._ . . .

t ! /

0 I

- -______ 1 '

! 0 I -.

IX-E-2

. ._ . - - . .. . .. .. . . , ._ .

IX-E- 3

THERMAL EXPANSION OF CONSTANT..

Sources of Data: Aoyama and Ito 1939 Krupkowski and deHzas 1928

O t h e r References:

Discuss ion:

Temp. K 0

20

60

70

80

90

100

120

140

160

Faken

269

258 "

253 I'

247 'I

240 'I

232

214 I'

194 I'

172 "

rom NBS 29

Henning 1907 Krupkowski 1929

50 Cu, 50 X i . The name Constantan i s app l i ed to b i n a r y alloys i n the range, 60 t o 45 Cu, 40 to 55 Xi. The n o s t cmmon composition i s 55 Cu, 45 X i , The above expansion data should r e p r e s e n t all Constantans w i t h i n a few p e r c e n t . Small expansiofi anomalies of magnetic o r ig in occur i n this system. The - - ferromagnetic Curie poin ts range from 0 OK for 40% Ni to roughly 150 0 K for

Table of S e l e c t e d Values

1 dL L dT

p e r OK

- -

0.46

.56

.66 I'

.75 I'

.83

.96 'I

1.06

1.14 '@

Temp. K 0

i ao 200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT L293

148 x

124 I'

98.1

71.8

45.0 'I

27.3 I'

17.8 'I

0,o I1

. . -9.6 *' - '

1.21 x

1.26 It

1.30 I'

1.33 'I

1.35

1.36 'I

1.37 ' I

L.37

b.38 - "

about 55% N i .

IX-F-1 !

0

0

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-F- 2

THERMAL EYSANSION O F COPPER

L293 - LT Temp. K 0

L293

Source of D a t a :

R u b i n , T . , A l t m a n , H.W. and Johnston, H . L . , J . A m . C h e m . S o c . 76, 5289-93 (1954)

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : S i m m o n s , R . O . and B a l l u f f i , R.W., P h y s . R e v . 108, 278-80 (1957) B e e n a k k e r , J . J . M . and S w e n s o n , C .A . , R e v . S c i . I n s t r . 26 1204 (1955) B i j l , D . and P u l l a n H. , P h y s i c a 21, 285 (1955) Fraser, D , B . and H o l l i s - H a l l e t , A . C . , P r o c . 9 t h I n t e r n . Congr. R e f r i g . L, 1065 (1955) N i x , F . C . and M a c N a i r , D . , P h y s . R e v . 60, 597-605 (1931) A o y a m a , S. and Ito, T., S c i . R e p t s . T o h o k u U n i v . 27, 348-64 ( 1 9 3 9 ) A d e n s t e d t , H., Ann. Phys ik 26, 69-96 (1936) Simon, F . and B e r g m a n n , R., 2 . P h y s i k C h e m . €3, 255-80 (1930) Mrupkowski, A . and D e H a a s , W.J., C o m m u n s . P h y s . Lab . U n i v .

1 d L L dz

per K

- -

Leiden 194b (1928) K e e s o m , W . H . , V a n A g t , F . P . G . and Jansen, A.T.J., P r o c . A c a d .Sei. A m s t e r d a m 29, 786-91 (1926) B u f f i n g t o n , R.M. and L a t i m e r , W.M., J . A m . C h e m . S o c . 48

Sorel ius , G . and Johansson, C.H., Ann. P h y s i k 75, 23-36 Lindemann, C . L . , P h y s . 2. 12, 1197-99 (1911) H e n n i n g , F., Ann. P h y s i k (4) 22, 631-39 (1907) D o r s e y , H .G. , P h y s . R e v . 25, 88-102 (1907) K e y s t o n , MacPherson and G u p s t i l l (1959)

2305-19 (1926)

L293 - LT Temp. K 0

1293

(1924)

1 dL L dg

per K

--

Table of Selecteh V a l u e s

o 10 20 30 40

326 0 326 0.004 x 326 .03 325 .10 324 .23

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

II

I I

5 0 60 70 80 90 100

321 316 3 10 302 293 283

I t

I 1

II

II

I I

I I

.38

.55

.70

.84

. 95 1.05

I I

I I

I I

II

I t

I I

120 140 160 180 200

220 240 260 273 280 293 300

260 235 I'

208 'I

179 'I

149

118 I'

87 55 33 22 I'

0 -11

1.20 1.32 'I

1.41 ' I

1.47 ' I

1.52 I'

1.56 I'

1.59 'I

1.62 I t

1.64 'I

1.65 I'

1.67 'I

1.68 'I

Taken f r o m NBS 2 9 IX-G-1

>

1

0 50 10 0 I5 0 200 250 300 TEMPERATURE , O K

1x4- 2

I

THERMAL EXPANSION OF CROWN C-1 GLASS

Sources of Data :

Other References:

Discussion:

Mofby 1949.

Dorsey 1907 .

Bausch and Lomb Co. d e s i g n a t i o n . Composition w a s n o t g iven .


Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

-

134 x 130 "

126 I'

116 I'

105 I t

95

8 2 I'

69 'I

Temp. K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-1.1

THERMAL EXPANSION

TEMPERATURE O K

IX-H-1 e 2

. .

- _ . .

. .

i f

THERMAL EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS BSC-1

Sources of Data: Molby 1949.

O t h e r References: Dorsey 1907.

Discussion: Bausch and Lomb Co. designation. Composition w a s not given.

Table of Selected Values -

Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Taken

L2 93 - LT I L293 I

133

1 2 8 I'

