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Country Legislation

REVIEW OF NESREA ACT 2007 AND REGULATIONS2009-2011: A NEW DAWN IN ENVIRONMENTALCOMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA

Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan

This document can be cited asMuhammed Tawfiq Ladan, 'Review of NESREA Act 2007 and

Regulations 2009-2011: A New Dawn in EnvironmentalCompliance and Enforcement in Nigeria',

8/1 Law, Environment and Developmentron rna! (2012), p. 116,available at http://-www.lead-journal.org/content/12116.pdf

Muhammed Tawvfiq Ladan, Professor of Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu BelloUniversity, Zaria, Nigeria, Email mtladan@gmail.com

Published under a Creative Cornions Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 License

TI"ABLE OF 'CONTl-ENTS

1, Introduction 118

2. Brief Overview of the Development of Environmental Law in Nigeria 118

3. Major Drawbacks of the Defunct Federal Environmental ProtectionAgency (FEPA) Act and Regulations 1991-2006 119

4. Lessons Learnt 120

5. Establishment of NESREA: A New Dawn 1215.1 Mandate and Powers of NESREA 1225.2 Enforcement Powers of NESREA 1265.3 Rationale for the 2009 - 2011 Environmental Regulations 127

Conclusion 137

Law, Environment and Developatent Journal

N1TRODU CTION

Nigeria's formal environmental regime has developedignificantly from humble beginnings,1 to the

promulgation of tw enty-four environmentalregulations.2 Nigeria, the most populous nation inAfrica, rich in oil but underdeveloped,3 has its ownshare of environmental problems which justify localand international attention. In terms of Nigeria'senvironmental problems,4 the four broad issues beingaccorded highest priority at present are: ensuringsustainable industrial production; preventing andreversing desertification; managing forest, wildlifeand natural resources; combating floods and erosion.5

BRsIm COiER\Th'W OE THEDEVELO0 MJENT Oh WNVRONW1ENTAL

LAW iN N GERA 6

Environmental law in Nigeria is that branch of publiclaw, whics contains rules and regulations, which haveastheir object or effect the protection of the environment.7

1 SeeM.T. Ladan, latitals and Cases onEnvironnentalLawandPolicy 17-244 (Zaria, Nigeria: ECONET Publishers, 2004).

2 See Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Official Gazette,Vol. 96, Nos. 58-68 dated 2-20 October 2009.

3 Underdevelopment is universally measuied in terms ofstandard of living, gross domestic product, foreignexchange denominator, foreign reserves, political stabilityand the level of fundamental human rights of the citizens.

4 See generalis, the National Polcv on the Environnent of1999 (Revised edition), at pp. 30-37.

5 See Appendix 1 for a brief discussion on the four broadenvironmental problems/challenges being accordedhighest priority at present in Nigeria.

6 Seegenera/ly, P.B. Ajibola, 'Protection of the environmentthrough the Law', in F. Shyllon ed., The Law and theEnvironment in vigeria (Ibadan: University of IbadanPress, 1999).

7 See generally, Y. Osinbajo, Some Pumic LawConsidrations in Environmental Law (Lagos: Faculty ofLaw, University of Lagos, 1990).

During the colonial era, protection of theenvironment was not a priority in Nigeria and therewas accordingly no policy aimed at preset, ing andprotecting it. Matters relating to the environmentwere dealt with as a tort of nuisance because disputesin environmental law were not viewed as publicmatters warranting state intervention. The fewenvironment related laws criminalised activities thatcould degrade the environment. These law s includedthe Criminal Code Act 8 of 1916, which prohibitedwater pollution and air pollution and created theoffence of nuisance.

In 1917 the Public Health Act 9 was enacted.Although somewhat broad in scope, this Actcontained provisions of relevance to the regulationof land, air and water pollution. Thus it is evidentthat at this time matters relating to the environmentwere dealt with in a rudimentary manner, from theviewpoint of environmental sanitation.

Following Nigeria's independence in 1960 and thediscovery of oil, it became apparent that existing lawsdealing with the environment were grosslyinadequate. This was owing to the fact that most ofthe provisions on environmental protection werescattered throughout different laws, resulting in anad hoc response to different needs in differentsituations.10 During the decade followingindependence, the Government criminalisedpolluting activities, particularly those relating to thedischarge of oil in navigable waters andenvironmental degradation as a result of petroleumactivities. The 1970s saw the further development ofNigeria's environmental regime in response toindustrial growth associated with the oil boom.1

River basin authorities1 2 were created andenvironmental units were established in somegovernment ministries.13 The laws were, however,typically 'knee-jerk' responses to emergencysituations.

8 Cap.C.38 LFN 2004.9 Cap.P.40 LFN 2004.10See F. Styllon, 'Present and future institutional

framework for environmental management in Nigeria',in Shyllon note 6 above.

11 See Appendix 2 of this paper.12 Id.13 E g., Ministries of Agriculture, Water Resources and

Environment.

Nigeria - Review oJ AESREA

The 1980s and 1990s witnessed the most drastic andsystematic development of environmental laws inNigeria, partly owing to Nigeria's ratification of oraccession to a number of international instruments duringthis period. 14 The main national laws and decreesdeveloped during this period, and which are still inoperation today, are listed in Appendix 2 of this paper.

These laws and decrees are supported by an array ofnational regulations1 5 and policics 16 of

environmental significance. The most recent andimportant addition to Nigeria's environmentalregime is the National Environmental Standards andRegulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment)Act (NESREA Act),17 which came into force in2007. The Act establishes the National

14 These include: Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)31 ILM 818; United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification in Countries Experiencing SeriousDrought and/or Desertification (1994) 33 ILM 1328;Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) 46 ILM 1178;Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Speciesof Wild Animals (1980) 19 ILf 11; Vienna Conventionon the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1987) 26 ILM 1516;Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer; Stockholm Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants (2001) 40 ILM 532; and Basel Convention onthe Control of Transboundary Ms1 ovements of HazardousWastes and their Disposal (1989) 28 ILIM 567. For acomprehensive discussion of the international andregional environmental instruments which Nigeria isparty to, see S. Simpson and 0. Fagbohun eds,Environrentaa/Law andPolir 10-49 (Lagos: Law Centre,Faculty of Law, Lagos State University, 1998); I.A. Ayuaand 0. Ajai, Implementing the Biodiversity Convention:Nigecian and Afiican Perspectives (Lagos: NigerianInstitute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of Lagos,1997); and I.L. Worika, Environmental Law and PolicyofPeuio/ceon Develipment: Strategies and MechanisnMsfi)rSustainabe Minagement in 4rica 62-80 and 311-328(Portharcourt, Nigeria: Anpez Centre for Environmentand Development, '00').

15 Relevant regulations include: National EnvironmentalProtection (Effluent Limitations) Regulation, 1991,;National Environmental in Protection (PollutionAbatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes)Regulations, 1991; and Mslanagement of Solid andHazardous Waste Regulations, 1991.

16 Relevant policies include: National Policy on theEnvironment of November 1989 (revised in 1999); andthe draft National Policy on Environmental Sanitationand its Guidelines (2004).

17 Act 57 of 2007.

Environmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency (NESREA or Agency),Nigeria's lead environmental protection agency.

As should be evident from the above, Nigeria'sformal environmental regime has developedsignificantly from humble beginnings. Having beeninitiated in the colonial period during whichenvironmental issues where generally couchedwithin public health regulation;, 18 and havingdeveloped in a rather ad hoc manner in the earlydays of independence during which heavy reliancewas placed the law of nuisance, Nigeria now has arelatively comprehensive environmental regime.This regime is administered by an array ofinstitutions. The Federal Ministry of Environment,I lousing and Urban Development and the NationalEnvironmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency are then main nistitutlonsresponsible for the formulation of environmentalpolicy, monitoring compliance and enforcementrespectively. Their functions are supported by thefollowing government institutions: Federal Ministryof Solid Minerals Development; Federal Ministryof Agriculture and Natural Resources; FederalMinistry of Water Resources; Federal Ministry ofScience and Technology; and Ministry of Energy,Oil and Gas Resources.

MAJOR DRAWEACS rOF THESEFUNCTF FEDtTRAL EidVfRONM!ENT&L

P~OTECTKN AGENCY {i&PA) ACTArst REGULATIONS !l99!2O6

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency(FEPA) was defunct and its Act and Regulationswere repealed in 2007 by the NESREA Act. Themajor drawbacks of FFPA were: 19

18 0. Okedirat 'Au appraisal of Environmental SanitationEdicts in Nigeria', in Shyllon, note 6 above, at 25.

19 See M.A. Ajomo and 0. Adew ale eds, Environmental Lawand Sustainable developrent in Nigeria 1-11 (Lagos:Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 1994).

Law, Environment and DevelopmentJournal

I Lack of or weak enforcement of existingenvironmental laws and regulations. FEPAgave industries five years moratorium in 1990for industrial compliance with theinstallation of pollution abatement facilities,which expired in 1994. Nonethelesscompliance rate by industries was generallylow (between 20-40 per cent). Even then theefficiency of many of the pollutionabatement facilities was suspect. Many hadbroken down, or were grossly inadequate orwere just operationally cosmetic to givesemblance of compliance.20

II. The enforcement mechanism was throughvisits to facilities for compliance monitoring,facilities work through, find out challengesfor non-compliance, examine monitoringrecords where they exist, undertake in situenvironmental monitoring of someparameters and discuss findings with thefacility manager; and proffer appropriateadvice that could promote compliance orissue warning where non-compliance ispersistent.''

