Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocracyDemocracy

Chapter 11Chapter 11

The Election of 1824The Election of 1824

James Monroe decided not to seek a James Monroe decided not to seek a third term as president.third term as president.

There was only one political party.There was only one political party. Four candidates all from the Four candidates all from the

Republican Party ran for presidentRepublican Party ran for president Three of these were “favorite son” Three of these were “favorite son”

candidates meaning they received candidates meaning they received backing from their home state rather backing from their home state rather than the National partythan the National party

Election of 1824…The Election of 1824…The candidatescandidates

William Crawford …William Crawford …nominated by the nominated by the Republican Party …Republican Party …Congressman from Congressman from Georgia…his poor Georgia…his poor health weakened him health weakened him as a candidateas a candidate

Henry Clay from Henry Clay from Kentucky…Speaker Kentucky…Speaker of the House... The of the House... The American SystemAmerican System

Andrew Jackson.. war Andrew Jackson.. war hero…not a hero…not a politician…the politician…the common mancommon man

John Quincy Adams… John Quincy Adams… son of the 2nd son of the 2nd Pres…Monroe’s Pres…Monroe’s Secretary of Secretary of State…support State…support from merchants in from merchants in the Northeastthe Northeast

Election resultsElection results

Election ResultsElection Results

1212thth Amendment…when no candidate Amendment…when no candidate receives a MAJORITY of electoral receives a MAJORITY of electoral college votes,college votes, the House of the House of Representatives selects the next Representatives selects the next presidentpresident from the top three from the top three candidates. Each state has one vote.candidates. Each state has one vote.

Top 3…Jackson, Adams, CrawfordTop 3…Jackson, Adams, Crawford

The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

While the House was preparing to While the House was preparing to vote on the next president, Clay met vote on the next president, Clay met with Adams.with Adams.

Clay agreed to use his influence as Clay agreed to use his influence as Speaker of the House to get Adams Speaker of the House to get Adams elected.elected.

In return, Clay wanted to be the next In return, Clay wanted to be the next Secretary of State. This office was the Secretary of State. This office was the traditional stepping stone to the traditional stepping stone to the presidency.presidency.

The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

With Clays help, With Clays help, Adams was elected Adams was elected presidentpresident

Jackson’s Jackson’s supporters were supporters were outraged by this outraged by this corrupt bargain corrupt bargain between Adams between Adams and Clay.and Clay.

House VoteHouse Vote

Jackson 7Jackson 7

Adams 13Adams 13

Crawford 4Crawford 4

Clay --Clay --

Adams’ PresidencyAdams’ Presidency

The corrupt bargain cast a shadow The corrupt bargain cast a shadow over the Adam’s presidency.over the Adam’s presidency.

Adams wanted a stronger navy and Adams wanted a stronger navy and government funds for scientific government funds for scientific expeditions.expeditions.

Most people desired a smaller role for Most people desired a smaller role for the federal government and the federal government and Congress Congress turned down most of Adams’ turned down most of Adams’ proposalsproposals

Chapter 11, Section 1Chapter 11, Section 1

Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocracyDemocracy

Expansion of DemocracyExpansion of DemocracyEQ: Why was Jackson’s presidency more EQ: Why was Jackson’s presidency more

representative of average citizens?representative of average citizens?

- America was changing fast in the America was changing fast in the early 1800’searly 1800’s

- In the North, small family-owned In the North, small family-owned shops were being replaced by large-shops were being replaced by large-scale factories.scale factories.

- In the South, small scale farms gave In the South, small scale farms gave way to large cotton plantations way to large cotton plantations owned by wealthy white people and owned by wealthy white people and worked by enslaved Africansworked by enslaved Africans

Expansion of DemocracyExpansion of Democracy

Wealth seemed to be concentrating into Wealth seemed to be concentrating into fewer hands.fewer hands.

Many “ordinary” Americans felt left Many “ordinary” Americans felt left behindbehind

These same ordinary Americans felt that These same ordinary Americans felt that their government was working to help their government was working to help build the power of the business owners.build the power of the business owners.