124 I'

114 'I

104 'I

92 'I

80 I'

67 I'

~~~

from NBS 29

Cemp . K 0

2 20

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 LT

L293

53 x 10

39

25 'I

15 I'

10

0

-5

- 6

IX-E-2.1

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-H-2 2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF OPTICAL GLASS BSC-2

Sources of Data: 0 Other References:

Discussion:

e

Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Molby 1949.

Dorsey 1907.

Bausch and Lomb Co. des igna t ion . Composition w a s n o t g iven .

Table of Selected Values

L293 - LT

L293

112

109

105 'I

97 Ii

88 I'

77 'I

66 'I

57 I t

T P P K

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT

L293

45

3 3

2 1 Ii

13 "

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-3.1

4

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-H-3.2

_. . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .

THERMAL EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS LBC-2

Temp. K 0


293 - 'T L

L293

O t h e r References : Dorsey 1907.

220

240

260

273

280

293

300

Discussion:

54

40 'I

25 I'

15

10 I'

0

-5 "

Bausch and Lomb Co. designat ion. Composition was not given.


80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

137

132 I'

128 It

117 'I

106 'I

95

a2 11

68 'I

raken from NBS 29

'293 - =* K 0

L293

IX-H-4 1

Ix-H-4.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF OPTICAL GLASS DBC-1

0 Sources of Data: Molby 1949.


Discussion:

Temp K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180 I 200 I Taken

Bausch and Lomb Co. designation. Composition was not given.

Table of Selected Values I L293 - L T I &I 110 x 10

I 107 'I

104 I'

95 I'

77 I1

67 "

56

from NBS 29

240

260

273

28q

293

300

0 IX-E9-5.1

- . - ... . ... . ._. , . . . 8 . 2 . _ . . ... - . .

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-11-5.2

- . . . . , . . . . .-

e

220

240

2 60

273

280,

293

300

THERMAL EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS DBC-3


Other References: Dorsey 1907.

42

31 'I

20 I t

12

8 ' I

0 I t

-4 1'

Discussion:

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Bausch and Lomb Co . d e s i g n a t i o n . Composition was n o t g iven .


101 I t

98 I'

90 I t

82 I'

73

63 I'

53

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-6.1

. . .. . .

TEMPERATURE O K

IX-H-6.2

T H E M U EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS DF2


Other References : Dorsey 1907.

Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Discussion:

L2 93 - LT L293

136 x

131 I'

126 I'

115 I'

104 'I

92 I'

79 I'

66 I '

Bausch and Lomb Co. designat ion. Composition was not given.


Temp. K 0

2 20

240

260

273

280

293

3 00

52

38 'I

24 'I

1 5 I'

9 I'

0

-5 '1

Taken from NBS 29

IX-€1-7.1

TEMPERATURE O K

IX-H-7.2

.. .

. I

THERMAL EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS EDF-3

Sources of D a t a : Molby 1949

O t h e r References: Dorsey 1907

Bausch and Lomb C o . des igna t ion .

Temp* K 0

2 20

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

Discussion:

'293 - LT

53

'293

39

25

15

10

0

I1

II

I 1

I1

I t

Composition was n o t given.


90

100

1 2 0

140

160

180

200

80 1139 x

135

130

118

106

94

81

67

I 1

I 1

I1

I1

I I

II

I 1 L Taken from NBS 29

IX-H- 8.1

'TX-H- 8.2 i

THERMAL EXPANSION OF QPTICAL GLASS BF-1

Temp. K 0


- L T 1

293

1293


Temp. K 3

Discussion:

L293 - LT L293

0

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

Bausch and Lomb Co. d e s i g n a t i o n . Composition w a s n o t g iven .


4 1

26 ' I

1 6 I'

10 'I

0

-5 1'

100

120

14 0

133

122

111 I t

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-9.1

IX-H-9.2

~~

TH3RMA.L EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS CF-1

240

2 60

273

280

Sources of D a t a :

O t h e r References :

33

2 1 'I

13 'I

8 I'

Discussion:

Temp. ?A 0

8 0

90

100

1 2 0

140

160

180

2 00

Molby 1949.

Dorsey 1907.

B a u s c h and Lomb C o . designat ion. Composition w a s no t given.


L293 - LT L2 93

110 x lo-' 107 'I

104 "

95

87

77

67 I'

5 6 'I

5 q X x L293

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-10.1

li t;: I

cu -1

I IO

IO0

75

50

25

0

-10 0 50 108 150 200 2 50 300

TEMPERATURE, O K

. _. - - . .

IX-H-10.2

. .. I

. .

THERMAL EXPANSION OF OPTICAL GLASS NO.11

Sources of Data: Molby 1949

O t h e r References : Dorsey 1907

Discussion:

remp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

E a s t m a n Kodak Co. designat ion. . Composition was no t given.


L293 - L T 1

97

94 I t

88

80

72 I t

63

53

11

I 1

I 1

I t

II

L293

LOO

' e m p . K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

300

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-11.1

L293 - LT

L293 -~

42

31

20

12

II

I 1

I1

8 II

0 II

-4 II

. - - -. . . . . -. .

0

. - - -10 . .

IX-H-11.2

0 ' 50 I00 150 200 250 300 'TEMPERATURE O K

THERMAL EXPANSION OF OPTICAL GLASS NO. 3 2

Sources of Data:


Discussion:

Molby 1949.

Dorsey 1907.

EasLvan Kodak Co. designation. Composition w a s not given.


Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Taken

99

96 I'

89 "

81 'I *

72 I'

63 'I

53 Ii

I from NBS 29

Temp K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - 'T

L2 93

42

31 I '

20 Ii

12 I t

8 ' I

0

-4 11

0 IX-H-12.1 ,

... - _ . _. , . , . . . . - - - . .. . . . . . , - . . .

