:j95|i - finiusers.fini.net/~bersano/english-anglais/koopmans...graphs f -,r' bl id.wo rth coal...
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BUTTETÏN NO " 2.
BRÏ TÏ SH RAÏLVIIAYS
Mechani ea1 & El ectr i caI Engineer t s Department "
Per fcrmance and. Ef f ic iency Tests
Yri th Exhaus t St eam ïn j eeto r.
2 0:a, lL- 6-0 iltrxED TRAFFIC ï,OCOMOTI\m.
Augnst 1951 "
Engine DiagramPr trto graphs c,f . Eng:i rre und.er T est ! -South K i rkby Coa-o Evaporat ion Orrve"Bi id .wor th Coa- t - ; Evaporat ion CurYe.ï 'a1've Ev ent . Tabïr o
'
: . ÊrErphs f"or. South K,irkby Coel'
pynamomete.r".Car T " re*f}.**i-:
Drawbar Pu i l Character Í s t Í - )s " '
Drawbar" Horsepoïuer Charact er i s t i es"
i a r,SEIS "
ï t J a t e . r p e r D " B o H , P o H o ' . t ï ' .O o a l p e r D . B o H o P o H o u r .
Coa. i - per Ton Mi Ie .2 0 ) R i s i n g C o a r p e r D . B o H n P . H o u r .
r f r t c o a l p e r T o n M i l e .
of Eeonomi eai l lorki ng at 50 r i l . p . h .
I ' i g n í ,1 l 2 .l f 3 .rf l+.f r t r
J .
N o . . 1 ,t t 2 .n 3 .rr l+r 5 .n 6 :r l .i l B .i l 9 .r Í 1 0 .1111 .{ 1 2 .i l 1 3 .
l '1 i+., r 1 5 ,
No'. ' ï 6 .r f ï 7 .r f 1 Bf r 1 9 .f t 2 0 .
Exampl e s cf Range of Eeonomi eai llorkExamp r e of Rrrri ( U:- nirnum Ra t e of CoaiExampl e c f Rrn ( Ht eh gt eaming Rate) .Exampre of Rrrr i (U:-nirnum Rate of Coai Consumption)
Pas$ i ï . rge : r Se rv iee Leve l -o 0oa1 pe r D ,B .H .P . Hour .i l r t f r Coaf pgf Torr l i i le.
Passenge ïo Serv ' i : e ' l : i . r : : za l R i s ing ' Ooa l pe r D"B 'H .P . I {ou r 't l
Fre . gh i;t l
F rei glttt?
t f
Pa ss enger?l
F rei Hn*
trl ,:,e i ght
f t l l r l l t t Coa i pe r Ton M l1e .servi ce L evei'
ff3ï i:ï ?;l"i;ï; . Hour '
Serv iee 1 i n 2 ] r l R i ' s i ng . Coa i pe r D .B 'H .P .Hou r .I t r l r t t Coa i pe r ÍOn Mi le .
St at i onar-trr
Si "am T empe ra tu res l'l]'a t e:' Ra t e " \Ga s T emperatures ; Fi r i rrg Rat e .E 'vaporat ion = t ' i r ing Rate.Draugh t @ Wate r Ra te * B i r i ng Ra te .B o i l e r t r f i c i e n e y ë F i r i n g R a t e .
Graphs f -,r ' Bl id.wo rth Coal '
Dynamome'b er Car T eq!,q
Drawbar Pu l i Cnarae te r i s t l - es .Drawba. r Horsepoïver Chara e t er i s t i esqC o a l p e r D . B " ï i . P o E l o u r ,Exampies ór-nàneèf ór g"onomi car ïTorking at 50 o. P.h'P a s s e n g e . r S e r v Í e e l e v e l " C o a - L p e r D . B . H , P . H o u r . :
Serv i ce { i . nr í u r f
N o . 2 1 ,, , " 22 .r r 2 3 .ri 211f r 2 5 .t f 2 6 .u 2 7 .r r 28._ f r 2 9 .r i 30.ir 31 ,r r 3 2 .
N o . 5 J .' 34 ,' 3 5 .fr 36 -"f t 3 7 .
S e r v i c e L e v e i . O c a l - p e r D " B " H " P " f l o u . r .r ' i l c o a i p e r . T o n t l í l e .
S e r v i e e I ' i r ,
2 A C R i s i r r g C o a l - p e r D . B . H . P " H o u r .n r f r f r r COa:_ per Ton Mi le .
Sta t ionary Tes ts ' ' Rugby Tgs t ing Sta t ion ;
St ,gsm Tempera tu res ï ï a te r Ra te .èas Tempera tu resE v a p o r a t i o n F i r i n g R a t e "Draught ïVat er. Rat e Fi ri ng Rat e .B r r i - i en E f f i c i ency F i r i r . r g Ra te .
ï , ÏNTRODUCTÏON.
T.his Bul let in contains-a ser ies of graphs i l lust rat ingint er-d.epend.ent relationshiBs ',in perfo rmaneë and. eff i ei eneyof the par t ieu ia r looomot ive tes ted . , w i th appropr i -a te no tesin explanat iono
ïfhereas there is almost nc l imit to the Pange of suehin tenes i ing re la t ionsh ips wh leh ean be worked. .ou t , 811 e f fo r thas been maae !o, inelude only lhose whi ch are nqegPs,afY toèstabl i sh , i n rêsBe et of . eeriatn ímpo rtanf eneí ne
-t1ass es' -
( t ) The pr i ee in termt.s of eoal and. water -ofhaul ing dÍff erent train load s at d.Í f f erentspeed.s
-over gi ven nout es o ' ' ,
a
(b) An ind i eat ion o f the ieve i o f e f f i e i eneyo f t he l ocomot i vev
( ") Means of companing írne 1o eomotive withanother ' on a con imon
-bas: is .
Íhe presenta t ion u f the ta tá in the repor t i s d . iv id .ed ,t he re f o re , . i n t : two ma in pa r t s .