The result was a belief that the wealthy The result was a belief that the wealthy were tightening their grip on power in were tightening their grip on power in the US.the US.

Jackson Runs for President Jackson Runs for President again!again!

Hoping for change, small farmers, Hoping for change, small farmers, frontier settlers, urban workers, and frontier settlers, urban workers, and slave-holders rallied behind the slave-holders rallied behind the reform-minded Jackson.reform-minded Jackson.

They believed AJ would defend the They believed AJ would defend the rights of the common man.rights of the common man.

Expansion of DemocracyExpansion of Democracy

During AJ’s popularity, many During AJ’s popularity, many democratic reforms were made democratic reforms were made (Some states changed voting (Some states changed voting qualifications to grant more white qualifications to grant more white males suffrage; males suffrage; nominating nominating conventions conventions were used to chose were used to chose party candidates—as opposed to party candidates—as opposed to party leaders)party leaders)

The Election of 1828The Election of 1828

By the election of 1828, By the election of 1828, the Republicans the Republicans had divided into two separate partieshad divided into two separate parties..

The The Democratic-Republicans who Democratic-Republicans who supported Andrew Jackson (favored supported Andrew Jackson (favored states rights, mistrusted stong federal states rights, mistrusted stong federal government; frontier, immigrants, government; frontier, immigrants, laborers)laborers)

The The National Republicans who National Republicans who supported John Q. Adams (internal supported John Q. Adams (internal improvements, national bank; improvements, national bank; merchants and farmers)merchants and farmers)

The campaign (1828)The campaign (1828)

Both parties tried to ruin the reputation Both parties tried to ruin the reputation of the other candidates with insults of the other candidates with insults ((mudslingingmudslinging))

The D-R’s accused Adams of being out The D-R’s accused Adams of being out of touch with and betraying the peopleof touch with and betraying the people

The N-R’s created a vicious campaign The N-R’s created a vicious campaign song which played on some song which played on some embarrassing incidents in Jackson’s life embarrassing incidents in Jackson’s life (executing soldiers, etc) and called AJ (executing soldiers, etc) and called AJ crude, hot-tempered and ill-equipped crude, hot-tempered and ill-equipped to be president.to be president.

New Ways of CampaigningNew Ways of Campaigning

Mudslinging was not the only new Mudslinging was not the only new element in political campaigns.element in political campaigns.

Slogans, rallies, buttons and events Slogans, rallies, buttons and events such as barbecuessuch as barbecues were introduced were introduced to arouse enthusiasm for candidates.to arouse enthusiasm for candidates.

1828 election results…1828 election results…

Jackson and John C. CalhounJackson and John C. Calhoun (Adams’ (Adams’ VP who switched sides and became VP who switched sides and became AJ’s VP) won in a AJ’s VP) won in a landslidelandslide (overwhelming margin)(overwhelming margin)

AJ received support from the frontier AJ received support from the frontier and the Southand the South

Turnout 57.6%[1]

 

Nominee Andrew Jackson

John Q. Adams

Party Democratic

National RepublicanHome stat

eTennesse

eMassachu

setts

Running mate

John C. Calhoun

Richard Rush

Electoral vote

178 83

States carried

15 9

Popular vote

642,553 500,897

Percentage

55.9% 43.7%

Jackson as PresidentJackson as President

AJ was everything most Americans AJ was everything most Americans admired– a patriot, a self-made man, admired– a patriot, a self-made man, and a war hero.and a war hero.

On March 4, 1829 thousands of On March 4, 1829 thousands of ordinary Americans jammed the ordinary Americans jammed the nation’s capital to hear the AJ nation’s capital to hear the AJ inaugural address.inaugural address.