III The resultant consequence of the abovementioned poor environmental complianceor weak enforcement regime were thefollowing industrial pollution problems andtheir impact on the environment and humanhealth in Nigeria: -22

* Surface waters (60-70 per cent) in urbanareas coloured, foul smelling, fishless,and were non-potable and non-swimmable;

23

" Shallow groundwater acquiferscontaminated by infiltration of domesticand industrial wastes; petroleum wasteproducts, toxic and non-toxic;24

20 SeeA. Ahmad,PoicingIndostria Polution in Nigeria 131-5, Essay submitted to the Harvard Iaw, School,Cambridge MA, USA (in partial fulfillment of the awardof LLM degree, 2001).

21 ibid, at 141-3.22 Ajomo and Adewale, note 19 above, at 67-80.23 !bid, at 115-8.24 Alimad, note 20 above, at 144-6.

* Visual impairment and reduced fishcatch in costal and marine waters; 25

* Nuisance and health problems fromindustrial effluents disposed on land orwetlands;

26

* \Worsening public health throughexposure to pollutants, thereby puttingthe lives of millions of Nigerians at riskfrom water related health diseases suchas typhoid fever epidemic.27

LESSON EARNT

Hence the major lessons learnt from the aboveinclude the following:

* It is counter-productive andunsustainable for a lead environmentalprotection agency to pursue a weak oroutdated compliance monitoring andenforcement strategy 28

* It is retrogressive to lack focus onpollution prevention strategies, life cycleanalysis approach and non-integration ofenvironmental treaties obligations intonational environmental compliance andenforcement framework on industrial,wastes and chemicals pollution controlfor the benefit of present and futuregenerations.29

25 See Osibanjo 0., Promoting Environmental Standards,Regulations and Compliance in Nigeria, Paper presentedat the National Stakeholders Forum on the newmechanism for environmental protection and sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria, NESREA, Abuja, 22-23 October2007, pp. 11-15.

26 Ibid, at 14-16.27 See M.T. Ladan, Biodiversitv, Envimzela Liigtio,

Hurman Rigts and Access to Environmenta J7site in.\igeria 80-89 (Zaria: Faith Publishers, 2007).

28 lbid, at 81.29 ibid, at 92.

Nigeria - Review qfANE SREA

It is inexcusable not to borrow a leaffrom best practices by exploring the useof economic incentives such as taxholidays and tax exemptions as a meansto promote high compliance byindustries.

30

It is ineffective for environmentalpollution control and prevention not topursue adequately inter-agencycooperation and collaboration includinginformation sharing and exchangeamong government agencies and otherfederating units that have similarmandate or over lapping functions. 31

_ TAL1M1ENT OF iNES'W<EA: ANE2W DAWN~

The National Environmental Standards aidRegulation Enforcement Agency is currently themajor federal body charged with the protection ofNigeria's environment. NESREA -was created by theNESREA Act.32 The federal government, in linewith section 20 of the 1999 constitution, establishedthe Agency as an institution under the supervisionof the Federal Ministry of Environment, Housingand Urban Development. NESREA was created toreplace the defunct Federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency (FEPA). In examining theenforcement of the preventive principle in Nigeria,it is necessary to take a look at the establishment,mandate and powers of NESREA.

NESREA was established on 30 July 2007 as a bodycorporate with perpetual succession and a commonseal, which may sue and be sued in its corporatename. 33 It is responsible for the enforcement ofenvironmental standards, regulations, rules, laws,

30 Ahmad, note 20 above, at 151.31 Osibanjo, note 25 above, at 16-18.

32 No. 25 July 30, 200733 NESREA Act No. 25 of 2007, section 1(2).

policies and guidelines. Its authority extends to theenforcement of environmental guidelines andpolicies, such as the National Policy on theEnvironment, 1999. This is indicative of theimportance and relevance of standards, rules, policiesand guidelines on the environment. Although theymay not have the force of law, they are a vital andnecessary element in the protection and preservationof the environment.

The Agency is charged with responsibility for theprotection and development of the environment,biodiversiiy conservation and sustainabledevelopment of Nigeria's natural resources as wellas environmental technology.

The NESREA Act and Regulations constitute a newdawn because in both purpose and contents, theyaim at addressing the preponderance of obsoleteenvironmental regulations, standards andenforcement mechanisms, which resulted, over theyears, in the high rates of non-compliance withenvironmental laws, regulations and standards.

In order to deliver on her mandate, the immediateimplementation strategies of NESREA are: i)collaboration and partnership; ii) conducting publiceducation and awareness on topical environmentalissues; and iii) strengthening institutions and buildingcapacity to monitor compliance and enforce existingenvironmental regulations, including guidelines forbest practices.

In terms of collaboration and partnership,NESREA's enabling law and regulations provided aplatform for:

Creating fora for dialogue, exchange ofinformation and best practices as -wellas build consensus and partnershipsamong all stakeholders. This informedNESREA's decision to organise the 1National Stakeholders' Forum on "Thenew Mechanism for EnvironmentalProtection and SustainableDevelopment in Nigeria" with thetheme "ensuring a safer and cleanerenvironment in Nigeria throughpartnerships".

Law, Environment and Development Journal

* As part of the partnership strategy,NESREA proposes to have ZonalHeadquarters in the six geo-politicalZones and Offices in all States of theFederation.

" To date NESREA has established five(5) functional Zonal Offices in Port-Harcourt - Rivers State; Owerri-IntoState; Jos - Plateau; Gombe - GombeState; and Kano - Kano State. NESREAalso has thirteen (13) State Offices.

" NESREA goes beyond local partnershipto collaborate with international bodies,Agencies and Non-governmentalorganisations including internationalregulatory bodies e.g. UN Agencies;World Bank; Partners for Water andSanitation (PAWS-UK); UnitedKingdom Environment Agency;

" Sector-specific consultative meetings forsharing of ideas and experience, andbetter dissemination of information, e.g.Nigerian Tanners Council, Associationof Food Beverages and Tobaccoemployers.

Between 2007-2011, there has been continuousadvocacy at all levels in the print and electronicmedia to properly communicate the concept ofvoluntary compliance and enlist the support andparticipation of all key stakeholders including tradeunions, professional and business associations, civilsociety organisations, traditional, natural and faith-based organisations.

In other to ensure effective compliance, monitoringand enforcement, NESREA has adoptedenvironmental permitting and licensing system;promoting the development of local technologies toaid compliance monitoring and enforcement;pursuing technical assistance to strengthen capacitythrough exchange of knowledge and experience, andlearning of best practices in environmentalmanagement from other countries whose policysystems have some similarities with Nigeria.Partnerships and networks have been establishedwith institutions and organisations in Japan and

Singapore. Establishing modern referencelaboratories for prompt and reliable analysis ofenvironmental samples for effective compliancemonitoring and enforcement.

Nn a Eo

Part II of the NESREA Act contains the functionsof the Agency. The Agency is authorised to enforcecompliance with laws, guidelies, policies andstandards of environmental matters. 34 Suchstandards would include the federal water qualitystandards and air quality standards. In carrying outits functions, it is to coordinate and liaise withstakeholders within and outside Nigeria on mattersof environmental standards, regulations andenforcement. 35 Relevant stakeholders would includethe organised private sector, environmental groupsat both national and international levels, and otherministries and parastatals.

A notable provision of the NESREA Act is section7(c), which mandates the Agency to enforcecompliance with the provisions of internationalagreements, protocols, conventions and treaties onthe environment and such other agreement as mayfrom time to time come into force.

Nigeria has ratified several international agreementson the environment in matters such as climatechange, biodiversity, desertification, forestry, oil andgas, hazardous waste, marine and wildlife andpollution. However, most of these environmentaltreaties to which Nigeria is a state party are yet tobe domesticated. This provision could therefore beinterpreted in two ways.

First, it could be interpreted in terms of givingNESREA the authority to enforce suchenvironmental treaties in Nigeria whether or notthey have been domesticated in the country. Thiswould be based on the fact that by ratifying therelevant treaty, Nigeria has signified its intent on tobe bound by the provisions of the treaty. The statecan therefore, not shy away from the performance

34 bid, section 7(a)35 bid, section 7(b).

Nigeria - Review of NSREA

of its treaty obligations under international law. Thisprinciple is expressed in Article 26 of the ViennaConvention on the Law of Treaties, which providesthat "every treaty in force is binding upon the partiesto it and must be performed by them in good faith".This principle is also known as the Principle of GoodFaith (pacta sunt servanda). This thinking wasreflected in the judgment of the Court of Appeal inthe case of Mojekwu v. Ejikeme.36 Although theConvention for the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women (CEDAW)37 hadnot been domesticated in Nigeria, the court referredto it in its judgment and had no difficulty in holdingthat the 'ili ekpe' custom was a form ofdiscrimination against women.

Second, the provision could be interpreted in such away as to limit the enforcement powers of NESREAto those interiational agreements and treaties on theenvironment that have specifically beendomesticated in Nigeria by an Act of the NationalAssembly.

Section 12(l) of the 1999 constitution3 8 providesthat: 'No treaty between the federation and anyother country shall have the force of law except tothe extent to which any such treaty has been enactedinto law by the National Assembly where the treatydeals with maters not included in the Exclusivelegislative list, it must in addition be ratified by amajority of all the state Houses of Assembly in thefederation.

39

For NESREA to enforce compliance with theprovisions of such treaties to which Nigeria is a stateparty, the relevant treaty would first of all have tobe domesticated before it could be said to properlyIcome into force'. Treaties on the environment thathave been domesticated in Nigeria include theConvention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Fauna and Flora and Convention on thePrevention of Pollution by the Sea by Oil. There isalso the African Charter on Human and Peoples

36 (2002) 5 NWLR (PT.657), at 402.37 Nigeria signed aiid ratified ilie CEDAW on 23' April

1984 and 13lJune 1985 respectivel.38 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999

(hereafter CFRN).39 CFRN, section 12(3).

Rights, containing provisions relevant toenvironmental protection. NESREA could play avital role in the domestication process.