The f i rs t d .e f ines the re la t ionsh ip bet ïveen eoa l as f i r "ed. rwater as d.raw:r f rom th-e tend.er, , t rae'bÍve ef fort and. horse-polJrerboth as ava i lab l e a t the d rawba r , data d Í reet ' l y app l i cab le tothe. immed. ia te eommere ia i purpose o f examin i ,ng t ra in load. ingsand. s ched.ul es to cbt ai n red.u et i on i n fu el eonsumpt l cin bywork ing the .Locomot ives whene poss ib l e nearest the i r po in t o fmax i r ï ïum operat ing e f f i e iency o
The s eepnd. part i s correerned. mai nly wi th 'ef
f 1 c i eney,g iv ing d .a ta o f more impor tance in loeomot ive d .es ign,
Ind . i ea t i ng ï vas no t und .e r taken i n th i s se r i es o f ' t es t sn
A t a l a t e r d a t e i t i s p r o p o s e d t o i s s u e a b u l l e t i ncon ta in ing 'a e r i t i ea l compar i son o f t he tes t resu l t s ob ta ined .f rom
: " l ee ted i nd i ' v i d .ua l l ocomot i ve t ypes "
ï n e o n s i d . e r l n g t h i s f i r s t s e r i e s o f t e s t b u l l e t i n s ,the fo l lowing po in ts shou ld . be noted. -
( t ) I n a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p s t r a s e d . ' o n e o a l , t h e v a l u e sshor lyn app ly ' to a par t i eu iar coa l ; Var ia t ionsin qua l i ty o f coaL have a d . i reet , bear ing onthé
-amount eonsumed. i r respeet lye o f locOmot ive
des ign o r cond . i t i v ï . , . . As - f a r aS poss ib le eachl -ocoáo t i ve t ype i s t es ted . w i th a t l eas t twoqual i t i e s of eoeil- , one of whi eh 1s eornryon tothe va r ious eng ines tes ted . "
( 2) By the natu re of the t est i ng prg ced-ure everyvalrre shown on the graphs Í6 obtained undeqconstant eond. r t lons main ta i r {ed for a per iod.u f t ime" Da ta i s no t ye t ava i l ab le t c eove rper ic . id .s , : f rap id . ly f lue tuat ing poïver outPut ,sueh as o13c 'u r d .u r i ng acce lq ra t i on o r eoas t i ngof .s topp ing t ra i í ls r and. the es t imates o f coa lburned wher- i examining d. i f f erent t rain speed.sa n d . ' J o a d . s a r e , t h e r e f o r e , í n t h i s s t a g e o fou:h kl l r , ' r r , led.ger eomparat ive and- not absolute"
í a\ The t ests d.eser ibed. have been mad.e und.er one\ J l r r r v v v , . . , \ J
ffi"":F"inll"'ï: Ë:1t33ïri'"1ffiË:3'ï3 t esting'
;;i:à3i:i:ï 3:."1Ë:t:"3ï""3*ï:"1 ";lï"i' :l'oads leam prod.uet iony a lmethod. in i t ia ted. and.d.eveloped by Swind.c.rnv . The other is based. onthe use o f the Mobi ie Test lng P lant a t constant
; f f ï ï ; ; , r method in i t ia ted bv the formen r , -M. go
( 4 ) The l oeomot i ves tes ted ï ve re i n f t r s t e lasseond i t i on " ï t i s e lea r l y d .es i rab le t cestab l i sh va lues a ls ' ' f o r the eng ine ' in run
. d .own eond. i t ion but some re f leet i ' ;n wr l1 ind icatethe ext reme d i f f i cu i ty o f d .e f in ing th is in a
ffi ï"; "-il3i Ën, il3 ;"1 ï":":íà :: "ï;,àu t íï3' : : ;::ï' i : "the sub jeet o f fu r ther cons id-e ï?at ionc
( 5 ) S i n e e o n e o f t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e s e B u l l e t i n s i sto exp la in to the Operat ing Depar tment the manner1n whi eh these par t i eu lar t es t resu) - ts ean beapp l i ed . t o a cons id .e ra t i on o f t ra : i n sched .u les r aspee ia l see t i on i s l ne l -ud .ed . , se t t i ng ou t t h l saspee t i n s imp le te rmso
The t es ts $rere car r ied. out und.er d . í reet ion o fMr , R . A . R idd . l es , Member ( t t l " ehan ica l - & E lee t r i ca l Eng inee r ing )Ra i lway Exeeu t i ve , t he work be ing con t ro l i ed " ' by the ï , ocomot i veTes t i ng Commi t t ee cons i s t i ng o f : -
M r , E . S ,
D r , H . f "
M r " D . R .
M r , C . S o
M r . S , O .
+Mr . . R , F o
M r , T . l \ i l "
M r , R . G "
M r . B .
Cox ( Crrai r)
And rews
Car l i ng
Co cks
811
Harvey
H erb ertI
Ja rvi s
Sp ene er
E x e c u t i v e O f f i e e r ( O " s i g n ) R , E ,
Researeh. Department ; DerbYn
guperi nt end. i ng Engi ÍIe€r et ro eomot iv 'e Test ing Sta t ionr Rrgby '
L o M o R o D e r b Y "
l f i l .Rn Swind-ono
- D i r e e t o r o f R e s e a r c h l R , E .
S" R" B r igh ton . .