Afterwards they jammed into the Afterwards they jammed into the White House…chaos ensuedWhite House…chaos ensued

““Old Hickory”Old Hickory”

born in a log cabinborn in a log cabin His parents, poor farmers, died before His parents, poor farmers, died before

he turned 15he turned 15 As a teenager, AJ fought in the As a teenager, AJ fought in the

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution Elected to Congress before the age of Elected to Congress before the age of

3030 defeated the Creek Indians (Horseshoe defeated the Creek Indians (Horseshoe

Bend) and the British at New OrleansBend) and the British at New Orleans

AJ’s supportersAJ’s supporters

Small farmersSmall farmers Craft workersCraft workers others left out of the expanding others left out of the expanding

economyeconomy AJ’s popularity with the “common AJ’s popularity with the “common

man” changed politics in man” changed politics in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

New VotersNew Voters

AJ promised “equal protection and equal AJ promised “equal protection and equal benefits for all Americans (white benefits for all Americans (white Americans)Americans)

did away with the requirement of owning did away with the requirement of owning property to be able to vote property to be able to vote

1824 (26.9%)…1828 57.6%...1840 (80+%)1824 (26.9%)…1828 57.6%...1840 (80+%) sharecroppers, factory workers, and otherssharecroppers, factory workers, and others women, African-Americans, and Native women, African-Americans, and Native

Americans still deniedAmericans still denied suffrage (the right to suffrage (the right to vote)vote)

The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System

Democrats wanted to open up the Democrats wanted to open up the government to people from all walks government to people from all walks of lifeof life

They distrusted bureaucracies (non-They distrusted bureaucracies (non-elected officials carry out laws)elected officials carry out laws)

Jackson Jackson fired many federal workers fired many federal workers and replaced them with his and replaced them with his supporters.supporters.

““to the victor goes the spoils”to the victor goes the spoils”

Jackson’s “Kitchen” CabinetJackson’s “Kitchen” Cabinet

Secretary of State Martin Van Buren Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was one of Jackson’s strongest allies was one of Jackson’s strongest allies in his official cabinet.in his official cabinet.

President Jackson also relied heavily President Jackson also relied heavily on his on his KITCHEN CABINETKITCHEN CABINET, , an informal an informal group of trusted advisors who group of trusted advisors who sometimes met in the White House sometimes met in the White House kitchenkitchen..

Chapter 10, Section 2Chapter 10, Section 2

Jackson’s Jackson’s AdministrationAdministration

SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES INCREASE- The NorthINCREASE- The North

Economy based on trade and Economy based on trade and manufacturingmanufacturing

Supported tariffs because tariffs help Supported tariffs because tariffs help them compete with British factoriesthem compete with British factories

Opposed sale of public land at cheap Opposed sale of public land at cheap prices…encouraged laborers to move prices…encouraged laborers to move West and out of factory townsWest and out of factory towns

Sectional Differences- Sectional Differences- The SouthThe South

Economy based on agriculture. Mostly Economy based on agriculture. Mostly cash crops (tobacco and cotton). A cash crops (tobacco and cotton). A large portion was sold to foreign large portion was sold to foreign nations.nations.

Against tariffs (bought imported Against tariffs (bought imported manufactured goods; foreign manufactured goods; foreign countries imposed their own tariffs on countries imposed their own tariffs on American products)American products)

Relied on enslaved Africans for laborRelied on enslaved Africans for labor

Sectional Differences-Sectional Differences-The WestThe West

The economy was still emergingThe economy was still emerging Favored policies that boosted Favored policies that boosted

farming and encouraged settlement,farming and encouraged settlement, Mostly farmers, they grew a variety Mostly farmers, they grew a variety

of crops.of crops. Highest priority: cheap land and Highest priority: cheap land and

internal improvementsinternal improvements

The Tariff DebateThe Tariff Debate

1828 (before AJ’s election)---very 1828 (before AJ’s election)---very high tariff (tax on imported goods) high tariff (tax on imported goods) passedpassed

Like it…Merchants, northeastLike it…Merchants, northeast Hated it… mostly Southerners…Hated it… mostly Southerners…

called it the Tariff of Abominations called it the Tariff of Abominations (an abomination is a hateful thing)(an abomination is a hateful thing)

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis Southern politicians and plantation Southern politicians and plantation

owners took action.owners took action. SC just beginning to recover from an SC just beginning to recover from an

economic depression and previous economic depression and previous tariffstariffs

talk of secessiontalk of secession

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis

VP Calhoun drafted the VP Calhoun drafted the South South Carolina Exposition and ProtestCarolina Exposition and Protest, an , an important states rights argumentimportant states rights argument

State power> federal power. State power> federal power. Federal Federal government should not favor one government should not favor one state or region over another.state or region over another.