IX-H-12.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF OPTICAL GLASS N0.33

Sources of Data:

Other References:

Discussion:

Temp. K 0

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

Molby 1949.

Dorsey 1907

Eastman Kodak Co . . designat ion. Composition w a s n c t given.


L293 - LT 1 L293 I 92 10-5 1 90

87

83 'I

74 I'

66 'I

58 I'

49

Taken from NBS 29

. .. . . . . . . . - . . . - -. . . . . .

Temp K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT

L293

IX-H-13.1

.. ..

1 IO

100

75

50

25

0

-18,

TEMPERATURE, O K

PX-H-13.2

. ..

THERMAL EXPANSION O F OPTICAL GLASS N0.45

Sources of Data:


Discussion:

Temp, 0 K

80

90

100

120

14 0

160

180

200

Molby 1949.

Dorsey 1907.

Eastman Kodak Co. designat ion. Composition was not given.


L2 93 - LT

L293

96 loo5

94 'I

91 II

a5 11

7 8

70 'I

62 "

52 I'

Temp 0 K

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT

L2 93

42

31 "

20 II

12 I'

8 I'

0 -4

Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-14.1

.. . .

TEMPERATURE, * K

. ..

.-

. .

c IX-H-14 2

0 THERMAL EXPANSION O F PYREX

Sources s f Data: Head and Laquer 1952

O t h e r References: Buffington and L a t h e r 1926 Tool and Saunders 1948 Winter-Klein 1950

Discussion:


T&"P ' K

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

54.7 x lo-: 55.7

56.7

56.2 I'

53.7

50.2 'I

46.2

41.7 'I

37.2 'I

Taken from NBS 29

1 273

L2 93 - LT

L2 93

32.2

27.2

21.7

15.7

10.2

6.2

4.2

0 .o - 2 -3

0

,

IX-H-15.1

. .

.

-- -- - - ..

.. . . ._

..

I_ _ . TEMPERATURE, OK

IX-H-15.2

n

THERMAL EXPANSION OF S I L I C A GLASS

I L293 - LT


Discussion:

'2 93 I

Other References:

~

-8 x

-6.60 'I

-4.90

-3.02

-1.41 'I

-0.12

t0'.87

1.61 'I

2.08 li

T p P K

- 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

14 0

160

.

-

1 L293 - LT

I L293

Keesom and Doborzynski 1934 Scheel and Heuse 1914

2.32 x 10-5

2.36 'I

2.18

1.81 "

1.26

0.81 I'

0.54 It

0 .o -0.29 II

The thermal expansion of s i l i ca g l a s s ( fused s i l i c a , v i t r e o u s s i l i c a ) quartz glass) , though s m a l l , i s v a r i a b l e from sample t o sample. The above va lues a re thought t o be f a i r l y r ep resen ta t ive of average behavior . The temperature of minimum length can vary from 180 t o 230 K . Var ia t ions from t h e above va lues as l a rge a s 2 ~ 1 0 ' ~ below 180°K and 50% from 180 t o 300°K are poss ib le

Beat t ie e t a l . 1941 . . Dorsey 1907. Head and Laquer 1952, Henning 1907, S c h e e l 1907, Sco t t 1933, Sosman 1927, Souder and

' Hidnert 1926, Valent iner and Wallot 1915.

0


Temp K 0

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

- Taken from NBS 29

IX-H-16.1

TEMPERATURE, O K

. . ... . . . - . - .-. .. .

.. . . . . .

IX-H-17

0

1 .91

'1 .oo 1.07 I'

1.12

1.16 I'

1.20 , I 1

1.23 I'

1.25 'I

1.26 I'

1.29 I'

1.30 It

THERMAL EXPANSION OF INCONEL

Sources of Data: A l t m a n , Rubin, and Johns ton 1952

Other References: Lucks and D e e m 1958

Discussion:

Temp. K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

229

229 'I

229 'I

229

228

227 I'

224 I'

2 2 1

217 I'

2 1 1

205 'I

1 9 1 (I

Taken from NBS 29

80 Ni,14 C r , 6 Fe.


1 dL L dT

per OK

--

0.

0.003 X L O - ~

803

.10

.19

II

II

II

.2a I 1

3a II

.40

.57

.65

.79

I 1

II

II

I 1

Temp, K 0

140

160

180

200

2 20

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT

174

L293

154 I'

134

1 1 2

89.1 I'

65.6 'I

41.4 'I

25.2 I'

16.6 I'

0.0 Io

-9.0

1 dL

p e r K

-- L a:

a IX-1-1

. -. . - . . . ..

I- -J

PX-1-2

1 % ;r - . I %

THERMAL EXPANSION OF INDIUM

Source of Data:


Discussion:

Temp

K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LOO

293- LT L

7

L293

706

706

701

691

67 6

658

638

617

5 95

572

54 9

I I

I I

I I

I 1

I I

I I

I t

I 1

11

I I

Swenson 1955.

Hidnert and B l a i r 1943.

I n t h e two i n v e s t i g a t i o n s above, t h e experimental methods and sample p u r i t i e s w e r e very similar. Yet t h e two p o i n t s by Hidnert and B l a i r , (L273 - L &/ L and (L - L axe r e s p e c t i v e l y 7% aZZ34% less2Z2an Swenson's corresponding p o i n t s . Swenson's d a t a have been adopted s o l e l y because they inc lude more p o i n t s over .a w i d e r temperature range .

273


1 dL -- L d s

p e r K

0.

0.2 x

0.7

1.3

1.7

1.91

2.04

2.15

2.24

2.32

2.39

I t

I 1

I 1

I t

II

I 1

I I

I I

I I

Temp.

K 0

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

Taken from WADD 60-56

IX- J- 1

L293 - LT L293

500

448

3 94

339

282

2 24

165

104

63

42

0

-22

I I

I 1

II

I I

I I

11

I I

I t

11

I I

1 d L L dT

p e r OK

- -

2.52 x 10

2.63

2.72

2.79

2.86

2.93

3.01

3.08

3.13

3.15

3.20

3.22

I I

I 1

I I

I I

I I

I t

I I

I I

I I

11

I I

85 0

8 00

.. . _ .

. ._

. _ _ .

. .

700

600

12 n

500

2 0 8

-- ---- 100

0

- 5 0

IX-J-2

. ._

THERMAL EXPANSION O F INVAR

Sources of Data: Beenakker and Swenson 1955

O t h e r References : Chevenard 1914 Gregg 1954 Masumoto 1934 Molby 1912 Scheel 1921

Discussion:

. . . ._ _ _ . . . _. -

Temp K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