E " & o N , E , R " D o r i c a s t e r o
+Replacing Mr, F " ï l I . Abraham Srper int errd-entL . M " R e g i o o r a s f r o m t h t h S e p t e m h e r ; 1 9 5 1 "
. t
of l ío t lve Power
ï I "
{
NATURE OF THE TESTSO ,
The tes ts ruere ear r ied. out pr imar Í ly to es tab l : ishthe per f ormanee eharact er i s t i es o f the Bq. 1 Class and thesechara c t er i s t Í es were estab l i sh ed. over v i r tua l ly the wholeof . the e f fec t ive work ing range o f the locomot iver rang ingapproximate ly f rcm une f i f th to f our f i f ths of fu i l polrel"o i r - t i te l ine ánd. up tc fu l l povrer on the s ta t ionary tes ' ip lant d
Ci rcumstanees mad.e i t n ,eeessary to omi t ind . i eat ingrand. the ïnd. ica téd. Hr : rsepoïuer and. eonsumpi ions per InH" Po hourf o r th" i -s elass of engine wi l l be i ssued. as a suppl ement, at ala te r d .a te " The pa r t i cu la r eng ine se lee ted . f o r t es t ï Í i asnot f i t ted. w i th a se l f -e lean ing smokebox
Some prel iminary t est s were f i rst earr i ed.. out wi LÏ . id . imens iona i ' yar ia t ions in b las t p ipe and eh. imney ' r but r à f ;these mad.e nc: : improvemen-t , the stand.ard. arrangemeri ' i ; ' ï Ias
used . t h roughou t t he tes ' t , s scv 'e red . by th i s ' bu l l e t i no and - i tp roved. tc le ad.equate up tc the max i Í Ium ra te o f f i r i r rg_po"sibre crt the [rat ; e" Th.e blest 'p lpe d. iamet er ïsas 5$' tand the chimney choke 15u d. iamet er" The taper of theeh imney bore ïuas 1 ín 26" B las t p ipe t ip was í Ol t t be iowthe eent re l ine o f the bo i l e r and. 3É" be low the ehímr iey 'choke "
I Ï Ï METHOD OF TESTÏNG
The tes t ;s ïvere car r . ied . out in . aceord.anee wi th theSwin lon. methud" The essent ia l f eature o f th is method. r wh i chc c m b i n e s t e s t i r r g c n t h e s t a t i o n a r y ' p l a n t a n d . t e s t i n g o n t h el ine with a d.ynamc' 'met er ear, i s that. the -Lo comotive should, beopera ted -o fo r eaeh tes { , , bo th on the p lan t and tu . } t he t - i ne , a tconstant . rates of steamiogr whi eh also imply ' constani . ra 'bes off i r i ng " The ra tes o f s téaming a re kep t eons tan t du r ing thed.y ' rramomet e:r caí- t ests by ad. just ing the eut-of f to sui t thespeed. o f the t , ra in a t any t ime, the ad. jus tmt- i t t be lng mad-e inaeco rd .anee w i th the i rd . i ca t i ons o f t he spec ia l s team f l - owmet er, d.eveloped. at Swind.on, whÍ eh had. been cal ibrat ed. f or theloeomót i ' ve eo i icerned. d .ur ing the t es ts on the s ta t ionary p lant "
The i nd - i ca to r o f t h l s me te r cons i s t s o f a mercu rymanometer mounted. on the d- r iver ts s id .e o f Í 'he- locomot ive caband- d-upl- i cat ed i n the d-ynamomet er ca rs Th.e hei ghf^ of themercury co lumn is used. as a measure o f the feed. water ra te and.al though the hei ght i s var i ed. a ecord. i ng t o the rat e sel ect ed.f or ar\y t est , " i t j s kept, constant dur. i -ng a:ny part l eular" t estby ad ; í s t i ng ' t he pu t -o? f t c su i t t he t rá in speed . as s ta ted abov€ ,
The f i reman takes eoa l f rom a par t i t ioned. . ' f f par t o f theshove l l ing p la t e o f the t end.er in to r i rh i ch the eoa. i inerementsare t i pped à s requi red. f r , : , ,m previ ousiy wei ghed. bags ' An gbs erveri n the óal s i gna-is thi s' operát i c-rn to the d."y rr.amomet er car where thet.lme i s not ed.-.and. where the f eed. wat er in j eet ed. up to that momentis read- f rom . 'a
wat er met er,
ï n p a r t i e u l a r t h e b o i l e n r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e d g t e r m i n e d .on the s ta t i ona ry p lan t and . a re used . as a gu id .e to fac i l l ' ba tecorrect f i r ing and.- a rapid. at tainmen't of the required. eond. l t ionsd.ur i ng the t est s on the l : i ne " The poï ' r /er chara et er i st i csmeasured. on the p lant a lgo form e gu iae to the io r r "ó t load.s o fthe t es t t ra i -ns on the l i ne to pe rm i t . t he a t ta inmen t o f t het im ing t àg reed . w i th the Opera t i ng Depar tmen t , f oF - each ra te o fst eam-lÊ*, bui the ' t rue d-rawba-r: pul ls and- 6rainbar horsepowersa ï ' e measured . by the Dynamomete r Car d .u r i ng the tes ts on the l i ne "
the Êame t ime mea surement s of , the gmorrnt of eoa-] us ed- d.uri ng
e d.ynamo*uiêï-"í" ièsts are "naag - ána "og eo{npared- witn"thg
i"ïïónshipi -ótiái"àá-o"
the sï+t iongpy ",Plan! , ,l9t y::i_f::* .,ter ratp, áquiváié;i eo"poralrgn, anci tgilèl,glfi:i l*f1;:l* :leir u . , " - r € À v v ? ! " Y * i ' s + v - - . 5 - - - t = È á t w e é n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a l n e d . o n
i t e o f f i r i nso ' ' ' ' The ?g regm9? t
re rine and those on ïfi;-Ësï=ní{;i-ií +ítY"l"1l:f i3Ji9ï:2^^Ï l,"ylï:l eiiá'1'-t;;, ;;iuài
- poi nt s obtai "eË.tËÍlïfi"ln;ruïfr:*:met er
; iá" i " p lot te4 on thè errrYgs Plgvig"Fly- , - r r - .^ - - r -^ . i -^ i ;Lí* iË"Ët i ï ïà""ïo;- ' leg-1i ïái ió"Ër ' Íp. tet*-e"1.the. ' feed.wat9rI e ana the "'rat e of f i ri B8o
T h e . d . r a w b a r h o r s e p o w e r S m e a 9 u r 9 d . b y t h e d . y n a m o m e t 9 1 e a rthen relat èd. to th.e àorrespond i lg'_va! er rat e at the t ime
oïáraf f eff iqi enêy eán then bë ded.t leed. ,
- 4
. :
The tegts d.eser ibed. in th is bul let in Yerg f r r ied out
the Locomot ive Tes t ingne Siat i on, RrgbY; and- oh the 1i n91 tne ï ,ocomot ive Test ing Sta t lonr l t t lg 'y i a r lo ur r t r r r
êtween cariiár" ana skllton yilh !h" N?o I !{1?i9T:t:I 9::ï;; 'ï;;h;;i;àr- í--Ei;;t ri eal Engineer I s Department or the
nfon Midland. Regio-n'
TEST ARRAI{GEMET{TS.