VP John C. Calhoun argued that VP John C. Calhoun argued that a a state had a right to nullify (cancel or state had a right to nullify (cancel or reject) a federal law it considered to reject) a federal law it considered to be against the state interests or be against the state interests or unconstitutionalunconstitutional

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis Calhoun’s theory Calhoun’s theory was controversial. was controversial.

Many of its Many of its challengers were from the challengers were from the North who had benefited from tariffsNorth who had benefited from tariffs. . They believed that the American people They believed that the American people made up the Union, not individual made up the Union, not individual states.states.

Although he did not put his name on his Although he did not put his name on his Exposition and Protest, Exposition and Protest, Calhoun Calhoun resigned the V-P. He was elected to the resigned the V-P. He was elected to the Senate Senate where he continued his where he continued his nullification argumentnullification argument

The Hayne-Webster DebateThe Hayne-Webster Debate Calhoun’s position put the Calhoun’s position put the power of power of

the Supreme Court in questionthe Supreme Court in question.. Intense Intense debate on the Senate floor debate on the Senate floor

over states rightsover states rights Robert Y. Hayne (SC) argued that Robert Y. Hayne (SC) argued that

nullification gave states a legal way nullification gave states a legal way to protest federal legislation.to protest federal legislation.

Daniel Webster (NH) argued that the Daniel Webster (NH) argued that the welfare of the nation should not be welfare of the nation should not be overridden by individual states.overridden by individual states.

SC Nullification ActSC Nullification Act Even though lower tariffs were passed Even though lower tariffs were passed

by Congress in 1832, Southerners by Congress in 1832, Southerners remained angryremained angry

SC took it one step further and passed SC took it one step further and passed the the Nullification Act declaring that it Nullification Act declaring that it would not pay the “illegal” tariffs of would not pay the “illegal” tariffs of 1828 and 18321828 and 1832..

SC legislature threatened to secede if SC legislature threatened to secede if the federal government tried to interfere the federal government tried to interfere and voted to form its own army.and voted to form its own army.

AJ’s Force BillAJ’s Force Bill To make sure the South would accept To make sure the South would accept

federal law, AJ had Congress pass the federal law, AJ had Congress pass the Force BillForce Bill

The Force Bill allowed the President to The Force Bill allowed the President to use the military to enforce acts of use the military to enforce acts of CongressCongress

Jackson sent US Navy ships into Jackson sent US Navy ships into Charleston harbor and even talked of Charleston harbor and even talked of hanging Calhounhanging Calhoun

No other Southern states supported SCNo other Southern states supported SC

““Mr. Compromise” to the Mr. Compromise” to the rescuerescue

Henry Clay sponsored a compromise Henry Clay sponsored a compromise bill in Congress that would gradually bill in Congress that would gradually lower the tariff over several years.lower the tariff over several years.

Jackson supported this compromise Jackson supported this compromise but…but…

South Carolina ResponseSouth Carolina Response

SC accepted the new compromise billSC accepted the new compromise bill To show they had not been defeated To show they had not been defeated

the SC legislature voted to nullify the the SC legislature voted to nullify the Force Act.Force Act.