Whatsoever view is taken by the court, in the eventof the relevant section being referred for judicialinterpretation, section 7c of the NESREA Act hasthe laudable effect of highlighting the importanceand relevance of international environmental lawas a veritable source of Nigerian environmental law.

Once ratified, a treaty becomes binding on the stateparty. Nigeria is therefore under an obligation todomesticate her environmental treaties byincorporating them as part of her national law toensure effective implementation. This requirespolitical will on the part of both the executive andlegislative arms of government to comply with theprovisions of Section 12 of the 1999 constitution.However, Nigerian courts are free to take theprovisions of ratified treaties into consideration inarriving at decisions involving questions of rights ofaccess to justice in environmental matters, non-discrimination and equality.40

The inclusion of 'oil and gas' in the list ofinternational treaties on the environment to beenforced by NESREA under section 7(c) iscontradictory in light of the provisions of the Actwhich expressly remove oil and gas from the purviewof NESREA. Section 7(h), for example, empowersNESREA to 'enforce through compliancemonitoring, the environmental regulations andstandards on noise, air, land, seas, oceans and otherwater bodies other than in the oil and gas sector"(emphasis added).41 The position of 7(h) is buttressedby 7(g) which mandates NESREA to enforcecompliance -with regulations on the importation,exportation, production, distribution, storage, sale,use, handling and disposal of hazardous chemicalsand waste other than in the oil and gas sector.

The inclusion of 'oil and gas' in Section 7(c)introduces some confusion as the other provisionsof the Act have the effect of precluding NESREA

40 See M. T. Ladan 'Towards an Effective African Systemfor Access to Justice in Environmental Matters' 21-24(2)A.B. ULaw Journal 10-11 (2005).

41 Seealso NESREA Act, section 7(g, j, k, 1).

La/ , Environment and DeveopmentJournal

from exercising its enforcement powers in the oiland gas sector. The phrase 'oil and gas' shouldtherefore be struck out to bring section 7 (c) inconformity with the rest of the Act particularlysection 7(g, h, j, k and 1) and to give effect to theintention of the legislation which was to clearlyremove the oil and gas sector from the authority ofNESREA.

The Agency is mandated to enforce compliance withpolicies, standards, legislation and guidelines onwater quality, environmental health and sanitationincluding pollution abatement.42 The establishmentof such policies and laws are primarily directed atthe prevention of pollution and environmentaldegradation. It can therefore be implied that thefunctions of NESREA are directed primarily at theprevention of pollution and environmental harmrather than remedying hart' that has alreadyoccurred to the environment. Where pollution isalready occurring, the Agency is to enforce itsabatement.

NESREA is also concerned with the enforcementof the guidelines and legislation on sustainablemanagement of the ecosystem, biodiversityconservation and the development of Nigeria'snatural resources.43 This provision confers broadpowers on NESREA over a wide range of issues.Guidelines and legislation on the sustainablemanagement of the ecosystem and biodiversityconservation include the Sea Fisheries Act 44 and theRegulations made pursuant to it, the EndangeredSpecies (Control of International Trade and Traffic)Act,45 and the National Park Act.46

NESREA likewise possesses oversight functions overhazardous chemicals and v aste other than in the oiland gas sector. It is required to enforce compliancewith regulations on the importation, exportation,production, distribution, storage, sale, use handlingand disposal of hazardous chemicals and waste. It isalso to enforce compliance with legislation on soundchemical management, safer use of pesticide and

42 HIid, section 7(d).43 lbid, section 7 (e)44 LFN 2004, Chapter S4.45 ibid, Chapter E12.46 Cap 197 LFN 1990.

disposal of spent packages.4 7 This provisionestablishes beyond any doubt the authority ofNESREA in relation to this important issue. It alsohas the effect of putting to rest the dispute in the1990s between the defunct FEPA and the Nationalfor Foods and Drugs Administration and Control(NAFDAC) about which agency had oversight/responsibility for the control of 1azardous chemicalsand v astes.

This provision is also commendable as it takescognisance of the fact that hazardous chemicals andwastes need to be strictly monitored at every stage.Having been victims of reckless discharge ofpolluting substances from industries and of thedumping of toxic wastes, Nigerians are becomingincreasingly aware of the dangers posed by thecareless use and disposal of harmful and toxicproducts of industrialisation.48 There is the need forstrict regulation and monitoring of such substancesfrom the point of source to the point of final disposalas handing at every stage poses great risks to theenvironment and humans. There is an urgent needfor environmental protection agencies to takepreventive action to forestall environmental harmdue to the improper production, sale use, handlingand disposal of such substances. There must be strictenforcement of the law in this regard.

The laws to be enforced by NESREA in relation tohazardous chemicals and waste include; the BaselConvention on the Control of the TransboundaryMovement of Hazardous Wastes and theirDisposal,4 9 the Bamako Convention,5 0 theNESREA Act, the Harmful Waste (Special CriminalProvisions etc) Act, 51 and the NationalEnvironmental Protection (Management of Solidand Hazardous Wastes) Regulations 199152.

47 NESREA Act, section 7(f)(g ) .48 Examples are the recurrent oil spills and ecological

devastations in the oil producing areas and the Kokoincident in June 1988 when 3,888 tons of highly toxicwastes from Italy were dumped on the land of a farmer.

49 (1989) 28 ILM 567.50 Bamako Convention oii the Ban on the Import into

Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement andManagement of Hazardous Waste within Africa 1991.

51 Cap. H1 LFN 2004.52 S. 1:15 of 1991.

Nigeria. - Review of NSREA

NESREA in performance of its functions faces manychallenges. It is not possible to properly assessperformance of its functions in view of its shortlifespan. However the challenges faced by the FEPA(its predecessor) and the Directorate of PetroleumResources (DPR)53 in the enforcement of laws onhazardous waste management were succinctlyhighlighted as follows:

Their staff, particularly theinspectorate staff: are handicapped.They perform their jobs underhazardous and unhealthyconditions.., their field inspectionterms depend on oil companies andindustries respectively... a worker oninspection of pollution abatementequipment recently imported andinstalled was embarrassed when liecould not operate the machine due tolack of the necessary equipment thatwould have enhanced hisperformance.

54

It is hoped that NESREA will overcome theobstacles and pitfalls that beset its predecessorAgency in the enforcement of the preventiveprinciple. This cannot be achieved by wishfulthinking. There is a need for adequate funding oftire new agency to adequately perform its oversightand enforcement duties. There is also the need fortrained technical manpower. Hazardous and wastechemical and waste management is a comparativelynew field in Nigeria and requires multifacetedtechnical and expert services.

NESREA is mandated to enforce throughcompliance monitoring, the environmentalregulations and standards on noise, air, land, seas,oceans and other bodies.55 NESREA is thus expectedto enforce the environmental standards coveringwater quality, air quality, noise control and

53 The DPR is responsible for the enforcement ofenvironmental legislations and standards in the oil andgas sector.

54 Nkereuw em Akpan, "Workers' Health, Safety, Vital toEnvironmental Protection", The Daily Stinray, 21October 1993, p. 5.

55 NESREA Act, section 7(h).

atmospheric protection, this would prevent analteration of the chemical, physical or biologicalquality of the environment consistent with thedefinition of 'pollution' under section 37 of the Act.In fulfilling this mandate, it behoves the Agency toestablish effective monitoring mechanisms. In linewith this, the Agency may establish monitoringstations or networks to locate sources of atmosphericpollution and determine their actual or potentialdanger.

56

The Agency possesses supervisory functions overenvironmental projects funded by donororganisations and support agencies. It is to ensurethat such projects adhere to regulations inenvironmental safety and protections.57 With theexception of the oil and gas sector, it is the bodyresponsible for the enforcement of environmentalcontrol measures through registration, licensing andpermitting systems. The use of licenses and permitsis a useful tool for the prevention of environmentalharm. This system enables NESREA to set andenforce limits on the concentration of particularpollutants, -which are permitted to enter theenvironment. It regulates for instances the amountof substances released into the water and thusprevents water pollution. The use of licenses andpermits means that no one may discharge pollutingsubstances to any of the environmental mediawithout holding a permit or license to do so. In thisway, the quality of the environnent is preserved andsafeguarded. All industrial facilities generating wastewould be required to register with the agency andto obtain permits and licenses. For example, theNational Environmental Protection PollutionAbatement in industries and Facilities GeneratingWastes Regulations58 require industries and otherfacilities to possess a permit issued by the Agencyfor the discharge of effluents with constituentsbeyond permissible limits into public drains andother waters.

In addition to the foregoing, NESREA is requiredto create public awareness and provideenvironmental education on sustainable

56 [bid, section 20(2).57 ]bid, section 7(i).58 S. 1. 9 of 1991.

Law, Environment and Development Journal

environmental management, promote private sectorcompliance with environmental regulations andpublish general scientific or other data resulting fromthe performance of its functions.59

This is an important provision in light of the factthat the use of law as an instrument to obtaincompliance has its limits. The mere existence of law(and a regulatory body) does not in itself create orbring about a change in behavior. Clean and healthyNigeria cannot be obtained solely by statutes. Thereis the added need for information, environmentaleducation and enlightenment of the public. This isthe best form of prevention of environmental harm.There must be instilled in the minds of a sizeablenumber of the population an unambiguous messageclearly urging the need for a healthy environment.This environmental consciousness will enable thelaw to function better. The persistent use not onlyof the media but also education and socialinstitutions to force a change of thinking andbehavior in conformity with the demands of ahealthy environment, will ease the duty ofenforcement bodies. It will make it possible for theenvironmental agencies to succeed and not tocollapse under the severe pressure of trying tocontain large-scale disobedience of the laws.

Section 7(m) provides a general rounding up clausethat enables NESREA to carry out 'such activitiesas are necessary or expedient for the performanceof its functions'.