d. wat.er rat es f romf 1 - ^ _ _ 1 -
nd er 7 ,7 OA d o over 2A ;AOO pound s per hou r ' As the exháust
Ë;; i;:Ëót á " *" À- " = "ál thË st eamí ng f ut es ̂ to gv+ i nd ers ïÍ/ere '- o ' � L - � L ^ ; . * ^ - ' - * * . | - . l r t -
;;;;"i láài;áiy "r.ieh;;; 'buí
uir the iat es of wat ef córsuropt+,ó"r , - ^ -^ t :a
' r r Í - i +1^a a v v I ' - - - - . - - -
ofed and. p ío l ted on Íne graphs are feed. water ra teso rlfi t h
:ïïl"it:ïï í;;::;Ë*";"i;"rË;á"ïItËi.-"áió" ài ' 'p to 25 iooo lbslhr"ibre at ta ined. .
and. eut-of f cover ed d-u r i ng the t estst a b l e : -
154 �
2r)/,
25%
30%
35%
\5/"
\ + U s i n g l 1 v e s t e a m i n J
Tes ts i nvo l v ing the measuremen t o fu r a t i o n s o f B O t o . 1 6 0 m i n u t e s , a e c o r d - i n gi r i ng " These t imes re la te to the 3e t931
equáte pe i iods o f l r$ /arming upr t wh1le theecame st abi 1i s ed. "
D-uri ng the t e st s onnadi ents o f { in { 0O 1 thecco rd . i ng to the se lec tedimings were approximat elyra lnÀ a t t he p resen t t ime .
*
The range of sPeed-shown in the fo l l ow ing
coal consumpti on had-t o t h e r a t e o f
t es t per i od a f t e rtes t cond - i t i ons
the' l - ine , over a rout g wi t ! long- -t ra in roáas .va l ied f rom 116 to I+36 toqsa team ing ra te f o r t hè t eg t t t hethe samé as thbse current forr express
NOUÏNAÏ, SPEEDSO M' P' HO'
Nomi nalCut-of f
X I I X
l "x- l x
X I X
s team in i ee toro
Ttre feed. water ra tes ranged. f rom B 'O0O tc . 181700 7b/b . r .cor ld i t ions on the l ine were sueh that the speed. , dur ing the
ual tes t pen iod.s , var i ed. between about 20 and. 70 r l , ,poho , wh i ls f -cut-off rrras red.ueed. to a mininmm of 12% d.uring the low poluer
ts and. reached. a maximum of L+5% during the high power tests" 0nruns f rom 0ar l is le to Sk ip tón the d .ura t ion o f the tes ts , a f te rrming up per iod, was approximateiy 60 minutes and. in the reverse
ect ion about 35 minutes, the t ime be ing eur ta i led. on accounta tempoï"ary speed. res t r ie t ionu:, . :' : '
A l l these tes ts ï rere earu i ed. out w i th the regu la toq fu l ly
rHE LCCOMOTTVE"
' Locomo t i ve No . 61353 i s one o f t he c l ass 8 "1 I+ -6 -0 t ype ,igned. by the former t rondon & North Eastern Rai lway' the lead. ingt ículars of whi eh are g iven- on the accompanying d. iagram Fig. 1 .
e x c e s s i v e r e c i p r o c a t i n g f o r c e s o n t h etes t p1an t , i r was d .ec id .ed . i o re : - ' ba lance
resu l t the eng ine ï /as tes ted. ' both on the
to prevents ta t i ona ry
and. as a
ïn ord-erwba r of thei r o c o m o t i v e ,
*XJ*%" .of the reci pro cating mas s esnormal 30% f,or-, this tyFe o
The 1o como t i ve had. run a to tal mi 1 ea ge of I+6 , OCO mi les s inee
ït ï r ias taken into Darl ington Shops for: p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t e s tt o e o r r e c i p r o f i
- L e ,
cl ea ran c es , and. n eïtt; the course of whi ch the tyres ïvere turned-
ax leboxes recond. i t ioned and. g iven eor rec tton and. valve r ings ïvere f i t ted."
ï , l ve s team in j ec t c . r . "bes ts vve re ca r r i ed . ou t wh i ch a re ou ts id .escope o f th is bu l le t in and. the eng ine had. run a fur ther 7 r7OO
es by the s ta r t o f t he tes ts d .esc r lbed i n th i s repo r to Aal of 3 ,1 5A mi 1 es ïyer e eovered. on the t est plant and. a fu r ther0 d u r i n g t h e s u b s e q u e n t " t e s t s o n t h e l Í n e ,
rac ter i s t i c curves re f er , ï r /e re a g : rad.e 1A eoa l f rom South K i rkbyl i ery
'and. a grad.e 28 eoai f rom B1íd worth Col l i ery" J(
!
For bo th eoa ls a number o f samp les showed . ve ry l i t t l ei a t i o n 1 n e a l o r i f i e v a l u e a n d . i n P r o x i m a t e a n a l y s i s '
resen ta t i ve resu l t s a re g i ven be lo ï v i -
2B Smal l Cobbles "
Bl id wo rth
Mixed- d.ul I hard. coaland. brÍ ght s " Smallamount o f v is ib leshal e and. pyri t es "
Smal- l cobbles 4" x 5i 't r ; s ingl es i - : , , s i zeoThe main propor t io r rbe ing sma l l cobb les "
D e f i n i t i o n s : -
nt and. on theline,anced. inst ead. c f
Grad. e 1A "
Grad- e 2B "
wi th.t h e
Coal n'hi chruns (up toCoal whjrct'n:nnin!r " vl i
wil- l g ive ef f i c i ency on. thel+OC mi 1 es ) wi th rea son abl e
wr - - l _ g ive f a i r e f f i c í e r :eY uPt h T ' e . s o n a b l e e e r i a i n t Y '
longest throughcer i ;a in ty ' , ,
tr.t 1 50 mi 1 es
1 i ta Bes t Hard Steamr l
earanee I Dul l hard. coar wi th
I
i a rge , coa l " 2 ' 6 : t i ns i z e d o r r n t o 1 O r r .
l B r o k e n d . o w n t o l a r g ecobbl es and d.ustsereened- for f :Lr: ing"
b
AS RECEÏVM.