SC claimed victorySC claimed victory LESSON LEARNED- the federal LESSON LEARNED- the federal

government would not allow a state government would not allow a state to go its own way without a fightto go its own way without a fight

Jackson Attacks the BankJackson Attacks the Bank

WHAT WAS THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES?WHAT WAS THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES?-The 2The 2ndnd Bank of the U.S. was chartered in 1816 for 20 Bank of the U.S. was chartered in 1816 for 20 yearsyears-Acted as the Federal governments financial agentActed as the Federal governments financial agent-Held fed. Deposits, transferred fed. Funds between Held fed. Deposits, transferred fed. Funds between statesstates-Any payments or receipts involving the fed. Gov’tAny payments or receipts involving the fed. Gov’t-Issued bank notes or paper currencyIssued bank notes or paper currency-Bank was 80% privately ownedBank was 80% privately owned-Operators of the Bank were supervised by Congress Operators of the Bank were supervised by Congress and the Presidentand the President

Opposition to the BankOpposition to the Bank

Many states, particularly in the South, Many states, particularly in the South, opposed the Bankopposed the Bank

Believed that it only benefited wealthyBelieved that it only benefited wealthy Jackson questioned the legality of the Jackson questioned the legality of the

Bank (unconstitutional extension of Bank (unconstitutional extension of Congress’ power)Congress’ power)

Jackson thought the states should Jackson thought the states should control the banking systemcontrol the banking system

McCulloch vs. MarylandMcCulloch vs. Maryland

Maryland tried to pass a tax that Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the Banks operations.would limit the Banks operations.

James McCulloch, cashier of the Bank’s James McCulloch, cashier of the Bank’s branch in Maryland refused to pay the branch in Maryland refused to pay the taxtax

Maryland took him to court…all the Maryland took him to court…all the way to the Supreme Court.way to the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court ruled that the The Supreme Court ruled that the national bank WAS CONSTITUTIONAL.national bank WAS CONSTITUTIONAL.

The Bank and the election The Bank and the election of 1832of 1832

After the Supreme Court victory, After the Supreme Court victory, Nicholas Biddle (President of the Bank), Nicholas Biddle (President of the Bank), Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster saw an Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster saw an opportunity to use Jackson’s position on opportunity to use Jackson’s position on the Bank against him in his re-election the Bank against him in his re-election bidbid

Biddle decided to push the re-chartering Biddle decided to push the re-chartering of the Bank 4 years ahead of schedule.of the Bank 4 years ahead of schedule.

Biddle knew that Jackson’s hatred of the Biddle knew that Jackson’s hatred of the Bank would cause him to veto the bill.Bank would cause him to veto the bill.

The Bank of the US and the The Bank of the US and the election of 1832election of 1832

Jackson promptly vetoed the re-charter Jackson promptly vetoed the re-charter as expected.as expected.

Henry Clay received the National Henry Clay received the National Republican nomination and the Bank Republican nomination and the Bank became the central issue in the became the central issue in the presidential campaign.presidential campaign.

Clay (and Biddle/Webster) hoped that Clay (and Biddle/Webster) hoped that the Bank was so popular that Jackson’s the Bank was so popular that Jackson’s hatred of it would cause AJ to lose the hatred of it would cause AJ to lose the election.election.

The Election of 1832The Election of 1832

Clay/Biddle/Webster were Clay/Biddle/Webster were WRONG!WRONG!

They miscalculated the They miscalculated the popularity of the bank and popularity of the bank and Clay lost the election (#2)Clay lost the election (#2)

All 286 electoral votes of the Electoral College144 electoral votes needed to win

Turnout 55.4% [1]

 

Nominee Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay William Wirt

Party Democratic National Republican

Anti-Masonic

Home state Tennessee Kentucky Maryland

Running mate Martin Van Buren

John Sargeant Amos Elmaker

Electoral vote 219 49 7

States carried 16 6 1

Popular vote 701,780 484,205 100,715

Percentage 54.7% 36.9% 7.8%

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Jackson and Van Buren or Wilkins, light yellow denotes those won by

Clay/Sergeant, green denotes those won by Floyd/Lee, and orange denotes those won by Wirt/Ellmaker. Numbers indicate the

number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

JACKSON KILLS THE BANKJACKSON KILLS THE BANK

Congress could not over-ride AJ’s veto Congress could not over-ride AJ’s veto of the charter.of the charter.