In furtherance of the mandate of NESREA, it hasbeen conferred with broad powers. These include thepower to prohibit processes and use of equipment ortechnology that undermine environmental quality,60conduct field follow-up of compliance with setstandards and take procedures prescribed by lawagainst any violator,61 and establishment of mobilecourts to expeditiously dispense cases of violation ofenvironmental regulations.62 The purpose of themobile courts is to ease pressure on the higher courtsand to ensure that cases are treated with dispatch. Atpresent, Rivers, A kwa Ibom and Lagos states operate

59 NESREA Act, section 7(1)60 ibid, section 8(d).61 ibid, section 8(e).62 Ibid, section 8(1).

mobile environmental sanitation tribunals/courts.The establishment of such courts must be inaccordance with the provisions of the constitutionor else their legality could be called into question.NESREA is also empowered to conduct publicinvestigations on pollution and the degradation ofnatural resources and to submit proposals for theevolution and review of existing guidelines,regulations and standards on the environment to theMinister of the Environment for approval.63

It is empowered further to collaborate with otherrelevant agencies and with the approval of theminister, establish programmes for setting standardsand regulations for the prevention and control ofpollution and environmental degradation and forrestoration and enhancement of the environmentand natural resources of Nigeria.64 In the exerciseof its power, NESREA would be expected tocollaborate with the State Environmental ProtectionAgencies and other bodies whose functions relateto the environment. This would be especiallynecessary in a situation where there is an overlappingof functions or roles in a federation like Nigeria

where the states and Local Government may have

E aSP EP a vv Pa w S 0

NESREA possesses broad enforcement powers forthe purpose of enforcing the Act. Thus an officer ofthe Agency may at all times enter and search with awarrant issued by a court any premises includingland, vehicle, tent, vessel and floating craft, inlandwater and other structure which he reasonablybelieves carries out activities or stores goods whichcontravene environmental standards or legislationfor the purpose of conducting inspection, searchingand taking samples for analysis. This power to enterand search premises excludes oil and gas facilitiessuch as maritime tankers, barges and floatingproduction, storage offload (FPSO).6 5

To constitute a lawful search, the search has to becarried out with a search warrant issued by the

63 !aid, section 8(g(h).64 Ibid, section 8(o).65 Ibid, section 30.

Nigeria - Review qofNESREA

federal or state high court. This is in contrast tosection 26 of the repealed FEPA Act and section 10of the Harmful Wastes (special criminal provisions)Act where environmental protection agencies wereempowered to search without warrant. The newrequirement of a search warrant by the court is inrecognition of the right to privacy guaranteed underthe cop stitution.66 This involves the recognition ofthe citizen's right to be secure in their persons, house,premises and efforts against unreasonable andunlawful searches and seizures. Thus, the right ofNESREA and other environmental protectionbodies to search and seize environmental substancesconsidered harmful is not absolute. It must be basedon a reasonable belief that the premises are used foractivities or storage of goods, which contraveneenvironmental standards or legislation. The court,in the interest of the 'privacy of the citizens', hasconstrued narrowly the police power of entry, searchand seizure. As Lord Denning stated in Ghani v.Jones,67 the requirement of reasonable grounds forsearches and seizures was based on the principlesthat the individual's privacy aod his possession arenot to be invaded except for the most compellingreason.

68

The right to privacy can be constrained by legislationthat is reasonably justifiable in a democratic societyin she interest of the public.69

The requiremeot of a search warrant also brings theNESREA Act in conformity with the criminalprocedure code and the Criminal Procedure Actwhere a search warrant is required for a search to belawful.70

The NESREA Act in addition gave the Agencypowers to examine any article found pursuant to thesearch to which the Act or regulations apply orwhich he reasonably believes is capable of being usedto the detriment of the environment. The officer of

66 CFRN, section 37.67 (1970) 1 QB 693, 708.68 See also 0. G. Amokaye, 'Procedural Aspects of

Environmental Litigaiioi in Nigeria' Vol. 3 Nig'eriaJournal ofPrivate and Cosopara ie Lau 182 (2001).

69 See CFRN. section 37.70 See Criminal Procedure Code, section 74 and Criminal

Pr ocedure Act, section 107.

the Agency may in furtherance of his investigationalso take a sample or specimen of any such article,open and examine any container or package andexamine and make copies of any book, documentor other record found in the course of the research,which lie reasonable believes may contain anyinformation relevant to the enforcement of the Actor the regulations. He may also seize and detain anyarticles by means or in relation to which hereasonable believes the provision of the Act orregulations has been contravened and issue a writtenreceipt for the articles seized.71

Finally, the officer of the Agency may obtain a courtorder to suspend activities, seal and close downpremises.72 Thus, the enforcement powers conferredupon the NESREA Act are far reaching, extendingeven to the closure of the premises used incontravention of the law. The requirement of a courtorder would guard against arbitrary exercise of itspowers by the Agency. It could however have theeffect of causing delay in favour of the pollutingfacility.

In order to provide for effective enforcement ofenvironmental standards, regulations, rules, laws,policies and guidelines by the newly establishedNESREA,73 the Minister of Environment isempowered to make regulations for the generalpurposes of carrying out or giving full effect to thefunctions of the Agency under the NESREA Act.74

This has led to twenty-four Regulations, which arehighlighted below: National Environmental(Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores)Regulations, 2009; National Environmental(Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly and Catchment

71 NESREA Act, section 30(l)(b c, d, e, f).72 lbid, section 300)(g) .73 For an analysis of the NESREA Act 2007, see M.T. Ladan,

Law, Cases and Policies on Energy, iineral Resources,Climate Change, Environment, Wate; Maritime andHuman Rights in ,\geria 357-378. (Zaria: Ahmado BelloUniversity Press, 2009).

74 NESREA Act, section 34.

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Areas) Regulations, 2009; National Environmental(Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulations, 2009;National Environmental (Permitting and LicensingSystem) Regulations, 2009; National Environmental(Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing)Regulations, 2009; National Environmental (MViningand Processing of Coal, Ores and IndustrialMinerals) Regulations, 2009; NationalEnvironmental (Ozone Layer Protection)Regulations, 2009; National Environmental (Food,Beverages and Tobacco Sector) Regulations, 2009;National Environmental (Textile, Wearing Apparel,Leather and Footwear Industry) Regulations, 2009;National Environmental (Noise Standards andControl) Regulations, 2009; NationalEnvironmental (Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Soapand Detergent Manufacturing Industries)Regulations, 2009; National Environmental(Standards for Telecommunications andBroadcasting Facilities) Regulations, 2011; NationalEnvironmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control)Regulations, 2011; National Environmental(Desertification Control and Drought Mitigation)Regulations, 2011; National Environmental (BaseMetals, Iron and Steel Manufacturing/RecyclingIndustries Sector) Regulations, 2011; NationalEnvironmental (Control of Bush/Forest Fire andOpen Burning) Regulations, 2011; NationalEnvironmental (Protection of Endangered Speciesin Intern aional Trade) Regulations, 2011; NationalEnvironmental (Domestic and Industrial Plastic,Rubber and Foam Sector) Regulations, 2011;National Environmental (Coastal and Marine AreasProtection) Regulations, 2011; NationalEnvironmental (Construction Sector) Regulations,2011; National Environmental (Control of VehicularEmissions from Petrol and Diesel Engines)Regulations, 2011; National Environmental (Non-Metallic Minerals Manufacturing Industries Sector)Regulations, 2011; National Environmental (Surfaceand Groundwater Quality Control) Regulations,2011; and National Environmental (Electrical/Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2011.75

The fact is that the twenty-four Regulations soughtto address all the four broad environmental problemsbeing accorded highest priority in Nigeria namely

75 See befou for a brief discussion of the eleven regulations.

ensuring sustainable use of natural resources andadoption of sustainable and environmental friendlypractices in both industrial and general sanitationnationwide. Eleven of these regulations are discussedhereinbelow.

(i) National Environmental (Wetlands, RiverBanks and Lake Shores) Regulations, 200976

In terms of structure and content, these Regulationshave been divided into three parts and five schedules.Part one deals with regulations of wetlands andwetland resources ;n Nigeria.77 The variousregulations under this part address: matters relatingto the application, objectives78 and principles79 ofthis part of the Regulations; an inventory ofwetlands,80 the furnishing of particulars by stateGovernments, the role of local governments, thedeclaration of a specifically protected area, controlof use of wetlands, the wetland resource use permitsystem,81 and implied covenant and duty of landowners and users.

Part two deals with regulation of river banks andlake shores in Nigeria and provides for the followingmatters82 : the application, objectives83 and

76 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 26of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 58 dated 2,dOctober, 2009.

77 Regulations 1-14.78 tinder Regulation 2, the objectives of Part I include,

among others, providing for the conservation and wiseuse of wetlands and their resources in Nigeria; ensuringthe sustainable use of wetlands for ecological and tourismpurposes for the common good of all citizens.

79 Under Regulation 3, the following principles, amongothers, shall be observed in regulating all wetlands inNigeria: a) wetland resources shall be utilised in asustainable manner compatible with the continuedpresence of wetlands and their hydrological functions andservices; b) the EIA, shall be conducted in accordancewith the relevant laws on all activities in wetlands likelyto have adverse effects on the wetlands.

80 See First Schedule to Regulation 4.81 This term is defined under Regulation 33 as: "a permit

granted to a person, community or organisation to makeextractive utilisation of wetlands and other non-extractiveuses such as tourism and cultural activities in accordancewith the grant under these Regulations."

82 Regulations 15-27.83 Regulation 16.

Nigeria - Review of !VESREA

principles84 of this Regulation; identification of riverbanks and lake shores,85 registration of degradedriver banks and lake shores,86 the permit system forriver bank or lake shore use, duties of the Agencyand private landowners as wel as the users, andprotection zones for river banks and lake shores(whether or not used for purposes of tourism inNigeria).