7 , 6 7 o
I J r B O O:
14,23. '
I+ ,26
3I+' 83
5 1 " 1 5
3 " 7 6
o " B o i
Ha rd. d-arklu st rous .
BÏ, ÏDII\TORTHAS RECEIVSDORTÏ'IC VAI.UE GROSS
lori e s/ gram
inoat of wat er at 21 20nvérted. ln to steam
ii,'"ba*" t emperatqre bY[il.o, of eoal .
XTMATE ANALYSIS."
ta t i1e Mat t 'e r y ' "
ilea Cartron /"
fi
,lphur %
k e o C h a r a c t e r
ïve1li ng Ï nd- ex "t l o o f vo lume to
DRYI
B r o l O
1 l+ , I+2o
t h , 8 7
- - '5 b , 5 5
59 ,71+
3 :93
O " B J
rey
7 e OI+O
1 2 1 6 7 O
1 3 , A 6
- r ' ^ )I t é l
3 \ , 3 1
5 2 , 9 1
5 " 5 7
o " 89
Ha rd. veg rey .
1 " 0
PRY
7 r59O
. 1 3 , 6 6 0
1 4 , O B
3 6 " g B
5J ,O2
6 . o o
o , 9 6
d.a rk
1 " 0na t o f eoa l ) , ,
ó lour o f Ash ï.1ght b,rown l ight ro vun
OBSERVATTONS "
t ehes openo ,
' 000 lbs/i3r " a etually at ta i ned- '
The eng ine r rcd.e wel l on the tes t p lant and ' on the l ineo
genera l r id . ing throughout the tes ts was sat i s f aetórYre
I I APPL,ICATION OF TEST RESUTTS TO OPERATING CO.NDÏTI-QNÊ"
I As ind"i cated in the 1nt rod.uet ion, the rnain purpoge ofhese tË"tË; ; ; - iJ-p"oviA; á; ia on whleh most eeonomig?1 wgrk insf iÀu" iááó*ó t ive cóu1d be based, eons ïs ten t w i th meet ing t ra f f ieequi rement s o
7
There i s no reason to th ink that in generá l ; p resent -d-aychedul es and. t rain loads ba sed. upon long stand.ing pra ct i ee and.xper i enee d .o not a l low eeonomi ea l loeomot ive operat i -on, Butïr"" : i -n th.e t est ing equipmenf, . now avai lable to the Rai lvraylêcut: ive there is mearis ór f inding aceu rately the nate of eoalàn*rr*p L i on of every 1o eomot i ve at ea ehi poi nt 1n i t s worki ngárg" E i t wÍ 11 el eariy be of some valu e to exarni ne , pres entiphéauies " ld loads to- chg-ek- that . l r , " { are- i1^fae} * i lh i . { t . thg
st @'jr 'rr l irff i : . ca.' range in the,i 'n enti rety and. if not I wlether byi justments o v en part . l eula r_.sect iong ?gcfptabl e ! ,o . - the pnelat ingepartmەrt. ? they_ could. nol . be so Tgd+fi "S as to b"i ng about a
, rut ion in coát eónsumption. 'Sirdlar ly proposaï- s for nevÍ or 'Ë -ee te ra ted . t im ings can be examined i n re la t i on t9 l he i r cos t i nb a l o
, , S ince the me thod usedr w l th i t s poss ib i l i t i es andim i ta t i ons , w i l l no t be fam i l l a r t o Opera t l ng Depar tmen tsèneral l 'y , th i s .s eet. ion end.ea'vours to explain in s lmple t ermsów the da ta con ta ined i n th i s Bu l l e t i n ean be qpp l i êd r
i
Taking7 for example, the Graphs for South Kt rkby Coal "
. Graphs I and 2 ind.i eat e the range of poiruer whi eh hases igned . J - r i t c i he l ocomot i ve i n nen eond- i t i on as bu i l t , I ti i l per fórm sat is fac tor . i l y .a t any epeed. , eut -o f f , d . r ,awbar pu l1r ho rse*poluer within the area of these graphs r suf f i c i ent t esti . i - r r ts hav ing been taken tc ver i fy th l s by aetua l obsenvat ior ;e cnJ-y va ri abi e no t eonrrect ed. wi th the d.esi gR of the 1o comot i ve
s the boí ler l imit whi ch may vary wl th d. i f f erent qual i t i es of eoal '
T Ï re cos t . i n . coa1 , t he ra te o f eoa l eonsumpt ion pe r un i tf l r uo rk dc :ns , f o r t heva r ious ra tes o f d .o ing work I i o€o d . i f f e ren tpeed-s , (J r d- i f fe ren i horse-povrers , wh ich in turn ean be t rans la ted.i rec t l y i n to ac tua l t r a in l oad .s , i s shown in Qraph h " ï f-etweerr t . w: point s on the le 'vel or ' uD the same grad. i ent on anyl r .y the h .orse-poïuer requ i red. to move the t ra ln is ea leu la ted-sed. c-, t i speed. and, t rai n resi stance, t ,hen the rat e of eoal
)nsumpt ion- app l i cab le to those eondi t ions can be der ived. f romiaph l iu and. t.he actual amount of
'eoal used. ean be cal culat edo
f this i s d-one for eaeh strceessive ehange in pourer d.emand.hrougho'ut a whol- e j ourney, then th.e totà: i : coal u sed. by' thatrart i eu l -ar engi ne on that j ourï ley e an be arr ived. at r and thi s canie eompared. wít f r the amount of eoal s imi lar ly arr ived. at whi chs requ i re tL to d .o the same journey wi th some other 1óad. or a ti f f e ren t see t i ona l speed .s . ï f the water eonsumpt ion 1sequ i red fo r any reasón , t h l s can be s im11ar1y a r r i ved . a t b a s e d . 'n Graph 3 u
There are d. i f f erent method.s by wfr i ch these eal culat ionsn be c arr i ed. out and aft er the eond. i t ions tg be ,examined. have