The expansions of the Invar a l l o y s are s e n s i t i v e t o composition and heat t r e a t - ment. The above data a re for an a l loy believed t o be 42 Ni, 0.8 Mn, b a l . Fe, annealed (Lloyd B. Nesbitt , Pr iva te Communication). Although Beenakker and Swenson r e fe r r ed t o t h i s as "Invar" , t h i s composition approximates t h e a l loy , D u m e t , used f o r s ea l ing t o g l a s s . I n t h e iron- n i cke l a l l o y system, t h e minimum value of room temperature expansion c o e f f i c i e n t occurs a t about 36% N i .


- L L293 T

L293

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

51

50

49

47

43

11

II

II

I1

11

II

II

II

II

II

II

Temp. K 0

140

160

180

20 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

Taken from NBS 29 IX-K-1

L - L 2 93 T

L293

34

29

23

18

14

II

I 1

II

II

II

8.6 'I

5.2 I'

3.4 II

0

-1.8 'I

56

50

40

30

20

10

0

- 2

TEMPERATURE, O K

. .

IX-K- 2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF IRON

L293 - "T

L293

156

140

122

102

82

60

38

23

15

0

-8

11

I 1

II

I t

11

I 1

I 1

I 1

II

II

Sources of D a t a : Ebert 1928, N i x and M a c N a i r

1 d L L d T

per OK

0.76 x

0.86 I'

0.94 It

1.00 It

1.05 I'

1.09 It

1.13 I'

1.14 'I

1.15 'I

1.16 I'

1.17 I'

--

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : Adenstedt 1936, D o r s e y 1907 B e r g m a n n 1930 O w e n and W i l l i a m s 1954.


T e m p K 0

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

198

198 It

198 II

197 'I

196 It

195 I'

192 'I

189 It

185 It

181 'I

170 It

1 d L -- L dT

p e r O K .

0

0.01 x 104

' .03 'I

.07

.13 'I

..20

.28

.35 II

.42

.49 II

.63

'Taken from NBS .29

T e m p K 0

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

1941

Simon and

I

IX-L-1

225

200

I75

I50

I25

100

75

50

25

0

- I5 0 50 IO0 150 200 250 300

TEMPERATURE, "K

IX-L- 2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF LEAD

Sources of Data:

O t h e r References

Discussion:

Temp. K 0

0

5

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Taken

293 - LT L

L293

708

708

707

700

68 6

667

64 6

624

60 1

5 77

552

5 28

I 1

I 1

I 1

11

I 1

I I

I 1

I 1

II

I1

I 1

Dheer and Surange 1958, Ebert 1928, Nix MacNair 1942, Olsen and R o h r e r 1957.

Dorsey 1908, Gruneisen 1910, Head and L

and

que r 1952, Lindemann 1911, McLennan, Allen and W i l h e l m 1931.

Superconducting lead has a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r volume and a s l i g h t l y smaller expansion coe f f i - c i e n t than normal l ead according t o da t a by Olsen and Rohrer covering t h e region from lo t o t h e t r a n s i t i t o n temperature, 7.2OK. For example, t h e d i f fe rence i n expansion coe f f i - c i e n t s a t 5OK is about 10%.


1 dL L dT

per OK

- -

0

0.03

0.32 I'

1.1 I I

1.7

2 .o

I 1

I 1

2.2 I 1

2.3

2.4

I I

I 1

2.4 I 1

2.5

2.5

II

I 1

Temp. K 0

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

300

L293 - LT L293

477

425

372 I 1

318

2 63

208

15 2 I I

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

96

58

11

I 1

38

0

-20

I 1

1 dL L dT

per OK

--

2.56 x

2.63

2.68

2.72

2.75

2.78

2.82

2.85

2.88

2.89

2.9

2.9

I 1

I I

I 1

I I

I 1

11

I 1

I I

I 1

I 1

I 1

from NBS 29

IX-M- 1.

IX-M- 2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF MAGNESIUM

Sources of Data:


Discussion:

remp . K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

L293 - LT L2 93

490

490

490

489

48 6

482

475

466

454

441

427

3 93

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

II

I 1

I 1

I 1

Taken from NBS 29

Ebert 1928 Goens and Schrnid 1936 Head and Laquer 1952

Gruneisen 1910 Hidnert and Sweeney 1928

Anisotropic. The above values w e r e ca l cu la t ed from t h e r e l a t i o n , Mean Value = 1/3 ( 1 1 1 + 2/3 (L), w h e r e ( 1 1 1 and (1) s i g n i f y t h e same property measured p a r a l l e l and perpendicular, respec t ive ly , t o t h e hexagonal a x i s .


1' dL L dT --

per OK

0.

0.005

.04

.14

.33

.57

.81

1.03

1 . 2 2

1.39

1.54

1 .76

I 1

I I

II

I I

I1

I 1

I 1

I 1

II

I1

Temp. K 0

14 0

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

L293 - LT L293

356

316 11

273 8 1

227 8 1

180 'I

132 I'

82.9

50.4 32.9 I I

0.0 11

-17 -8 It

1 dL L dT

per .OK

--

1.94

2.10

2 .22

2.32

2.39

2.44

2.48

2.51

2.52

2.54

2.55

11

11

I I

11

I I

I I

11

11

11

I I '

IX-N-1

250 300 TEMPERATURE, 'K

IX-N-2

THERMAL EXPANSION O F MONEL

Sources of D a t a : A l t m a n , R u b i n , and Johnston 1952

206 I'

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : A c k e r m a n 1936 Aoyama and I t o 1939 Fraser and H o l l i s - H a l l e t 1955 K r u p k o w s k i and de H a a s 1928

.a9 II

D i s c u s s i o n : 67 N i , 30 Cu, 1.5 Fey "cold-rolled" .

Temp a

K 0

0

1 0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

Table of S'

251

251 It

251 'I

251 I t

250 'I

248 I'

245 I'

244 I'

236 I'

230 I'

223 I'

0 ,

0.003 x lo-'

.02

106

I t

t I

.14

.23

.34

.46

.57

.67

.75

I t

I t

I 1

I I

I t

I I

II

. e c t e d

Temp. K 0

140

160

180

200

2 20

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

Values

L293 - LT

1 8 7

L293

167 'I

144 It

1 2 1

96.4

70.9 'I

44.7 II

2 7 . 1 "

15 .1 I t

0.0

- 9.7 'I

1 dL L dT

per K

-- 0

T a k e n f r o m NBS 29

0.99 x lo-! 1 .08 'I

1.15 'I

1.20 . I g

1.25 'I

1.29 It

1.33 I'

1.35 'I

1.36 'I

1.38 ' I

1.39 I '

IX-0-1 1

TE.MPERATURE, O K I

8

0

IX-0-2

8

0

T H E W EXPANSION O F NICKEL

Sources of D a t a : K r u p k o w s k i and D e H a a s 1928, N i x and M a c N a i r 1941.