Part three covers miscellaneous provisions relatingto EIA, environmental restoration orders, offencesand penalties, appeals and interpretation as well ascitation.87 The schedules provide the parameters forconservation status of wetlands, application formsfor permits to carry out a regulated activity in awetland, river bank and lake shore, and a register ofriver banks and lake shores in Nigeria.88

(ii) National Environmental (Watershed,Mountainous, Hilly and Catchment Areas)Regulations, 200989

These Regulations set out to achieve the followingobjectives:

90

* Every land owner or occupier, whileutilizing land in a watershed,mountainous, hilly or catchment areashall: observe and respect the carryingcapacity of the land; carry out measuresfor soil conservation and for theprotection of water catchment areas; usethe best available environmentallyfriendly techlnologies to minimisesignificant risks and damage toecological and landscape aspects;

* The Agency shall, with respect towatersheds, mountainous, hilly andcatchment areas in a particularenvironment, control activities, which

84 Regulation 17.85 Regulation 18.86 Seethe Fourth and Fifth Schedules to Regulations 19, 25

- 26 for the 47 rivers and 4 lakes listed.87 Regulations .28-34.88 See First to Fifth Schedules to Regulations 4, 8, 9, 19-20

and 25-26.89 Regulations No. 27 of 2009, Vol. 96, No. 59.90 Regulation 1.

are inconsistent -with good landmanagement practices especially in areasprone to landslides, floods, drought,desertification, siltation, heavy sedimentloads, falling rocks, fires and damagc bywind.

These Regulations are structured into three parts andthree schedules. The first part provides for theregulations on watersheds,

9 1 mountainous,92 hilly93

and catchment areas94 in Nigeria. Regulations 1-9under this part cover matters relating to theobjectives, identification of major watersheds,registration and restriction on the use of watersheds,mountainous and hilly areas; delineation of roles,prevention of fires in watersheds, mountainous andhilly areas; land use mapping,9 5 afforestation andreforestation as well as grazing of livestock.

The second part deals with miscellaneous provisionsrelating to offences, penalties and appeals.9 6 Thethird part of this Regulation covers general mattersof interpretation, citation and schedules.9 7 Theschedules deal with request and applicaiion formats

91 Under Regulation 12, the term 'watershed' means thetotal land area that drains directly or indirectly into aparticular stream or river.

92 UnderRegulation 12, the trm 'watershed'means the totalland area that drains directly or indirectly into a particularstream or river. 'Mountain ara'ieans an area with steepelev'ation with a restricted summit area projecting 600metres or more above the surrounding land.

93 Under Regulation 12, the term 'watershed' means thetotal land area that drains directly or indirectly into aparticular stream or river. 'Hilly area means an area witha natural elevation of land of the local area and a welldefined outline higher than a rise and lower than amountain usually not less than 300 metres but not up to600 metres above the surrounding land.

941 nder Regulation 12, the term 'watershed' means thetotal land area that drains directly or indirectly into aparticular stream or river. 'Catchment area' means anarea from which rainfall flows into a river, stream, lake,reservoir or other water bodies including the tributariesand the entire basin draining into the water body.

95 Under Regulation 12, the term 'watershed' means thetotal land area that drains directly or indirectly into aparticular stream or river. 'Land use mapping' means amap showing the human use to which land is put at agiven time; categories could be pasture, natural forest,agricultural land, waste land and so on.

96 Regulations 10-11.97 Regulations 12-14.

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for registration and permits to carry out activitiesin watersheds, mountainous, hilly and catchmentareas.

(iii) National Environmental (Sanitation and WastesControl) Regulations, 200998

In terms of structure and contents, these Regulaionsare divided into seven parts with eighteen schedules.

Under part one on preliminary provisions relatingto application and object, the purpose of theseRegulations is the adoption of sustainable andenvironmentally friendly practices in sanitation andwaste management in order to minimise pollution 99

The Regulations apply to issues in environmentalsanitation, particularly food, market and industrialsanitation; and all categories of wastes generatedtherein, especially, community, eiid-of-life,hazardous, health care, industrial, radioactive, leafand yard, solid and packaging wastesl°°.101

Part two deals with environmental sanitation mattersrelating to general cleanliness, duties of owners andoccupants of properties and premises, citizens'obligations, extended producer's responsibility, thepolluter pays principle and banned pesticides orchemicals for domestic fumigation.102

Part three provides for detailed provisions on thecontrol of solid waste, effluent discharge, andhazardous and health care wastes.103

The Agency shall ensure the implementation of theprovisions of the National Environmental SanitationPolicy and Guidelines of 2005 at all levels ofgovernment;104 enforce compliance with theprovisions of these Regulations; ensure compliancewith conditions of the permits issued as containedin the relevant schedules, part four provides forinstitutional roles and responsibilities of the Federal,

98 Regulations No. 28 of 2009, Vol. 96, No. 60.99 Regulation 2.100 For the definitions of all categories of wastes listed, see

Regulation 107, part 7.101 Regulation 1.102 Regulations 3-22.103 Regulations 23-62.104 See Re,_ao-n 63 and also see Ladan, note l above, at 481.

state and local governments by emphasising the needfor strategic cooperation and collaboration.105

Part five seeks to ensure effective implementationof these Regulations and to promote stakeholderinvolvement in environmental sanitation throughthe public and private sector strategic alliance onapproved intervention programmes; enforcementaction and notices, offences and penalties.106

Part six provides that, as part of the Agency's StrategicAlliance Programme on Environmental Sanitationand Waste Control, all states and local governmentsshall ensure that their programmes conform to theAgency's intervention programmes in this areapromoting proper harmonisation and implementationas contained in schedule 8 to these Regulations.107

Whi;le part seven defines all the relevant key termsin the Regulations, the schedules provide for: (a)guidelines for food handlers, recommended approvednumber of toilets, septic tank construction, integratedpest and vector control, waste collection andtransportationvehicle, extended producers responsibilityprogramme, permissible limits for waste waterdischarge, waste water treatment facility, labeling andpackaging of hazardous wastes containers; and (b)quality standards for sources of domestic -water; listsof banned pesticides; materials amendable to extendedproducers responsibility programme; standards forthe disposal of industrial effluents; types of hazardouswaste; list of hazardous characteristics under the UNCode; categories and treatment methods of, andnational colour code for, health care waste.108

(iv) National Environmental (Permitting andLicensing System) Regulations, 2009109

In terms of structure and content, these Regulationshave been divided into four parts and one schedule.

105 Regulations 63-65.106 Regulations 66-104.107Regulation 105.108Part 7 Regulations 106; also see Schedules 1-18 to

Regulations 6, 9, 10, 22. 25-26" 35, 41-42, 45, 54, 57-58, 77-79, 88 and 90.

109Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No.29 of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 61 dated 71October 2009.

igeria Review qf NJE, SREA

The purpose of the thirty-eight Regulations110 is,among others, to enable consistent application ofenvironmental laws, regulations and standards in allsectors of the economy and geographical regions. 11

Part one deals with matters relating to: - mode ofapplicant, information accompanying application,chargeable permit fees, acknowledgement ofapplication, assessment of application, approval orrefusal of permit, duration of application, notice ofapproval of permit, reasons for refusal, appeal byapplicant and duration of appeal. Applicants1 12

operating any facility113 for effluent dischargepermit must comply with the application1 14

procedure laid down in part one.

Part two includes regulations relating to theprocedure for amendment and renewal of permit,submission of application for amendment andattachment of receipt of payment to application foramendment.

115

Under part three, regulations 19-32 deal with mattersrelating to suspension and cancellation of permit:procedure and grounds for suspension of permit,notification of and representation by, the permitholder; decision of the agency, 116 orders regardingsuspension of permit, review of suspension of permitorder; procedure and grounds for cancellation ofpermit; notice and prescribed manner ofproceedings; other terms and conditions; notice ofcancellation of permits; and orders,

Part four covers miscellaneous provisions relatingto re-hearing and appeals, review or reconsiderationof decision, duration to reconsider, withdrawal of

11ORegulations 39-40 deal with interpretation and citation.1±1 See Regulation 1.112 The term 'applicant' is defined under Regulation 39 to

"include an individual, a company, partnership or anyassociation of individuals who submits application tothe agency".

113 The term 'facility' means "industry, factory or anyphysical set up or equipment for manufacturing,production and processing, including treatment plants".

114 The term 'application' means "a request for the issuanceof a permit, or an amendment of a permit tinder theseReguLations .

115Regulations 13-18.116 Agency refers to the National Environmental Standards

and Regulations Enforcement Agency established undersection 1 of the NESREA Act 2007.

application for re-hearing or appeal, re-application,interpretation and citation.

117

(v) National Environmental (Access to GeneticResources and Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2009118

These Regulations are structured into five parts andfive schedules. The first part provides forconservation monitoring. This part covers mattersrelating to environmental impact assessment,conservation of threatened species,119 inventory120

of biological diversity,121 and monitoring of status. 122

The second part deals with access123 to geneticresources.124 Regulations 5-16 cover mattersrelating to application for access permit, 12 5

prior informed consent, 126 material transfer

117Regulations 33-40.118 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 30

of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 62 dated 9October, 2009.

1191Tnder Regulation 25, the term "threatened species"means any species of plant or animal which is likely tobecome an endangered species within the foreseeablefuture throughout all or significant portion of its range".

120The term 'inventory' means "a detailed list, report orrecord of resources, or the process of making such a list,report or record". See Regulation 25.

121 The term 'biological diversity' means "the variabilityamong living organisms from all sources of ecosystemsand the ecological complexes of which they are part;this includes diversity within species between species andof ecosystems". See Regulation 25.