_een agreed. by the Mechani ea i Eng inèer ing and. Operat ing Dèpar tments ;he a ct ual worki ng out i s bet t er d.one by the M " É,. Dêpartment n
ïn . ar r iv ing a t the f ina l ansï /er , eer ta ln eoïnmonsensel l owances have , ó f eou rse , t o be mad .e , and . as more tes t d .a tand. exper i ence aeeumulates they wi l l be ab]e to be rnade wi thncr ea s i.ng exa et i tud e o
' Foï " example Graph 4 is based. o l r one par t Ícu lar eoa l , and.d ius lmen t s w i l l be neêessa ry i f t he k ind o f eoa l genera l l i'vai
labl- e on the part i eul-ar run to be examined. i s of d i f f erentu?] : i ty o Tu meer th i s i the t es ts whi ch are be ing ear r i ed outi th . each loeomot . ive e iass are be ing made wi th a t l -east twoi nds r,f co a _1. .,
b een
ftren Gr"aph h i s bas ed. on an engine in f i rs t elass eondi t ion"
epara te tes ts a re to be run to ascer ta in accura te ly the . ]nc reaseí eoal consumption w]ren an engine is {ruP do1rqt bt}. i-n- the ., ,i * ; i ime based. on such exper ie ige as is 'a l read; i ava i lab ler max i rmrm
là*"r output may have to be d.erated. by e e ei tain pereentage f g*
nà ines in sueh cond. i t ion , and. eoa l consumpt ion a t any ' la te o f, f f i t ing may be increased by a l ike amountn
Í Aga in , a l l the va lues ob ta ined in locomot ive tes t ing are;tu:.neAïnd ei. eonstant eond i t ions , and these vàlu es may re[ui re
- Á r - - - - - - l t - - r : - ^ r - ^ - r - i ^ - - .
iË" ad justment where a etual eondit ions on tfre roadl do not a]- low *a - : - - l - - - . L l - - -
stabÍe eondi t ionsr 8s for example when an engine_ Ís s la i t f+gí f rom a termina l=before the f i re is thoroughly burned. through.
Now there are cer . ta in f eatures about the d .a ia on Gnaph 4,i ch eons id .e rab l Í ass i s t i n 'Fe la t i ng t es t resu l t s t o p rae t i ea1i lway ope ra t i ono f t w i l l be seen tha t t he ra tes o f eoa l
nsumption per horse-poi{ver hour at the d,rawbar for d. i f ferenti i i r l ray operat ionoi ' , a- -
beeds t ake the f o rm of ra ther f lat eurves ? Consumpti on i sgher a t . low power ou tpu t , then i t eont inues _ ̂t .a 19*ur - ra te
yer a consid. erabl € , rr . id.d, le range of powers and f inaIIy r i Pes again
t - t i r "
h ighest powers, To make th is e learerT Graqh 5 êxtraets, .s ingle Í ine f rorn Graph h i r i reépeet of a par t icu lar Ppeed' namely
a t ápp l i eab le to 50 m. poho Ins tead . o f . show ing Drawbanrsepower as a .base , t h i s i s t rans la ted . i n to ac tua l t ons o fs." ig"r t raln haul ed. on the 1evel and. up two sel ect ed. grad i ents,
ï t w i 11 bè s een that there i s a eons id .erab l e range o fln load-s wi th in whi ch eoa l eonsumpt ion does not inereass
ppree iab ly , i , eo wi th in say , 5 ío" ï t w i l l be noted. that whennn ing a t eons tan t speed . on the 1eve l , t he t ra in l oad .s fo r -mos t
eonomica l work ing are h igheí than wi l l be found. usua l ly in d .a i1y'ervi ce, but that on the grad- i ent s the mo st economi eal range i sbund. to agree wel l w i th praet i ea l operat ing cond. i t ions"
T h i s Í f l a t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r i s a m o s t i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e i r r
:he econoÍ \y o f the s t eam locomot ive, f o r i t means that a l though:hermal ef f i c i ency may not be great in eompari son wi th othero rms o f mo t i ve po ï re r , such e f f i c i eney as Ï i has 1s app l i cab le to' :
wid.e range of working" This is shown in anolher ' l lay bJr thehermal eff i ci ency eont ours ind.i eat ed. on Graph 1
. Refer r ing aga in to Gnaph 4, l ines o f eonstant nate o fteam produet ion wi Í t be noted. and. i t w i l l be seen that the l ineo r t 6 rOOO ; -b l : n ro eu ts the l i nes o f l +0 , 50 , _60 and . 70 MqP, Ï l r c l ose
lhosen, then whatever the speed. or grad. i ent n w i th in l1 rn i ls r thepng ine w l l l be work ing a t o r v i r y n .ea r i t s l owes t ra te o f coa l ' -
o t he i r l owes t po in t s * S im i l a r d . i ag ramsive nnrch the same resu l - t fo r lower speed.s"
's worked_ at
eond. i t ions a tprod.u ct i on .
fo r wo rking ' up grad.i ent s
ï f t h i s r a t e i s
. : I 9 - - - v v v r t v 4 r 5 4 4 : t - ' - - - V
èonsumpt ion a l l t he t ime i t eon t i nues to work a t t ha t . s team ra te .)