Jackson acted swiftly. He removing Jackson acted swiftly. He removing most of the US $$$ into smaller state most of the US $$$ into smaller state banks.banks.

These banks used the funds to offer These banks used the funds to offer easy credit terms to land purchasers.easy credit terms to land purchasers.

Helped expansion in the West but led Helped expansion in the West but led to inflationto inflation

ELECTION OF 1836ELECTION OF 1836

Although he was still very popular, AJ Although he was still very popular, AJ decided not to seek a 3decided not to seek a 3rdrd term. term.

Democrats nominated VP, Martin Van Democrats nominated VP, Martin Van Buren (NY, and AJ’s hand-picked Buren (NY, and AJ’s hand-picked successor) for presidentsuccessor) for president

The WHIGS (an anti-Jackson party The WHIGS (an anti-Jackson party formed in 1834) ran 4 candidates formed in 1834) ran 4 candidates against MVBagainst MVB

RESULTS:RESULTS: MVB MVB

170/51%/15170/51%/15 WHH WHH

73/37%/773/37%/7 White White

26/10%/226/10%/2 DW 14/3%/1DW 14/3%/1 Magnum Magnum

11/-%/111/-%/1

PANICPANIC of 1837 of 1837 A severe economic depressionA severe economic depression Text says that AJ’s banking policies Text says that AJ’s banking policies

and his attempt to curb inflation and his attempt to curb inflation contributed to the Panic.contributed to the Panic.

Profits, prices, wages Profits, prices, wages Unemployment Unemployment (25%) (25%) Out of 850 banks in the US: 343 Out of 850 banks in the US: 343

closed entirely, 62 failed partiallyclosed entirely, 62 failed partially Lasted about 6 yrs.Lasted about 6 yrs.

Election of 1840Election of 1840

In the middle of a severe economic In the middle of a severe economic depression MVB ran for re-electiondepression MVB ran for re-election

This time the Whigs ran one This time the Whigs ran one candidate, William Henry Harrison and candidate, William Henry Harrison and John Tyler for VP (Tippecanoe and John Tyler for VP (Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!)Tyler, too!)

Henry Clay and Gen. Winfield Scott Henry Clay and Gen. Winfield Scott also sought the Whig candidacy but also sought the Whig candidacy but failed to get the nomination.failed to get the nomination.

The CampaignThe Campaign In the wake of the Panic of 1837, MVB was In the wake of the Panic of 1837, MVB was

not very popularnot very popular The Whigs ran Harrison as a war hero and The Whigs ran Harrison as a war hero and

a man of the people. He became known as a man of the people. He became known as “The Log Cabin Candidate”. They depicted “The Log Cabin Candidate”. They depicted MVB as a wealthy snob living in luxury as MVB as a wealthy snob living in luxury as the publics expense and out of touch with the publics expense and out of touch with the common man.the common man.

Actually, WHH was from a family of Actually, WHH was from a family of wealthy planters and MVB father was a wealthy planters and MVB father was a tavern keeper.tavern keeper.

The CampaignThe Campaign The Democrats and MVB depicted WHH The Democrats and MVB depicted WHH

as too old and senile to be president (He as too old and senile to be president (He was 68). Often referring to him as was 68). Often referring to him as “Granny”“Granny”

The Whigs strategy was to not talk about The Whigs strategy was to not talk about issues but to focus on MVB’s failed issues but to focus on MVB’s failed economic policies.economic policies.

First presidential campaign in which a First presidential campaign in which a candidate (WHH) actively hit the candidate (WHH) actively hit the campaign trail.campaign trail.

All 294 electoral votes of the Electoral College148 electoral votes needed to win

Turnout 80.2%[1]

 

Nominee William H. Harrison

Martin Van Buren

Party Whig Democratic

Home state Ohio New York

Running mate John Tyler none

Electoral vote 234 60

States carried 19 7

Popular vote 1,275,390 1,128,854

Percentage 52.9% 46.8%