122 Regulations 1-4.123 The term 'access' means "obtaining, processing and using

genetic resources conserved, whether derived products andwhere applicable, intangible components, for purposesof research, bio-prospecting, conservation, industrialapplication or commercial use'. See Regulation 25.

1K4 The term 'genetic resources' means "genetic materialsof actual or potential value", while genetic materials"means any genetic material of plant, animal, microbialor other origin containing functional units of heredity".See Regulation 25.

125 The term 'access permit' means "a permit that allows aperson to access genetic resources issued under Part Ito these Regulations.

I26The term 'prior informed consent' means "the consentgiven to the applicant for access permit by the academicor research institute or relevant agency or the concernedlocal community based on an access applicationcontaining a complete and accurate access informationto a person seeking access to a specified genetic resourceor traditional know ledge". See Regulation 25.

Law, Environent and Developrnent Journal

agreement,12 7 notification of application,examination of documents, materials, notificationof application, determination of application, access

permit form, communication of decision, validityand renewal of access permit, terms and conditionsof access permit, suspension and cancellation ofaccess permit and register of access permits.

Under part three dealing with benefit sharing,128

regulations 17-19 cover matters relating toapplication of this part, entitlements to benefitssharing and traditional1 2 9 and community1 30 rights.

Tile fourth part provides for miscellaneous matters:confidentiality, transition, offences and penalties. Partfive deals with the following general matters: - applicationor exemption, interpretation and citation.

131

The schedules deal with the form and contents ofan application for an access permit; guidelines onform and contents of prior informed consent;guidelines on form and contents of materials transferagreement; access permit form and application formfor renewal of an access permit.

(vi) National Environmental (Mining andProcessing Of Coal, Ores and Industrial Minerals)Regulations 2009132

The purpose of these Regulations is to minimise

pollution from the Mining and Processing of Coal,

127The term 'material transfer agreement' means "anagreement negotiated between the holder of an accesspermit and a relevant agency or community on access togenetic resources and benefit sharing". See Regulation 25.

128 The term 'benefit sharing' means 'the sharing of benefitsthat accrue from the utilisation of genetic resoumces" SeeRegulation 25.

129The term 'traditional' means 'a body of pattern ofbehavior, practices and beliefs that are valued by atraditional or indigenous community from generationto generation". See Regulation 25.

130 The term 'community' means "a group of people havinga long standing social organisation that binds themtogether whether in a defined area or howsoeverotherwise and shall include indigenous peoples, localpopulations and shall where appropriate also include anyorganisalion duly registered under the law of Nigeria torepresent the interest of such group'. See Regulation 25.

131 Reguilations 24-26.132 Feder al Republic of Nigeia,Abuja, Regulations No. 31 of 2009,

Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 63 dated 12L: October, 2009.

Ores and Industrial Minerals. 133 These Regulationsare structured into thirteen parts and thirteenschedules. The first part provides for preliminaryissues such as purpose, planning and bestpractices.134 Regulation 2 requires Pew developmentin the Mining and processing techniques to applyup-to-date, efficient cleaner production technologiesto minimise pollution to the highest degreepracticable.

The second part covers matters relating to generalpermits, monitoring pollution, equity, communityrelations, control, mitigation and enforcement aswell as incentives.135 Part three deals witl treatmentof effluent, management of oil station and fueldumnpsites, permits, polluter pays principle andemergency response plan.136 Part four deals withmatters relating to sample collection, preservationand analysis and dispersion train.137 Part five coversmatter relating to industrial wastewater monitoringand reporting requirements.13 8 Matters relating toduty of the Agency to ensure compliance withconditions, enforcement notices and reminder, modeof delivery and suspension notice are covered by partsix.139

Parts seven and eight deal with offences and penaltyunder effluent limitations. 14 0 Emission limitations,noise pollution and control, guidelines and codes ofpractice, audiometric testing and complianceverification as well as interpretations and citationsare dealt with in parts 9 to 13.141

The schedules deal with effluent limitationstandards, format for aniual effluent monitoringreport, best practices, polluter pays principle,emergency response plan, monthly effluentdischarge monitoring report format, incident reportform, guidelines for preparing environmentalmanagement plan, fugitive emission sources,emission quality standards for conventional

133 Regulation 1.134See Regulations 1-3.135Regulations 4-9.136Regulations 10-14.137Regulatious 15-17.138 Regulations 18-22.139 Regulations 23-27.140 Regulations 28-29.141 Regulations 30-48.

igeria- Reiew of NJESREA

pollutants, emission limit for specific pollutants,operating procedures/measures for fugitive emissioncontrol plan and noise standards or permissible noiseexposure levels.

(vii) National Environmental (Ozone LayerProtection) Regulations, 2009142

These Regulations are divided into parts and sixschedules. The first part deals with the prohibitionof ozone143 depleting substance1 44 and release,working with an ozone depleting substance, fireprotection equipment and pressurised containers, saleand labeling of ozone depleting substances, flexibleand rigid insulation foams, packaging and wrapping. 145

Regulation 11 under part two deals with the powersand responsibilities of the Agency. Part three dealswith matters relating to permit conditions,application fees for permit, bi-annual report bypermit holder, permit numbers to be shown onrecords, offence for handling ozone depletingsubstance refrigerant, possession or trading inrefrigerant, offence for possessing halon,146

refrigerant destruction facilities, application forhalon special permit, application for RAC 147

industry permit general, offences and penalty,interpretation and citation.148

The schedules deal with list of permits andentitlements, categories of pre-charged equipment,

142 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 32of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 64 dated 13October, 2009.

143 The term 'ozone' is defined under Regulation 23 as "thelayer of gas containing three atoms of oxygen formed atthe stratosphere within to 50km above the surface ofthe earth which has the ability to filter out a very highproportion of the incoming ultra violet radiation and isessential for the very survival of life on earth".

144 The term 'depleting substance' is defined as "a substanceor mixture of substances listed in Schedule 3 to theseRegulations, including their isomers". See Regulation 23.

145 Regulations 1-10.146The term 'halon' is defined under Regulation 23 as 'a

bromofluorocarbon listed in Schedule 3 to theseRegulations.

147The term 'RAC' is defined as "refrigeration and airconditioning equipment, used for the cooling or heatingof an thing, that uses a refrigerant".

148 Regulations 12-24.

list of ozone depleting substances, requirements forbi-annual report by permit holders, application forpermit in respect of RAC and phase out deadlinefor controlled substances.

(viii) National Environmental (Food, Beveragesand Tobacco Sector) Regulations, 2009149

In terms of structure and contents, these Regulationshave been divided into nine parts and thirteenschedules. Part one deals with matters relating toenvironmental governance,150 planning, emergencyresponse plan, installation of anti-pollutiooequipment, polluter pays principle, best practices,pollution control organisational system, buy backor extended products stewardship programme,chemical usage, banned or restricted chemicals,permit, management of oil station and fuel dumpssite, equity, coninunity relations, effluent limitationstandard, restriction on the release of toxic effluent,treatment of effluent, sludge1 51 disposal standards,emission and emission control, treatmenttechnologies, noise standards and abatement, hearingconservation program and noise monitoring.152

Part two deals with sampling procedures in relationto collection and analysis of samples; spot andcomposite sampling153 for physical or chemicalparameters; sampling for licence classification,microbiological analysis, air analysis and for otherparameters as well as noise measurements.154 Parts

149 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abiija, Regulations No. 33of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 65 dated 14'October, 2009.

150The purpose of these Regulations is to prevent andminimise pollution from all operations and ancillaryactivities of Food, Beverages and Tobacco Companiesto the Nigerian Environment. See Regulation 1.

151 This term is defined under Regulation 54 as "liquid orsolid-sediments and other residue from a municipalsewage collection and treatment system and liquid orsolid and other septic from septic or holding tankpumping from commercial, industrial or residualestablishments".

l52Regulations 1-25153The term "spot sampling" has been defined under

Regulation 54 as "sample of liquid or sediments obtainedat a specific depth inside a tank using a bottle. Spotsamples are analyzed to determine the gravity of the oil,base sediment and water of the fluid in the tank".

154 Regulations 26-33.

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three to nine cover the procedures for licensing andpermit; industrial effluent or air emissionmonitoring and reporting requirements; duty of theAgency to ensure compliance with conditions orenforce155 the regulations; nature and scope ofoffences156 and penalty;157 incentives;15 8

interpretation 159 and citation.

Finally, the schedules provide for: effluent limitationstandards for food, beverages or tobacco sector;sludge disposal permissible limit; air emissionguidelines for food, beverages and tobacco sector;soil quality standards for food, beverages and tobaccosector; permissible noise exposure levels/standards;best practices; list of banned and restricted chemicals;guide template for emergency procedures inindustry; guideline for preparing environmentalmanagement plan; guidelines for consumer productsstewardship programmes; organisational system aridthe functions of pollution control manager(s);NESREA compliance flag award and monthlydischarge monitoring report.

(ix) National Environmental (Textile, WearingApparel, Leather and Footwear Industry)Regulations, 2009160

These Regulations are structured into nine parts andfifteen schedules. Part one deals with the followingmatters: environmental governance,16 1 planning,162

155 This includes enforcement notices and reminder as wella suspension of permit under Regulations 41-43.

156The offences under Regulations 44-48 include:contravention of permit condition, false statement,discharge of effluent beyond permissible level.

157See Regulation 49 for details.158 Par 8, Regulations 5-53 provide foi four types of incetives.159 See Regulation 54.160 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 34

of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 66 dated 16' h

October, 2009161 Under Regulation 1, the purpose of these Regulations is

to prevent and minimise pollution from all operationsand ancillary activities from the above named industryto the Nigerian Environment.