Thi s fae t connec ts w i th the B r inc ip le o f con t ro l l ed - f i r i ngoeconomy in the use o f fue l i s obta ined. when the eng inea st ead.y rat e of shovelf 'u}g: every' f eW minut'êstto whii e st eam i s orl r what ever the grgd-i 91! or speed.
the t ime , t h i s resu l t i ng i n a eons tan t ra te o f s team
'Jne greatest
hroughor_rt a
," Graph I+, or 1n a slmi lar manner Graph 1 t t f the ef f l c i eneycon tou rs a rè s tud . i ed r i nd iea tes wha t s team fa te i s t he mos t t'eeonomi
ca lo Here ugu i r , . , a r i s ing f rom the t f f a t eharaeter i s t i c tfeature there is ac tug l l i a rangé o f s tearn ra tes vuh ich can bewonked to , i n t h i s ease l rom l l lSOo to l 8 r5oO Tb / in r " r w l thou tapp rec iab le sae r i f i ee o f economy a t any bu t t he l owes t and h i shes tsPeed .s ,
- 9 =
i To sum uPrt for any route
theref o re , gcheoul- es and. l oad.s ean be wo rk ed.wh ich +1111 g i ve the l owes t ' r ange o f eoa l ,
i t w i l l be found tha t t hese a re re la ted to ara te ,o f s team p rod .ue t i on , wh ieh i n t u rn re la tes to
cont ro l led. f i r ing ,
ónsumPti on r and-êrtain constanti *cer ta in rate of
Graph 6 shows pant o f an aetua l tes t f i rn .a t the mostnomi cal s têam rate , for th is par t icu lar engine" _ .Gl*ph 7 s lows
opera t ion over the same rou t e a t a h igh ra te o f s team'prod-uet Íon*
To i l l us t ra te the t rend wh ich th i s work ing ou t o f ac tua li 'edul es and. load.s may take, eight ad.d. i t ional graphs y Nos, B tolare inc lud.ed. , wh ich g ive examples o f the eost 1n eoa l ra te ts . p e r D " B . H , P , H o u r a n d . l b s ' p e r t r a i l i n g t o n m i l e y w h i e hsu l ts f rom work ing d . i f fe rent t ra in load.sr both passenger and.
ei ght , a i s el eet ed.. speed-s on the l eve1 and. up 1 in 200'
So fa r as the work ing o f t he eng ine - i s coneerned . , ee r ta inings niust be bo rne' in rnind." The d.ata f rom the a etual t est s as
,eJ,óut in Graphs 1 and 2 cover w*orking at -eonst_al! speed t ld ful llator at dif ferent ", t t-offs d*own-tó 15%. tJvhi le l tre valve
r v r i l - l operate over th is range i t i s not a lways eustomary forS ive rs to work eng ines o f t h i s e lass i n se rv iee a t eu t -o f f s asiw as 15%, lo lver poïyer requ i rements be ing covered. by par t ia lgu la tor work ing a t longer eut -o f fs . Th1.s is d .one main lyéause a t .wo ey l inder eng ine operates more eas i ly f rom achanl cal point of v i ew und.er these cond. i t ions r but also f rom an' s t i nc t , eon f i rmed . i n p rae t i ee , t ha t no sae r i f i ee i n eeonomy i s
bing mad-e by so d.oing,
f cu t -o f f a re shown a long the var i ou s speed. l - in€s r no lower eut -f f va lue than 15% is shown and a t any t ra in load lower than that
ich can be cóvered by work lng a t 20% cut -o f f w i th fu l l regu la tor t: , rm:.st be und.erstood. that appreeiably the same values in coal
Sf D. B"H. P"h i " orper ton mi le can be a t ta ined. by par t ia l regu la torrk ing,
, . ï t / i th in the above d.ef in i t ion a point c l ear ly broughtt by graphs B to 15 is that the ear l ies t eut -o f fs are not
ieeessar f ly thê most eeonomi ea1 on a Drawbar Power bas is "1 t i s t rue that the ear l i es t eut -o f f i s the mo s t economi ea.L
m the po in t o f v i ew of the power d .eve loped in the cy l inders t'ut a good- part of that power is used. for moving the engine, tse l f l l l i ren the eoal used. i s relat ed. not to the total poïrer
tput in the cyl j nd.ers but only to that part of i t whi ch i sl vq i l ab le fo r hau l i ng the t ra ln , t hen the re la t i onsh ip a l t e rsind the most eèonomióa l eut -o f f f rom th is la t ter po in t o f v iewF found. usua l ly to be ne i ther very ear ly nór very la te but
mewhere in betv ;een,
bing mad-e by so d.oing" In the graphs showing eoal consumptionbf a iea to t ra in load. , there for€ r ( Oraphs B to 15) where po in ts
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SOUffi{ KÏRKBY COAI. .
Data : Graphs 1
Data : Graphs 16
*
to 15 ' .
to 20,
FF.ED FROMTENDER
\- i LB/HR
20000
t8500t8000t7000t600015000ïroó613000t2000
I , . "iloooiooooeoop8()00
i -I-*---r***-,.*lo t o 2 0 3 0 4 0 s o ó o
SPEED MP H.NOTES,- I CONTOUR LINES INDICATE CONSTANT
OVERALL EFFICTENCY ON LEVEL TRACK.
2 LIMIT OF EXHAUST STEAM INJECTOR2OOOO LBS/HR.SUPPLEM ENTED BYLIVE_STEAM INJECTOR TO REACH BOILER LIMIT
\
DRAWBAR PULL CHARACTERISTICS
SOUïH
1380cKIRKH/ COAL
B. Th.u./t-e.
30 40
SPEED M.P H.
DRAWBAR HORSEPOWER CHAR RISTICS
POVVER & SPETDSHOW ING WATER
RATTS
t 5I
II
14 f_--_2 5 6 7
D.B.HP8 9
ON LEVEL.13 xlOO
WAÏER PERDB HP HR
POWER & SPEEDSHOWING WATER RAÏES
SCUTFI KIRKBY COAI.-t38OO g.ïh u/18 AS F|RED
3 4 5 6 7 8DB HP ON LEVEL
13xlOO
COAL PERDB HP HR
. i .