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : A d e n s t e d t 1936, A l t m a n , R u b i n and Johnston 1954, Aoyama and Ito 1939, D i s c h 1921, H e n n i n g 1907, S i m o n and B e r g m a n n 1930.

Temp. K 0

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

224

2 24

224

223

221

219

216

211

206

201

187

I1

I I

I 1

I 1

I I

I 1

I1

I 1

I t

I I

Taken f r o m NBS 29


1 d L L dg

per K

- -

0.

0.02

,05

,10

.19

.28 I'

.38 I'

.47

.55 It

.6l

.75

Temp. K 0

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

300

L293 - LT

L293

171

15 2

13 2

111

88

65

41

25

16

0

I 1

I1

I1

I1

I I

I 1

11

I I

I I

-9 I I

1 dL -- L dg

per K

0.88 x

0.98 I'

1.05 I'

1.10 . I 1

1.15 ' I

1.19

1.22 I1

1.23 "

1.24 I '

1.26 ' I

1.26 I'

IX-P-1

225

200

175

I50

125

100

75

50

25

0

0 50 100 I50 200 250 300 TEMPERATURE, "M

IX-P-2

8 THERMAL EXPANSION OF NIOBIUM

Sources of D a t a : E r f l i n g 1942.

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : H i d n e r t and K r i d e r 1933.

D i s c u s s i o n : Also termed columbium.


Temp. K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

L293 - LT

'293

14 3

14 3

143

14 1

13 9

13 7

13 3

129

125

121

111

I 1

11

I 1

I t

I1

I 1

11

I I

I 1

I 1

- 1 % L d T

p e r O K

0.

.03

.09

.17

.24 I'

.31

.36

.40

- 4 4

.47

.52

Temp. K , 0

14 0

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

99.4

87.7

75.5

63 .O

50 .O

36.7

23.1

14.1

9.2

0 .o -5.0 , '

1 dL L dT

per OK

--

.56 x

.59

.62

.64

.66

.67

.68

.69

.69

.70

.70

c

I 1

I1 .

I 1

I 1

I1

I t

I 1

Taken from NBS 29

IX-Q-1 ,

! TEMPERATURE, O K

~ IX-Q-2

!.I I

I I

I I

I I

1 I

I I

WO

N*

9

9

8 0

0

0

0

m

0

0

N

IX-Q-3

I

THERMAL EXPANSION O F ARALDITE N0.501

Sources of D a t a : Laquer and H e a d 1952.



Temp. K 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Caken

E p o x y cast ing r e s i n made by C i b a C o . 40 g of t h e mater ia l w a s catalyzed w i t h 2 m l t r ie thanolamine. C u r e d 8 h r . a t 120° C and t h e n 24 h r . a t 180° C.

T a b l e of Selected V a l u e s

L293 - LT

L293 ~

LO61 x 10-5

LO51 I1

LO22

983 I'

935 'I

880 I'

819 I'

751 I'

676

594 II

Temp K 0

200

220

240

2 60

273

2 80

2 93

300

L293 - LT

L293

505 x 10-5

410 I'

308 'I

199 II

1 2 2

81 'I

0

-46 I'

i r o m NBS 29

IX-R-1.1

I150

I100

IO00

900

h

ro ' 800 0 n

=J 700

ZI

W

0 > -

- Q .-

4- - 600 i

v

500 Yr) 0 ru -I 400

300

200 THERMAL EXPANSION

of AWALDITE NO, 501 100

0 50 100 150 200 2 TEMPERATURE, O K

3 300

IX-R-1.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF FLUOROTHENE o r KEL-F

Sources o f D a t a : Laquer and Head 1952.

Other References:

Discussion:

Temp. K . 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

14 0

160

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The samples w e r e , r e spec t ive ly , froma 5 i n . diameter rod of Fluorothene made by Union Carbon and Carbide and from a 1/16 i n . t h i c k s h e e t of Kel-F made by M.W. Kellog and Co.

Table of Se lec ted Va lues

'293 - LT

L293

L/35 x lo-s L1L4 I'

LO70 'I

LO19 I'

962 'I

900 'I

834 'I

763 I'

686 I'

Taken from NBS 29

Pemp . K 0

180

2 00

220

240

260

273

280

293

300

604

517 'I

424 'I

324 'I

214 I'

134 'I

90 Io

0 , 'I

-52 II

I

IX-R-2.2

8



Discussion:

THERMAL EXPANSION O F LUCITE

Laquer and Head 1952.

Po Pyme t hy lme t hacry la te . DuPont Luc i t e ' ' . from rod s tock .

" Probably Average of t w o samples

T a b l e of Se lec ted Values

Temp. K 0

0

20

40

60

03

too -20

-40

.60

1134

1123

1092

1048

995

93 6

869

796

717

x lo-! I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

II

I 1

Temp K 0

180

200

220

240,

2 60

273

280

293

300

I - LT 293 L

L293

63 2

540

441

335

220

13 6

91

0

-53

x lo-!

II

Taken from NBS 29

IX-R- 3.1

IX-R- 3 . 2

Sources of Data:


Discussion:

Temp. K 0

0

20

40

6 0

80

100

120

140

160

raken

- Laquer and Head 1952.

From 3/4 inch diameter rod. "Probably E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.


L293 - LT

L293

1389 x lov5

L379 I(

1352

1308 "

L247 I'

1172 'I

L O 8 8 I'

996 I'

896 'I

Temp K 0

180

200

220

240

260

273

280

300

L293 - LT L293

irom NBS 29

8

789 x 10''

673 I'

548 I'

412 'I

2'65 'I

161 @I

107 I'

0

- 6 1 I 1

IX-R-4 1

grade FM-1".

IX-R-4.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF PLEXIGLAS

Sources o f D a t a : D a t a from Laquer and Head 1952. ( I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e substances l i s t e d i n t h e t ab le , d a t a have been given f o r 16 s p e c i a l l y compounded rubbers by Dunsmoor e t a l . 1958 and Trepus e t a l . 1959. These d a t a c o n s i s t mainly of va lues o f (L -L ) 293 78 L293

O t h e r References: Wood, Bekkedahl and Peters 1939,

Discussion: Polymethylmethacrylate made by Rohm and H a a s Co . D a t a from Giauque, Geballe, Lyon and F r i t z 1952.

Table of Se lec ted Values I

Temp. K 0

- 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

L293 - LT

L293

1210 I'

1160 ' I

1110 I'

LO50 'I

Taken from NBS 29

Temp. K 0

200

220

240

2 60

273

28 0

293

298

300

L293 - LT

L293

590

490 I'

-55 I'

IX-K-5.1

IX-R-5.2

THERMAL EXPANSION O F POLYSTYRENE

Sources of Data:


Discussion:

Laquer and Head 1952. ( In addi t ion t o t h e substances l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e , da t a have been given for 16 s p e c i a l l y compounded rubbers by Dunsmoor e t a l . 1958 and Trepus e t a l . 1959. These d a t a c o n s i s t mainly of values of (L -L )/L293.

293 78 Wood, Bekkedahl and Peters 1939.

Average of two samples from rod stock, both "probably American Phenolic Corp. grade 912A.


Tgmp . K

u 20

40

60'

80

l o o 120

140

160

180

1550 x

1552 I'

1466 'I

1394 'I

1308 " "

1 2 1 1 It

1105 It

992 I'

874 I'

752 'I

Taken from NBS 29

Temp K 0

2.0 0

220

240

260

273

280

293

298

300

293 - LT L

L293

626 x 10-5

499 'I

368 I '

232 I'

141 I'

93 I'

0 "

-51 II

IX-R-6.1

I-

200

-% * a % J

0

- 100

a

IX-R-6.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF POLYTHENE

Sources of Data: Laquer and Head 1952. ( In add i t ion t o t h e substances l i s t e d i n t h e table, d a t a have been given for 16 s p e c i a l l y compounded rubbers by Bunsmoor e t a l . 1958 and Trepus e t a l . 1959. These d a t a cons i s t .ma in ly of values o f (L -L

8 293 78

Other R e ference s : W O Q ~ , Bekkedahl and Peters 1939.

Discussion: Polyethylene made by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co.. Molded under 2000 p s i p ressure a t l5OoC f o r 1 0 min. w e r e n e g l i g i b l e . See a l s o Hunter and Oakes 1945. Five f i l l e d polythenes w e r e measured

Di rec t iona l v a r i a t i o n s

remp . K 0

0

20

40

60

80

too L20

L40

160

-80

by Head and Laqyer 1952.


L293 - LT

L293 2449 x 10-5

2439 I 1

2404 I1

2349 I 1

2279 I 1

2194 11

2089 I 1

1964 I 1

1814 I 1

1639 I 1

Temp. IC 0

200

220

240

2 60

293

2%0

293

298

300

- L L293 T

1439 10-5 L293

1199

919 'I

594

359 'I

239

0

-131

Taken from NBS 29

IX-R- 7.1

I-

N -I

-200 0

? % m N m-l

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-R- 7.2

LL

a 3

0

aJ a .. L

4- L

E ?

0

0

I

0

tu M

0

a3 (u

0

d- (u

0 0

N Y

a 3

0 c

L

c

3L

@

aJ

E e - 3

5 3 D

> t >

w

2

w J >. I I- w ). J

0

a

a2 0

U

w

z) a

l- a U w a 2

w I- C/) '

3

C/) U

w >

z

0

C/) 2

X

w -I

- a a

a z

E

w I I-

IX-R-7.3

THERMAL EXPANSION OF TEFLON 8 Sources of Data: Laquer and Head 1952

O t h e r References: Dunsmoor e t a l . 1958 Trepus e t a l . 1959 Wood, Bekkedahl and Pe te r s 1939.

Discussion: Polytetraf luoroethylene . Extruded and annealed sample measured by Kirby 1956. He found t h a t s t r a i n e d samples could have expansions larger o r smaller than those of annealed Teflon, t h e d i f f e rences being as l a rge a s 20%. Laquer and Head (1952) measured two samples of DuPont Teflon rod taken normal and p a r a l l e l t o t h e ex t rus ion d i r e c t i c n . The expansions p a r a l l e l w e r e roughly 15% larger than those normal, and t h e average i s 10 t o 15% larger than t h e t h e above da ta by Kirby. The da t a o f Laquer and Head w e r e used only t o guide t h e ex t r apo la t ion of Kirbyts va lues below 80°K. Teflon has a f i r s t order t r a n s i t i o n a t 2OoC. Therefore we use 25O C as a reference temperature and t a b u l a t e lo5 (L298-LT) L298 above.


Temp

K 0

0

20

40

60

80

LOO

120

140

L293 - LT

L293

2140 x 2110

2060 I'

2000 I1

1930 I'

1850 I'

1760 'I

1660 It

Temp, OK

160

180

200

2 20

240

2 60

273

298

L2 93 - LT

L293

1540 x lom5 1400

1240

1050

855

645

500

0

11

I 1

I 1

I1

I 1

I 1

11

Taken from NBS 29

IX-R-8.1

2200

2000

1750

I500

h

m - b >r 1250 n Q) 3 0 1

-

750 I- -1

I ' c ) 4? 2-1 A

500

250

0

-200

THERMAL EXPANSION

50 100 150 200 2 50 300 0

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-R-8.2

THERMAL EXPANSION OF PLATINUM

Sources of D a t a : Nix and M a c N a i r 1942.

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : D o r s e y 1907. H e n n i n g 1907. Onnes and C l a y 1096. S c h e e l 1907. Schee l and H e u s e 1907. V a l e n t i n e r and Wallot 1915.

I

Discussion:

IX-s-1

3

-I

IX-s-2

1 % ;3

8 THERMAL EXPANSION OF QUARTZ (CRYSTALLINE 1 1 )

Sources of D a t a : Buffington and L a t i m e r 1926

O t h e r References : Dorsey 1908 Lindemann 1912 N i x and M a c N a i r 1941 Scheel 1907 Sosman 1927

Discussion: Measured p a r a l l e l t o t h e o p t i c ax is . N i x and MacNair measured expansions perpendi- c u l a r t o t h e o p t i c a x i s bu t presented only a coarse graph of t h e resukts , from w h i c h t h e following va lues of 10 (dL/LdT) w e r e taken: 7 a t 100°K, 10 a t 150°, 1 2 a t 200°, 1 3 a t 250°, 14 a t 300°K.


Temp. K 0

90

10 0

120

14 0

160

180

200 220

Taken

107 lod5 104 I'

97.7 'I

89.8 'I

80.9 I'

71.2 I'

60.5 I'

49 .1 I'

irom NBS 29

Temp. K 0

1 dL L dT

per OX

--

0.27

, 3 1 It

.37 I1

.42 II

.47 I)

.51 It 300

.55 I1

.59 II

36.7 x lo-!

23.6 I'

14.6 I'

9.6 I'

0.0 II

- 5.3 II

1 dL. L dT

per OK

- -

0.64

.68 'I

. 7 1 II

.72 'I

.75 I'

.76 I'

IX-T-1

110 0.88

0.80

0

-0.08 1

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-T- 2

8

THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILVER

Sources of D a t a : E b e r t 1928, N i x and M a c N a i r 1942.

Other References: Ayres 1905, Buff ington and Latimer 1926, Dorsey 1907, Henning 1907, K e e s o m and Jansen 1927, Lindemann 1911. K e e s o m and Kohler 1933. Owen and W i l l i a m s 1954. Shea re r 1950.

Table o f S e l e c t e d Values

8

Taken from NBS 29

IX-u-1

I-

(u -f

-20

TEMPERATURE, O K

- 1 m l a K Y

IX-u-2

