INDUSTRIALIZATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE 18TH

AND 19TH CENTURYJace Heller

Brett BergerPeriod 4

Marriage and the Family

The basic unit of social organization is the family

Extended family- newly married couple will go live with either the bride’s or the groom’s family for security

Nuclear family- couples established their own households when they marry, and they raised their children apart from their parents

The average person married surprisingly late, so they could support themselves economically

Many young people worked within their families until they could start their own homes

Many others left home temporarily to work elsewhere

Girls also temporarily left their families to work, at an early age and in large numbers They worked hard but had little real

independence and there was also the pressure of seducers and sexual attack

Pre marital sex was clearly common place The combination of very low rates of

illegitimate birth with large numbers of pregnant brides also reflected the powerful community controls of the traditional open-field village

Community controls did not extend to family planning

Changes

In the second half of the 18th century, Europe experienced an explosion of illegitimate births

Thus, a profound sexual and cultural transformation took place

The growth of the cottage industry created new opportunities

Cottage workers married not only at an earlier age but also for different reasons :D

The needs of a growing population sent many young-bloods to towns and cities in search of employment

Children and Education

Upper-class women felt that breast-feeding was crude, so they would hire a wet nurse to suckle her child ;)

The young child was often of minor concern to its parents and to society in the 18th century

The role of schools and formal education outside the home was growing more important → Growth in basic literacy

Food Habits

At the beginning of the 18th century, ordinary men and women depended on grain as fully as they had in the past(that’s a lot)

Peasants believed in the medieval idea of a just price (they believed that prices should protect both consumers and producers)

Rural and urban poor also ate a fair quantity of veggies

Common people of Europe loved meat and eggs

The diet of the rich was traditionally quite different from that of the poor

Medical Practices

Although sickness, pain, and disease permeated the European experience in the 18th century, medical science played a very small part in improving the health in most people

Hospitals were terrible places during the time

All sorts of wildly erroneous ideas about medical illness circulated Eg.) Moonlight caused madness

Medicine in general turned in a more practical and experimental direction

Religion

The local parish church remained the basic religious unit all across Europe

Jesuits- well educated teachers, missionaries, and agents of the papacy

In their attempt to recapture the vital core of the Christian religion, the Protestant reformers had rigorously suppressed all the medieval practices they had considered non-essential

The Protestant revival began in Germany and was known as Pietism

Religion also flourished in Catholic Europe around 1700, but their were important differences with Protestant practices

Baroque art had lavished rich and emotionally exhilarating images and figures on Catholic churches, just as Protestants had removed theirs

The tremendous popular strength of religion in catholic countries reflected religion’s integral role in community life and popular culture

Leisure and Recreation

The combo of religious celebration and popular recreation seen in festivals and processions was most strikingly displayed at Carnival, a time of fun :D!!!

Socializing in groups Towns and cities offered a wide range of

amusements such as urban fairs Blood sports remained popular with the

mass Like cock fighting ;) and bullbaiting

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

The expanding Atlantic economy of the 18th century served mercantilist Britain well

Agriculture also played a central role in bringing out the industrial revolution

Britain also had other assets that helped give rise to industrial leadership Central bank, credit markets, stable and

predictable government

The 1st decisive break through of the industrial rev. was the creation of the world’s first large factories in the British cotton textile industry

The putting-out system of merchant capitalism was most fully developed in Britain, and was expanding all across Europe during the 18th century

A constant shortage of thread in the textile industry focused attention on ways to improve spinning

James Hargreaves invented his cotton spinning jenny Simple and inexpensive

Ricardo Arkwright invented the WATERFRAME which demanded WATERpower and required specialized factories!!!

Cotton goods became much cheaper and were bought and treasured by all classes instead of just the rich

The growth of the cotton textile industry may have been cut short if water from rivers and streams had remained the primary source of power for the new factories

As this energy crisis grew worse Britain looked toward their abundance of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood

As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantly filling with water, thus mechanical pumps had to be installed

To overcome these disadvantages, Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engines

James Watt saw that these engines were a waste of energy and could be perfected by adding a separate condenser (1769)

Steam power promoted important breakthroughs in other industries

The use of steam-driven bellows helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke (made from coal)

Railroad

The second half of the 18th century saw extensive construction of hard and relatively smooth roads

The coal industry had long been using plank roads and rails to move coal wagons within mines

Thus a rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive was developed in 1816 and perfected by George Stephenson in 1825 (Rocket)

Dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight overland, created a strong demand for unskilled labor

Industry and Population

In 1851, London was the site of a famous industrial fair – this Great Exhibition was held in the newly built Crystal Palace, an architectural masterpiece made completely of glass and iron

Rapid population growth, rapid production of manufactured goods Thomas Malthus argued that population would always tend to

grow faster than food supply(Essay On the Principle of Population) David Ricardo coldly spelled out his iron law of wages, which

posited that because of population growth wages would fall

Industrialization in Continental Europe

By the end of the 19th century, several European countries including the U.S had also industrialized their economies to a considerable degree

Throughout Europe the 18th century was an era of agricultural improvement, population increase, expanding foreign trade, and a growing cotton industry

British industry enjoyed clear superiority However, continental countries had a rich

tradition of putting-out enterprise, merchant capitalists and skilled urban artisans

The British realized the great value of their technical discoveries and tried to keep their secrets to themselves

Agents of industrialization: curious working men, talented entrepreneurs, government, and banks were catalysts in continental Europe

Capital and Labor

A new group of factory owners and industrial capitalists arose

As factories and firms grew larger, opportunities declined, at least in well-developed industries

Luddites- people who protested in labor-saving machinery

This pessimistic view was accepted and reinforced by Friedrich Engels (The Condition of the Working Class in England)

Working Conditions

Cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, were reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received relatively good wages because factory work was unappealing

Long and tedious work day Factory Act of 1833- limited the

factory work day for children between 9 and 13 to eight hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours

Sexual Division

The era of the industrial revolution witnessed major changes in the sexual division of labor

The man emerged as the family’s primary wage earner, while the woman found limited job opportunities

Women were expected to concentrate on unpaid housework, childcare, and craftwork at home

Mines Act of 1842- prohibited underground work for all women as well as boys under 10

Early Labor Movement in Britain

Many kinds of employment changed slowly during the industrial revolution

More British people still worked on farms than any other occupation

The second-largest occupation was domestic service(90% women)

Within industry itself working-class solidarity and class-consciousness developed in small workshops as well as large factories

Combination Acts- outlawed unions and strikes (1799); Unions were tolerated after the Combination Acts in 1824

Almost Done…

Working people developed a sense of their own identity and played an active role in shaping the new industrial system

:D

Timeline

1765- Hardgreaves invents spinning jenny 1769- Watt creates modern steam engine 1798- Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population 1799- Combination Act passed 1824- Combination Acts repealed 1830- Stephenson’s Rocket, first important rail

road 1833- Factory Act 1842- Mines Act 1844- Engels, The Condition of the Working Class

in England 1851- Great Exhibition held at Crystal Palace

FRQ #1Analyze how economic and social developments affected women in England in the period from 1700 to 1850.

Thesis: During the Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s to the 1850’s, economic and social developments affected women’s role in England.Body 1:.Large masses of people moved to the cities to find work.Women got jobs either working in homes or working in factories.Since they were not allowed to go into professional jobs they had to deal with the hardships of factory life

-low pay and terrible conditions and hours.In the 1800’s women found a more important role as some became teachers and some would completely provide for themselves

Body 2:.Industrial wives were expected to take care of the children and house without a true career.All of her money or posessions were given to the husband when they married.Some had to work only if the family was in dire need.The richer the women the less opportunities she had outside of the home. Conclusion:Different economic and social developments affected women’s role in society in England during the Industrial Revolution.

FRQ #2Describe and analyze the changes that led to Europe’s rapid population growth in the eighteenth century.

Thesis: European population growth in the 18th century was caused by lowered death rates, increased agricultural productivity, and stabilizing political trends.

Body 1:. European population growth happened in a slow but continuous fashion; 1700 population=120 mill, 1750 population= 140 mill. 1790 pop= 190 mill .population growth caused by falling death rates; decline in infant mortality .lowered death rates not cause be increase in medicine .agricultural revolution

Body 2:.Industrialization leading to breakdown of traditional families; more opportunity to marry younger.Better transportation; better ability to deal with famine because people were able to move food around .Greater political stability: not many wars to lessen population .capitalism led to prosperity and the ability to afford more children; i.e. Upper class women used wet-nurses so they could have children faster .Kings encouraged increases in the number of subjects, leading to greater tax base, more soldiers, and stronger economic life..legal codes against killing infants

Conclusion:Many factors including lower death rates, more food for everyone and better government decisions led to an explosion of population in Europe in the 18th century.

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA4Gx73RdaI