', soLlTH KIRKEY COAL38OO B.ïh.U/LB. AS FTRED
too 200 300
, l lN l3o200
R I S I N G
2()0 30()
I lH 200 RlslNc
400 500 óoo 700 800 900LEVEL
PASSENGER TRAIN LOAD TONS
looo lloo . POo t300
EXAh/ÍPLES OF RAh{GE oF ËcONcMlcALWORKING Aï 50 M.PH.
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EXAMPLE OF RUN AT CCNSTANT EVAPORATIONAï HIGFI S'I"EAfu{ING RATE.
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COAL PER D.B,HP HR.
loo 2oo 3oo 4oo soo 600PASSENGER ïRAÍN LOAD-TONS
PASSENGER SERVICE LE\EL
EJAMPLE OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENTTRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
SOUÏH KIRKBY COALt3eoo Bïh.u/LB.
700
9
COAL PER TONI
I
l ^ a l t ? |w l l L E . i
200 300 400 soo
PASSÊNGER TRAIN LOAD-TONS
PASSENGFR SERVICE LEVEL', PASSENGER SERV|CI
r ËXAMPLE oF COST tN COAL oF DIFFERENTTRAII{ LOADS & SPEEDS
lo
20() 300PASSENGER
400 sooTRAIN LOAD - TONS
PASSENGER SERVICE I IN zCO RISING
EXAMPLE OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENTTRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
offirÍ!('
20
200 300 400 500 600ïRAIN LOAD - TONSPASSENGER
NASSNNGER SERVICE_i IN 2OO RISTNGEXAMPLE oF cosr rN coAL oF DTFFERENT
TRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
fooo200 300
FREIGHT
400 500 óoo 700
TRAIN LOAD-TONS
800 eoo
FREIGHï SERVICE LEVEL
OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENïïRAIN LCADS & SPEEDS
EXAMPLE
l i )
200_- 300 400 500 60() 700FREIGHT TRAIN I-oAD.ÍÓI.IS
FREGHT SERVICE LEVEL
800 900 tooo
PI-E OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENTTRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
5OO óoo 7oo
FREIGHT TRAIN LOAD-:TONs
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TRAIN LOADS & SPÉEDS
300 400 s@ óoo 700FRËIGHT TRAIN LOAD-TONS
l o
MPERATU
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ro ls 20FEED WATER LB./ HR. X |OOO- i
3coAL LB./HR. X |OOO"
17
TEMPERATURES
aooo 3ooo '
4OOO 5OOO
COAL LB./ HR.
SOUTH KIRKtsY COAL. C.V. I3ÊOO B,Thg'LB^
ËVAPORATION
r9
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BL ÏDII/ORTII COAI .
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Per fo rmance Da ta : Graphs 21 to 32 "
Des i gn Data .3 Graphs 33 tc 37 "
S'TATPNARY &ROAD TESTS
STATIONARYTEST ONLY
.50
2t
FEED FROMTEN DER
LB/H R
20000
te500t8000t7000t6000t 5 0 0 01.1()()01 3 0 0 0t2í)00i loootoooo90008000
?c 3C 40SPE€D M.P. H.
NCII'ES,* ï CONïOUR LINES INDICATE CONSTANTOVIR.qLL EFFICIE}.ICY oN LEvËL TRACK
? Ufu4lT OF Ë,X}4AUST STEAM INJECTOR2OCOO LBS/HR
BLtDwofrrri coaui276o B.Th.U /LB
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3 0 4 c ^SPEÉD M.P H.
D R A\# BAR FTCRSEPOWER CHAR ACrER l5Tl CS
23
6 7 8 9D.B.FP ON LEVEL
2t
too
I2()0
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300 400
I tN 200 RtslNc
LEVELPASSENGER TRAIN LOAD - TONS
looo- iloo t200 t300
EXAMPLES OF RAhfrsE OF ECONOI4ICAL
400 500 600 700 8()0 90()
WCRKING AT 50 M.PH.
25
COAL PER D.B.HP HR
200 300 400 500PASSENGER TRAIN LOAD -TONS
PASSËNGER SERVICE LEVEL
LE oF cosr fN coAL oF DTFFERENTTRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
oultr,ÍLa
6()
I
2C() 300 400 500RSSËNGER ïRAIN LOAD-TONS
PASSFNGER SERVICE-LEVEL .Pt€ oF cosï tN coAL oF DTFFERENT
TRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
27
COAL PER DB.HP HR
200 300 400 soo,i. . PASSENGER TRATN LOAD-TONSt : i . .
l ! t , r r r . - ^FI.'ITf,]I E OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENTsrrr-uYf rLl
TRAIN LOADS & SPEEDS
200 300 4oo soo 600PASSENGER TRIIN LOAD-TONS
:R SERVICE I IN 2OO RISING.
OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENïTRAN LOADS & SPEEDS
; 2-8rdd z.tcrUJo.
9 r'.
too 200 3
FREIGHT SERV
EXAtvtPLE OF COST lN
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30
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-14
,13
.12
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COAL PERTON NdILE.
too 200 300 400 soo 600 700 800
FREIGHT SERVICE-LËVEL
EXAMPLE OF COST IN COAL OF DIFFERENT
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-07
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FREIGHT TRAIN LOAD TONS
3l
3 .
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FREICHT TRAIN LOA D -TONS
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FRËIGHT SERVICE- I IN 2OO RISING
ËXAh/'!PLË OF COST lf{ COAL OF DIFFERENTTRAIN LOADS & SPEËDS
COAL PER D.B.H.P HR
BLIDWORTH COAL12670 B.Th.U/LB.
32
COALPER TON MILE
BLIDWORTH COALt267O BÍh.U / LB.
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. l ltoo 200 300 4o0 500 600 7co 800 gco tooo
FREIGHT TRAIN LOAD -TONS
FREIGHT SERVICE
EXAMPLE OFCOST IN
I IN 2OO RISING
COAL OF DIFFERENT
& SPEEDSTRAI N LOADS
35
oo025t!t-
xi
rí)cOJ-20á-CI<c0G-s t 5trJ
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EVAPORATION
36. tr:1
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ED FROM
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BLÍDWORTI{ COAL. cy, 1267C- B T,h.U./LB.
DRAUGI-íTS.
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