THETFAL EXPANSION O F SOFT SOLDER

Sources of D a t a : D o r s e y 1907



Temp. K 0

90

100

1 2 0

1 4 0

160

183

200

467

447 "

407 'I

365 I'

3 2 1 'I

276 I'

229 I'

Taken f r o m NBS 29

50 Pb, 5 0 Sn.


1 dL L d T

per OK

--

1.96

2.00 It

2.07 'I

2.14 I'

2.22 'I

2.29 'I

2.35 I'

Temp. K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

182 x

133 I'

83 It

5 1 I'

33 II

0 It

-18 'I

1 dL L dT

per OK

--

2.41

2.46 'I

2.50 'I

2.52 I'

2.53 'I

2.54 'I

2.55 "

IX-v-1

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-v-2

THERMAL EXPANSION O F STEEL A I S 1 304

Sources of Data: Altman, Rubin, and Johnston 1954

O t h e r References : Fontana 1948 Beenakker and Swenson 1955

Discussion:

Temp. K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

Faken

Fontana, Bishop, and Spretnak 1953 Furman 1950 Composition l i m i t s f o r t h i s a l l o y are: 0.08 max. C, 2 max. Mn, 1 max. S i , 18-20 C r , 8 - 11 N i . Altman e t a l . , found small i r r e v e r s i b l e e f f e c t s and, below 35OK, small negative values of expansion c o e f f i c i e n t . W h i l e we have given t h e i r r e s u l t s i n f e r i o r weight i n t h i s region, t h e e f f e c t s w e r e undoubtedly r e a l and a t t r i b u t - able t o m a r t e n s i t i c t ransformation on cooling (Reed and Mikesel1,1958). I n t h i s a l l oy t h e ex ten t of t ransformation t h a t i s produced by cool ing is s e n s i t i v e t o composition and has been found t o vary from zero t o about 50%. ( R .P .Reed, p r i v a t e communication) . Complete t ransformation would be accompanied by a mean increase i n l i n e a r dimension of roughly 1% (Ward, Jepson, and Rait , 1952; and Fiedler , Averbach, and Cohen, 1955.)


L293 - LT L2 93

296 x 10-5

296 I'

296 I'

296 'I

296 I'

294 I'

291

285 'I

279 I'

2 7 1 I'

261 'I

241 I'

from NBS 29

1 dL

per K

-- ilT

0,

0.001 x lo'? ,002 'I

. ,062 'I

* 11 11

.23

* 43

61

75

II

I 1

II

I I

.87

.96

II

I1

1.09 I 1

Temp. K 0

- 14 0

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

28 0

293

300

218

193

167 I 1

139

111

I 1

II

II

81.7 I '

51.4 'I

31.4 'I

20.5 I'

0.0

-11.1

1 dL L dT

per OK

- -

1 . 2 0

1.28 I'

1.34 I'

1.40 'I

1.45 'I

1.49 II

1.53 It

1.55

1.56 'I

1.59

1.60 I'

IX-w-1.1

320

300

250

200 h

In I 0

n

2 P

h

- 150

ZI Q - .- .I- - E' v

IO0

50

0

1.92

iao

1.50

50 100 150 200 250 300

TEMPERATURE, O K

Y 0

5 Q

160 - urn "1' -1-J

1.30

3

IX-w-1.2

C I c 0 0

M

I

'0

C

) v I

" -

i.

- 0 I

\ i I-

- "J 0

I

0

pa

3J

ad

U

O!S

UD

d%

3 IDlLl.I.7111

n 0 I

Y L

1' I P:'

Q

IX-W-1.3 .I

THERMAL EXPANSION O F STEEL AIS1 310

Sources of Data: Furman 1950

0 t h e r Re fer e nce s :

Discussion:

Temp K 0

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

L293 - LT

L293

246

237 'I

2 1 8 I'

198 I'

176 I'

152 'I

1 2 7 I'

0.11 C, 1 . 5 1 Mn, 0.42 S i , 0 .01 S, 0.02 P, 27.2 C r , 21.6 Ni, ba l . Fe. Annealed 30 min. a t 1950° F and w a t e r quenched.

T a b l e of S e l e c t e d Values

- 1 % L gT

per K

0.89

.91 I 1

.98

1.07

1.14

1 . 2 1 (I

1.27

II

I 1

II

I t

Temp K 0

220

240

2 60

273

280

2 93

300

L293 - LT

L293

74.5

46.9 I'

28.6 "

18.7 I'

0.0

-10.2

- 1dJ L dT

p e r K 0

1.32

1 .36 I '

1.40 'I

1.42 I'

1.43 I'

1.45 'I

1.46 'I

Taken from NBS 29

IX-w-2.1

IX-w-2.2

136

I1.50

1.20

8

Y

L a, a X60

1.30

0

I_

_- \ \ . -

........

.. -. ......

....

-- ..

..

........

\ ... \

..

.

.......

..

.

..

.

._

..

.......

__ -

.....

\ \ ..

__ . .-

._ -

-. .

- 0 I

N

I d

..

. --..

...

.. ._ I

.

..

\ \ .....

...

IX-w-2.3

...

... .

.....

___ -.

.. -

-.

.- ._ ,-

\' I' 1

. ._ .......

-. .

....

__ ..

x UI

8 THERMAL EXPANSION OF STEEL AIS1 316

Sources of D a t a : Beenakker and Swenson 1955.

Other References Furman 1950 Lucks and D e e m 1958

Discussion:

- remp . K 0

- 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

too 120

L293 - LT '293

Composition and h e a t t r ea tmen t of sample n o t s t a t e d . Composition l i m i t s fo r t h i s a l l o y are: 0.10 ( m a x . ) C, 2 (max.) M n , 1 ( m a x . ) S i , 16-18 C r , 10-14 N i , 2-3 M o , b a l . Fe.


- 1 & L d T

p e r K 0

0,

0 .004 lom5 .009

.05

.14

.27

.43

.65

.82

.94

1.02

1.13

II

I 1

II

I 1

II

II

II

I 1

II

Temp. K 0

14 0

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

214

189 'I

163

136 "

109

80 .1 I'

50.6 I'

30.9 'I

20.2 'I

0.0

-11.0 'I

1 dL L dT

per K

-- 0

1 . 2 1

1 . 2 7

1.32 I'

1.36 I'

1 .41

1.45 I'

1.50 I'

1.53 'I

1.54 I'

1.57 'I

1.58 'I

Taken from NBS 29

IX-W-3.1

8'

e

IX-w-3.2

h

I--- \ ..

.- .....

...

-- -. -

-_ .. I .._

I

0

_- \ \ ..

I__. __

- - ._

I

........

......

.

..........

......... -- -

.. ....- .

....

(u

0

1- . -- . .I-- ....

\I - ........ ..............

I \I

.I_._

-_ I - -__ _. F

......

._ i I ............ .. 1

.... .- I ......

....... 1. I .... - .

.........

W a

IX-W-3.3

THERMAL EXPANSION OF STEEL A I S 1 347

Sources of D a t a : Furman 1950.

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : Lucks and D e e m 1958.

D i s c u s s i o n : 0.07 C, 1.74 Mn, 0.56 S i , 0.006 5, 0.019 P, 18.65 C r , 11.3 Ni, 0.77 Nb, bal. Fe. Annealed 30 m i n . a t 1950° F

L293 -, 'T

L293

T e m p . K 0

1 dL L dT

per OK

-7

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

109

T a k e n

1.40

L293 - LT

80.2 "