162Regulation 2 is to the effect that every facility shallsubmit to the Agency: a) an Environmental ImpactStatement for new industries and major developmentalprojects before commencement of operations; b) anEnvironmental Audit Report for existing industriesevery 3 years; and c) an Environmental ManagementPlan as contained in Schedle XIV.

emergency response plan, installation of anti-pollution equipment, polluter pays principles, bestpractices, minimisation of wastes, pollution controlorganisational system, chemical usage, banned andrestricted chemicals, permits, management ofchemicals, oil station and fuel dump site, equity,community relations, effluent limitation standard,restriction on the release of toxic effluent, treatmentof effluent, sludge disposal, emission standards,priority air pollutants treatment technologies(pollution abatement) for air emissions, activitiesresulting in atmospheric emissions, noise standards,noise abatement, hearing conservation program andnoi se monitoring.

163

Part two provides for the following samplingprocedures: collection and analysis of samples,164

spot and composite sampling for physical orchemical parameters, sampling for licenceclassification, microbiological and air analysis, other

parameters an noise measurements. 165

Under parts three to nine, the following matters aredealt with: procedure for licensing and permitting;industrial effluent, air emission monitoring andreporting requirements; enforcement duty of theAgency; offences and penalty; incentives andinterpretations.

The schedules cover the following matters: effluentlimitation standards for textiles, wearing apparel,tanning and leather finishing sectors; sludge disposalpermissible limit; waste generation in textilemanufacturing facilities; activities requiringatmospheric emission licence; air emission guidelinesand soil quality standards for textile, wearing apparel,leather an footwear ndust;ry noise standards and bestpractices; list of banned and restricted chemicals; draftguide template for emergency procedures in industry;organisational system and the functions of pollutioncontrol manager(s); NESREA compliance flag awardand monthly discharge monitoring report; guidelinefor preparing environmental management plat, andcertification statement.

163 Regulations 1-26.164 Regulation 56 defines a 'Grab Sample' as "a single sample

or measurement taken at a specific time or over a shortperiod of time as feasible".

165Regulations 27 to 34.

igeria- Reiew of NJESREA

(x) National Environmental (Noise Standards and (xi) National Environmental (Chemical,Control) Regulations, 2009166 Pharmaceutical, Soap and Detergent

Manufacturing Industries) Regulations, 2009173The purpose of these Regulations is to ensuremaintenance of a healthy environment for all peoplein Nigeria, the tranquility of their surroundings andtheir psychological well being by regulating noiselevels and generally, to elevate the standard of livingof the people by a) prescribing the maximumpermissible noise levels a facility or activity to whicha person may be exposed; b) providing for thecontrol of noise and for mitigating measures for thereduction o noise; c) and for giving effect to theprovisions of section 22 of the NESREA Act.167

These Regulations are structured into five pars andtwo schedules168. Parts i and 2 deal with permissiblenoise levels; noise169 in excess of permissible levels;duty to control and mitigate noise level. 170 Parts 3to 5 provide for matters relating to permit and itsrevocation for noise in excess of permissible levels;enforcement matters covering genera action fornoise, noise control orders, power to confiscatemachinery, restitution of property, guidelines fornoise from plant or machinery and codes of practice;general matters relating to exclusion from liability,offences, interpretation1 71 and citation.172

166Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 35of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 67 dated 19th

October 2009.167See Regulation 1.168 Schedule 1 deals with maximum permissible noise levels:

- for general environment, from a factory or workshop,fiom impulsive noise, from construction site, for publicannouncement system or device, for places ofentertainment and areas of workshop, for acceleratingvehicles and from mines and quarries. Schedule 2provides for noise improvement notice format.

169Regulation 18 defines the term 'Noise' as any unwantedand annoying sound that is intrinsically objectionableto human beings or which can have or is likely to havean adverse effect on human health or the environment.

170Regulations 2-6.171Regulation 18 defines several relevant terms such as:

'Noise pollution' means the same as "excessive noise inthese regulations; 'Disturbance' means any act orinstance of interrupting rest, calm, attention or quiet ofanother.

172See Regulations 7-19.

These Regulations are divided into nine parts andfourteen schedules. Part one174 deals with mattersrelating to the following: purpose1 75 of regulations,

planning, emergency response plan, installation ofanti-pollution equipment, polluter pays principle,best practices, minimisation of wastes, pollutioncontrol organisational system, buy back or extendedproducts stewardship programme, chemical usage,banned or restricted chemicals, permit, managementof chemicals, oil and fuel dump site, equity,community relations, effluent limitations standard,restriction on the release of toxic effluent, treatmentof effluent, sludge disposal, emission standards,priority air pollutants; treatment technologies for airemissions, listing of activities resulting in atmosphericemissions, noise standards an abatement, hearingconservation program and monitoring.

Part two deals with sampling procedures in respectof collection and analysis of samples; spot andcomposite176 sampling for physical or chemical

parameters; sampling for licence classificationmicrobiological analysis and for other parameters;air sampling analysis and noise measurements.177

Parts 3 to 9 provide for matters relating to proceduresfor licensing and permit; industrial effluent or airemission monitoring and reporting; enforcement, offencesand penalty as well as incentives and interpretations.178

The schedules cover: effluent limitation standards,sludge disposal permissible limit; gaseous emissionsguidelines for pharmaceutical, petroleum anchemical industries; soil quality and noise standards;

173 Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Regulations No. 36of 2009, Official Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 68 dated 20'October 2009.

174 See Regulations 1-27.175By virtue of Regulation 1, the purpose of these

regulations is to prevent and minimise pollution fromall operations and ancillary activities from the chemicals,pharmaceuticals, soap and detergent manufacturingsector in the Nigerian environment.

1761t is defined under Regulation 54 as "a representativeimxture of several different samples (usually bulk sample)".

177 Ste Regulations 28-35.178 See Regulations 36-55.

Law, Environment and Development Journal

best practices; banned and restricted chemicals; guidetemplate for emergency procedures in industry;guidelines for preparing environmental managementplan an consumer products stewardship programme;activities requiring atmospheric emission licence;organisational system for pollution control;NESREA compliance flag awards and monthlydischarge monitoring report.

The title and purpose of the remaining regulationsare listed below:

(xii) National Environmental (Standards forTelecommunications and Broadcasting Facilities)Regulations, 2011, S.I No. 11 Gazette No. 38, Vol.98 of 29" April, 2011.

Purpose: to protect the environmental and humanhealth; ensure safety and general welfare; eliminateor minimise public and private losses due to activstiesof the telecommunications and broadcast industry.

(xiii) National Environmental (Soil Erosion andFlood Control) Regulations, 2011, S.I. No 12,Gazette No 39, Vol. 98 of 2I May 2011.

Purpose: to protect human life and theenvironment; minimise losses due to flood anderosion and their effects on vulnerable areas bycontrolling earth-disturbing activities.

(xiv) National Environmental (DesertificationControl and Drought Mitigation) Regulations,2011, S.l. No. 13 Gazette No. 40. Vol. 98 of 3rd May,2011.

Purpose: to provide an effective and pragmaticregulatory framework for the sustainable use of allareas already affected by desertification and theprotection of vulnerable lands.

(xv) National Environmental (Base Metals, Ironand Steel Manufacturing/Recycling IndustriesSector) Regulations, 2011, S.I. No.14, Gazette No.41. Vol. 98 of 4,h May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise pollution fromall operations and ancillary activities of the sectorin the Nigerian environment, especially the releaseof priority air pollutants.

(xvi) National Environmental (Control of Bush/Forest Fire and Open Burning) Regulations, 2011,S.I. No. 15 Gazette No 42. Vol. 98 of 6" May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise the destructionof ecosystem through fire outbreak and burning of anymaterials that may affect the health of the ecosystemthrough the emission of hazardous air pollutants.

(xvii) National Environmental (Protection ofEndangered Species in International Trade)Regulations, 2011, SI. No. 15 Gazette No. 42. Vol.98 of 6t' May, 2011.

Purpose: to protect endangered species of fauna andflora; and prevent their extinction by controllinginternational trade in their living specimens, partsand derivatives.

(xviii) National Environmental (Domestic andIndustrial Plastic, Rubber and Foam Sector)Regulations, 2011, S.I. No. 17, Gazette No 44, Vol.98 of 10"' May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise pollution fromall operations and ancillary activities of the domesticand industrial plastic, rubber aid foam sector to theNigerian environment including the control ofvolatile organic compounds.

(xix) National Environmental (Coastal andMarine Areas Protection) Regulations, 2011, S.1.No. 18 Gazette No 45, Vol. 98 of 13"' May 2011.

Purpose: to provide the regulatory framework forpreserving the natural ecological conditions of theestuarine system, barrier islands system and thebeaches so as to safeguard and perpetuate theirnatural productivity and their biological, economicand aesthetic values.

Nigeria - Review of NESREA

(xx) National Environmental (ConstructionSector) Regulations, 2011, S.I. No. 19, Gazette No.46. Vol. 98 of 17h May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise pollution fromconstruction, decommissioning and demolitionactivities to the Nigerian Environment.

(xxi) National Environmental (Control ofVehicular Emissions from Petrol and DieselEngines) Regulations, 2011, S.1 No. 20, Gazette No47. Vol. 98 of 17" May, 2011.

Purpose: to control vehicular emission; and restore,preserve and improve air quality by among others,ensuring regular emission testing and maintenanceof automobiles operating the road ways.

(xxii) National Environmental (Non-MetallicMinerals Manufacturing Industries Sector)Regulations, 2011, S.I. No 21 Gazette No. 48, Vol.98 of 23 'May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise pollution fromall operations and ancillary activities of the non-metallic minerals manufacturing sector to theNigerian environnent.

(xxiii) National Environmental (Surface andGroundwater Quality Control) Regulations,2011, S.I. No. 22, Gazette No. 49, Vol. 98 of 241"May, 2011.