50.6 I'

30.9 I'

20.2 I'

0.0

-11.0

L293

1.46 I'

1.50 'I

1.53 I'

1.54 I'

1.56 'I

1.57 'I

262

253 'I

233 I'

211

187 'I

163 I'

136 I'

f r o m VBS 29

and w a t e r quenched.


1 dL L dT

per OK

--

0.94 x l om5 .98 'I

1.05 I'

1.13 I'

1.21

1.28

1.34 'I

Tgmp . K

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

IX-W-4.1

I-

-J

of STEEL A.I.S.I. 347

T ' g 82

0 50 100 I00 200

TEMPERATURE, O K

250 300

1.62

1.50

1020

0.30

0

IX-W-4.2

I I

C C ~ I

C

C I

0 0

pr, I 0

0

d-

I - 0 F

... . __

__. ...

0

”. 0

0

(\J

I +

ua3J a d

m

0

a3 cu

0

Tt N

Y

a, .. L

h

E

I- a,

O

N - 0

OD

3

d-

a

CT: UI

THERMAL EXPANSION OF STEEL, S .A.E. 1020

Sources o f Data: Altman, Rubin and Johnston 1952

O t h e r References: Beenakker and Swenson 1955 Dorsey 1910 Gregg 1954

Discussion:

Temp.

K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 1.20 Taken

L293 - LT

293 L

202

202

201

201

200

198 I'

195 'I

192 I'

187

1 8 2 I'

170 'I

from NBS 29

0.18 Cy 0.33 Mn, 0 .01 Si , b a l . Fe. According t o Beenakker and Swenson, c a s t i ron had the same t h e r m a l expansion a s 1020 steel within t h e i r experimental uncer ta in ty of + 3 ~ 1 0 ' ~ i n AL/L.


0.

-5 0.001 x 10

.03

.08

I 1

II

.14

.23

.31

.40

II

II

II

II

.48 II

.55

.68

II

$1

Temp. K 0

140

160 180

200

2 20

240

2 60

273

28 0

293

300

155

138 'I

120

1 0 1 II

80.7 It

59.6 'I

37.7 It

22.9 15.1 'I

0.0

-8.3 It

1 dL L dT

per OK

--

-5 0.78 x 10

.87 I'

.94

.99 I'

1.04 I'

1.08 I'

1.11

1.14 I'

1.15 'I

1 . 1 7 I'

1.19

LX-x-1

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-x- 2

LL L

z 3 0

ai

e

L

- n r.5 I-

0

(u

m

0

00 cu

0

d

(u

.

0

0

(u

Y

aJ ” L

02

- Y? 0

) 9.

0)

E

I-

D

N

- 3

r)

3

$

3

‘IX-X- 3

THERMAL EXPANSION OF TANTALUM

Sources af Data: N i x and M a c N a i r 1942

O t h e r R e f e r e n c e s : Disch 1921 H i d n e r t 1929


I'emp . K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LOO

120

L293 - LT

293 L

14 3

143

143

142

1 4 1

13 8

135

1 3 1

1 2 7

1 2 2

117

106

10'~ I I

I I

I I

I I

11

I I

I1

I I

I I

I 1

0.

0.005 x I 1 .04

.11

.20

.2%

.35

.41

.45

.49

.52

.55

I1

I I

I 1

11

I 1

I 1

I 1

I 1

I1

1

L293 - LT

'293

95.1 x lo-! 83.5

71.5

59.3

47 .O

34.4

21.6

1 3 . 1

8.5

0 .o -4.6

1 dL

per K

- - L a;

0.58 x 10 - .59 It

.60 "

.61 I '

.62 'I

.63

.65 I'

.65 'I ,

.66 'I

.66 I'

.66 'I

T a k e n from NBS 29

IX-Y-I.

3

-I

0.68

0.60

0.50 - lo

I 0

n

-

0) 3 -

0.40 5 - a .- c - i 5 v

L 0.30

0) a L

Ai- WI-0

-1-1

0.20

0.10

0

1 %

2-J r n N

IX-Y - 2

THERMAL EXPANSION O F T I N (WHITE)

Sources o f Data: E r f l i n g 1939

O t h e r References: Cohen and O l i e 1910 Dorsey 1907 Gruneisen 1910

Discussion:

Temp K 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

00

20

447

447

445

441

433

423

412

399

385

371

356

3 24

I1

I I

I 1

I1

I 1

I 1

II

I t

I I

I I

11

Anisotropic . The above va lues w e r e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e r e l a t i o n , Mean Value = 1/3 ( 1 1 ) + 2/3 (J.), w h e r e ( 11 ) and (I.) s i g n i f y t h e same property measured p a r a l l e l and perpendicular , r e spec t ive ly , t o t h e t e t r a g o n a l a x i s .

T h e w l i s and Davey (1954) measured t h e l a t t i c e parameter of grey t i n , a b r i t t l e form w i t h diamond-type l a t t i c e t h a t is s t a b l e below 18OC. T h e i r d a t a cover t h e range, -130 t o +20°C, and are, represented by a cons tan t expansion co- e f f i c i e n t , dL/LdT = 4.7 x 10-6deg'1C. See a l s o Cohen and O l i e (1910) . The ord inary d u c t i l e v a r i e t y ( w h i t e t i n ) i f pure may t ransform t o grey t i n a t low ambient temperatures . but i s s t a b i l i z e d by impur i t i e s .

Table of

- 1 3 L dT

per O K

0. -5

.07 x 10

.3

.6

.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.42

1.50

1.56

1.64

I 1

11

II

I 1

I1

I t

I 1

II

I 1

I1

Selec ted Values

Temp. K 0

140

160

180

200

220

240

2 60

273

280

293

300

293 - LT L

L293

290

255 I'

219 It

183 I'

145 I'

106 I'

66.7 I'

40.7 'I

26.5 'I

0.0

-14.4 'I

1 dL L dT

pe r OK

--

1.71 x

1.77

1.82

1.87

1.91

1.95

1.99

2.01

2.03

2.05

2.06

II

11

I 1

I 1

I I

I I

II

I 1

I 1

I 1

Taken from NBS 29 IX-2-1

TEMPERATURE, O K

IX-2-2

'emp . 'K -- 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

30

653 10-5

a 3

682

677

667

652

633

611

588

565

541

I I

11

I 1

II

I1

I t

II

11

I1

II

1 d L L dT ---, pi"" 9

--

0

.03 10-5

* 3

.R

1 . 3 1 *7

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.36

2.42

II

I 1

11

I f

II

II

I 1

II

I 1

II

II

I'

I1

II

Il

II

11

II

II

1 dI, - -., p r 9 L dT . ___ . .. 2.53 10-5

2.63- , 1'

2.73

2.81

2.87 I t

2.51

2.911..

2.56..

f l

' II

2.97 ' It

2-.35

2.93 ' . I t

3.m , . .

- . __ - .. .

. .

I

IX-AA-1

\

.r[ \

\, ______ -____ 600

IX-AA-2

\ I-

--@ P+

4- 1

\ /' r -

500

c1 / 0 /y

' 400 '0 .( - \

al 1 0 > 2,

4

! \ -

1 /

I J I

I I I I \

1

\ - \ .-

c - 300

i -_____

Y

! I- A n I Q , l o c u Q , J

\

cu A

200 \,

3.0 #-+-

- 2.5

h

2.0 y 0 >r

0) 3

0 >

n

-- 1.5 0

3

.- c - E Y

Y 0 b.

' ~ 1.0 Q) Q c

-I!- 473

ix. of solids - brookhaven national laboratory to thermal expansivity of solids values of thermal...

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