Purpose: to restore, enhance and preserve thephysical, chemical and biological integrity of thenation's surface and ground waters; and to maintainexisting water uses.

(xxiv) National Environmental (Electrical/Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2011, S.I. No 23Gazette No. 50, Vol. 98 of 25" May, 2011.

Purpose: to prevent and minimise pollution fromall operations and ancillary activities of the

electrical/electronic sector. This Regulation coversboth new and used electrical/electronic equipment(EEE/UEEE).

CO11CLUSION

Having examined the justification for theestablishment, mandate ard powers of NESREA aswel as the rationale behind the making of the twentyfour regulations, it can be concluded that the newinitiatives brought about by the NESREA Act aresubstantive, particularly with regard to itsenforcement roles and provision of more realisticmonetary sanctions that can help prevent destructiveenvironnental practices in Nigeria.

Having learnt lessons from the major drawbacks ofthe defunct agency (FEPA), there is an identifiedmajor shift towards the enforcement ofenvironmental standards and regulations as opposedto just creation of standards and regulations. Further,specific offences were created for breach of eachaspect of the environmental standards, namely, air,water and land; prescribed penalties for violation ofenvironmental standards were reviewed upwards asmore realistic monetary fines can now be imposed;and the power of NESREA to enforce multilateralenvironmental treaties to which Nigeria is a partyand to prohibit processes and use of equipment ortechnology that undermine environmental qualitywas introduced.

It is evident from the above review that protectionof the environment and management of naturalresources is a key priority for sustainabledevelopment in Nigeria. Effective imipleientationof both the NESREA Act and its regulations requiresnecessary capacity building of the agency in termsof human, technical, material and financial capacity.It further requires effective cooperation andcollaboration of various stakeholders in theprotection of the environment and management ofnatural resources in Nigeria.

La w, Enviroment and Deve!oprnentJournal

APPENDIX 1

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FOURBROAD ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES BEING ACCORDEDHIGHEST PRIORITY AT PRESENT INNIGERIA

Ensuring Sustainable Industrial Production

Most industries, with the exception of the petroleumindustry, do not have waste treatment facilities todeal with the solid waste, effluent and air emissionsthey generate. The few treatment plants that do existare outdated; not functioning effectively as a resultof overuse and a lack of proper servicing; and unableto cope -with the vast amounts and types of industrialwaste, effluents and emissions passing through them.The environmental problems associated withNigeria's industrial sector therefore include: airpollution (gas or particle emissions), especially fromcement, steel and asbestos industries; land and -waterpollution (effluent discharged onto land and intowater has become a great concern particularly inview of the epidemic tendencies of such pollution)especially from the pharmaceutical, chemical, textile,food processing and oil industries; and noisepollution.

Preventing and Reversing Desertification

Nigeria has lost about 351,000 km 2 of its land to thedesert, which is estimated to be advancing at a rateof 0.6 km2 per year. Desertification is most prevalentin northern Nigeria, where entire settlements, andin some cases major access roads, have recently beenburied by encroaching sand dunes.

Managing Forest, Wildlife and Natural Resources

Deforestation and loss of wildlife resources areproblems throughout Nigeria. Deforestation affectstimber production and the production of associatedproducts such as medicines, food and paper. A banwas imposed on the export of wood obtained fromnatural forest in 1976. However, much of the currentdeforestation is the result of wood consumed fordomestic purposes. The depletion of Nigeria'swildlife is an additional concern. Hunting is a majorcontributor to its demise and there is a dire need to

protect wildlife and biodiversity by specificallyproviding for the protection of certain species andareas that are of scientific, recreational or aestheticvalue.

Combating Floods and Erosion

Nigeria's coastal and inland soil reserves have beengreatly depleted by flooding and resultant erosion,which has had severe financial consequences formany local communities. Research into methodsof controlling floods and erosion is accordingly beingpromoted by the Government. 179

In light of the above pressing environmentalconcerns, the need to use law as a vehicle in theregulation, management and protection of Nigeria'senvironment has become paramount.'8 0

APPENDIX 2

MAIN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALLAWS IN NIGERIA

* Animal Diseases (Control) Act s8

" Bee (Import, Control and Management)Act

182

* The Endangered Species Act 183

" Hides and Skins Act 184

179 See generally, the National Polic) on the Environmentof 1999 (revised edition), at pp. 30-37.

180On the role of law in international environmentalprotection, see P.W. Birnie and A.E. Boyic, InternationalL sw and the Environment, 2' s ed (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002), pp. 7-9.

181 Cap. A.17 Laws ol the Federation o! Nigeria (LFN) 2004.The main objective of the Act is to prevent the spreadand introduction of infections and contagious diseasesamong animals, hatcheries and poultry enterprises.

182 Cap. B.6 LFN 2004. The Act provides that bees andagricultural materials shall be imported by licensedpersons only.

183Cap. E.9 LFN 2004. The Act provides for theconservation and management of wildlife and theprotection of species in danger of extinction as a resultof overexploitarion.

184 Cap. H.3 LEN 2004. The Act provides for the regulationand control of the trade and export of hides and skins.

Nigeria - Review qf NVESREA

* Live Fish (Control of importation) Act 18 5

* National Crop Varieties and LivestockBreeds Act

186

* Agricultural (Control of Implementation)

Act187

* Agricultural and Rural Management

Training Institute Act1 88

* Pests (Control of Produce) Act 1 89

* Quarantine Act 19 0

* Associated Gas Re-injection Act1 9 1

* Civil Aviation Act 192

* Oil and Navigable Waters Act 19 3

* River Basin Development Authority Act 194

185 Cap. L.14 LFN'2004. The Act prohibits the importationof live fish without a permit.

186Cap. N.27 LEN 2004. The Act provides for thecertification, registration and release of national cropvarieties and livestock breeds.

187Cap. A. 13 LFA2004. The Act seeks to control the spreadof plant diseases and pests; and regulates the importationof specific articles.

188 Cap. A.10 LFN 2004. The Act establishes a traininginstitute to identify management training needs inagricultural and rural development organisationsthroughout the country; and provides for thedevelopment and implementation of training programsto meet the needs of managers in agriculture and ruraldevelopment.

189 Cap. P.9 LF2004. The Act provides for the inspectionof proice for pests before export from all air and sea ports.

190Cap. Q.2 LE&N 2004. The Act regulates quarantineprocedures so as to prevent the introduction of infectiousdiseases.

191 Cap. A.25 LEN2004. The Act prohibits gas flaring thatwill result in air and thermal pollution.

192Cap. C.13 LFN 2004. The Act regulates atmosphericpollution resuting from aviation activities

193 Cap. 0.6 [.FA2004. The Act prohibits the discharge ofoil into navigable w aters.

194Cap. R.9 LFN 2004. The Act establishes eleven riverbasin development authorities to undertake developmentof surface and underground water resources for multipleuses; especially for the control of floods and erosion andfor watershed management.

* Sea Fisheries Act 195

* Territorial Waters Act1 96

* Exclusive Economic Zone Act 197

" National Water Resources Institute Act1 98

* Kainji Lake National Park Act199

* Harmful Waste Act 200

* Land Use Act201

* Minerals Act 202

* Petroleum Act 203

* Criminal Code Act 204

* Energy Commission of Nigeria Act 2 05

195 Cap S.4 LFN2004. The Act provides for the regulationand protection of sea fisheries in territorial waters.

196 Cap. R.5 LFN 2004. The Act determines the limit ofNigeria's territorial waters.

197Cap. E.l 7 LEN 2004. The Act defines the ExclusiveEconomic Zone of Nigeria as extending 200 nauticalmiles seawards from the coast and enables Nigeria toexercise its sovereign rights, especially in relation to theconservation or exploniation of the resources of theseabed, subsoil and superjacent waters.

198 Cap. N.83 LFN 2004. The Act establishes the NationalWater Resources Institute to promote and developtraining programs in water resource management andto advise government on training needs and priorities.

199 Cap. 197 LFN 1990. The Act establishes Kainji LakeNational Park for the conservation and preservation ofwildlife and natural life.

200 Cap. H. 1 LFN 2004. The Act prohibits the carrying,depositing and dumping of harmful waste on land orwater.

201 Cap. L.5 LFN 2004. The Act vests all land in a state inthe governor of that state and defines interests that canbe held in land.

202Cap. M.12 LaA 2004. The Act provides forenvironmental protection during mining activities.

03 Cap. P.1 0 1F2004. The Act provides for the protectionof the environment during petroleum activities.

204Cap. C.38 LFN 2004. The Act creates the offence ofpublic nuisance which includes fouling of water and air.

205Cap. E.10 LE-N 2004. The Act establishes the EnergyCommission of Nigeria to coordinate the developmentof Nigeria's energy resources.

Law, Environrnent and Developrnent Journal

* Federal Environmental Protection AgencyAct

206

* Natural Resources Conservation CouncilAct

207

1 Environmental Impact AssessmentDecree

208

* The Federal Environmental ProtectionAgency Decree2

09

* The Nuclear Safety and RadiationProtection Decree210

206Cap. F.10 LFN 2004. The Act establishes the FederalEnvironmental Protection Agency, which is chargedwith the responsibility for protecting and preserving theenvironment. It was repealed by the NESREA Act, 2007.

207Cap. 268 LEN 1990. The Act establishes the NatualResources Conservation Council, responsible for theconservation of natural resources and the formulationof a national policy for resource conservalion.

208No. E.12 LFN 2004. The Decree aims at infusingenvironmental considerations into development projectplanning and execution.

209 -NESREA Act, 2007. The Act prescribes the powers andfunctions of the NESREA.

210No. N142 of 2004. The Decree regulates nuclear safetyand radiation protection.

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A -dN A E A~r PO LCY E,3T f LENEC.-KS IiN EFFECTIVE MANAGEM ENTi - 'h ' '1 !

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